Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources Research Articles

PSII-14 Chemical Composition of Tropical Forage Fertilized with Different Sources of Nitrogen Fertilizers

Abstract Nitrogen fertilization can improve the chemical composition of tropical forages, as nitrogen is required at all stages of plant development. The aim of this study was to verify the chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu fertilized with different sources of nitrogen fertilizers from the following treatments: without nitrogen fertilization (CO), fertilization with urea (UR), fertilization with ammonium nitrate (NI) and fertilization with ammonium sulfate (SA). The study was carried out from December 2021 to April 2022, in the cerrado biome of Brazil at the FCAV/UNESP Forage Sector, Jaboticabal Campus, during the rearing phase of Nelore cattle, non-castrated males kept on pasture, managed in a continuous stocking system and variable load capacity. In treatments with fertilization, 150 kg of N· ha-1 were applied, divided into 3 applications. The design used was in randomized blocks (DBC). The evaluation of the chemical composition of the forage was carried out from collections every 28 days of samples of the fraction of the forage consumed by the animals through the hand-plucking method. The samples were dried at 55ºC for 72 hours and ground in a Willey mill, with a 1 mm mesh sieve. The chemical composition of the forage was estimated by spectroscopy in the near infrared light region, NIRS (Near Infrared Spectrometer), using a modular FT-NIR spectrometer. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (P ≤ 0.05), using the statistical program R, version 3.4.4. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the organic matter content of the forage (P = 0.001). The organic matter content of the non-fertilized treatment was 91.97%, while the average of the fertilized treatments was 92.22%. The percentage of crude protein in the forage also showed a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the non-fertilized treatment, which had an average of 10.64%, and the fertilized treatments, which had an average of 17.75%. The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber components also differed from the application of nitrogen fertilizer (P < 0.001) but did not differ between the types of fertilizers. The neutral detergent fiber content was significantly different (P < 0.001) between the non-fertilized treatment (59.21%) and the fertilized treatments (54.30%). The observed data for acid detergent fiber were 31.46% for the treatment without the use of fertilizers and 30.24% for the treatments with the use of fertilizers. Non-fibrous carbohydrates and liguinin components were also analyzed, but showed no difference between treatments, P = 0.078 and P = 0.209, respectively. This study confirms that the chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu can be significantly improved through the application of nitrogen fertilizers. However, our results showed no significant difference between the types of fertilizers tested.

Assessing fertilizer nitrogen sources and application timing for water‐seeded rice systems

AbstractIn California's water‐seeded rice systems, both high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency are achieved when the pre‐plant N fertilizer (usually aqueous‐ammonia [aqua‐N]) is injected into a dry seedbed before flooding and planting. However, there are situations where applying N fertilizer in this manner is not possible. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative N management practices by testing different N sources and application times. In 2020, we tested 13 treatments and in 2021, six more treatments were added. The following N sources were evaluated: urea, ammonium sulfate, and three enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs). Application times for the EENFs, urea, and ammonium sulfate were one day after flooding and 2 weeks after flooding. Urea and ammonium sulfate were also applied in a four‐way split. In 2021, additional treatments were added with aqua‐N, ammonium sulfate, and urea applied before flooding, and urea applications at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after flooding. Grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) were used for comparison. All fertilizer N treatments increased grain yields relative to the zero‐N control, which averaged 5093 kg ha−1. Applying aqua‐N or urea preplant to a dry soil resulted in the highest yields and ANUE. The EENF fertilizers performed similarly to or worse than urea applied alone. If the field was already flooded, splitting urea applications was the best option. Only one split N treatment was evaluated in this study; this warrants further research on fine‐tuning the best N splits for these systems.

Different sources of nitrogen fertilizer in rainfed maize grown in a semiarid environment

Although nitrogen is the nutrient most required by maize, doses of N lower than those recommended are applied to maize grown in semiarid environments, which limits the achievement of profitable yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil fertility, nutritional status and dry matter production of maize plants fertilized with organic and mineral fertilizers in a semiarid region. A factorial experiment was carried out in Sobral, Ceará state, Brazil, in a randomized block design. The factors were two N sources (organic compost and urea), and four N rates: 27.5, 55, 110 and 165 kg ha−1, with three replications. We assessed variables associated with soil fertility, plant nutritional status, chlorophyll content, grain yield and total dry matter production. The highest rates of organic compost resulted in the highest levels of P (17.7 mg dm−3) and K (102.2 mg dm−3) in soil when compared to the control (7.7 and 69.0 mg dm−3, respectively). However, organic compost rates below 110 kg ha−1 of N-equivalent fertilizer were not enough to supply the plants’ demand for P and K. Low N rates promoted a decrease in soil inorganic N in the second year of application. Applying urea to maize plants led to greater dry matter production than organic compost in the second consecutive crop season. The use of organic compost at rates lower than 110 kg ha−1 of N-equivalent fertilizer decreases soil fertility and has no impact on maize dry matter production.

Influence of nitrogen sources on grain yield of wheat and net global warming potential

ABSTRACT Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission is mainly associated with aerobic crop culture, which is influenced by nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources, rates, placement methods, and water management systems. The influence of N fertilizers on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission patterns are not well documented in Asian region. The present investigation was undertaken to identify GHG emission patterns, net carbon budget, net global warming potential (GWP) and GHG intensity. N fertilizer from prilled urea (PU), urea super granule (USG) and N-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) briquette (NPKB) were used and compared with control (no fertilizer). Equal nutrient doses were maintained for all the treatments irrespective of fertilizer sources. Static close chamber technique was used for measuring GHG emission. Depending on treatments, total methane (CH4), nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were 8.16–10.85, 0.57-0.49-0.59 and 1739–2309 kg ha−1 season−1, respectively and net GWPs varied from −1292 to −2438 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 season−1. Wheat grain yields significantly varied from 3.2 to 3.9 t ha−1 because of N sources and rates. Use of USG for wheat cultivation can increase CO2 removal about 22–88% from the atmosphere along with about 2–14% grain yield and 26–48% soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration improvements compared to other N sources in Bangladesh.

Soil type and integrated nitrogen nutrient-rice straw residue management techniques affect soil microbes, enzyme activities and yield of wheat crop

Sporadic burning of rice straw and the particulate air pollution caused consequently have created a pressing need for identification of practical environmentally sound in situ rice residue management methods. However, the agronomic interventions associated with the agri-inputs particularly the type of nitrogen fertilizer source must be worked out for these interventions. In a two-year field study performed at two different locations representing sandy loam and clay loam soil types, zero tillage with application of nitrophosphate (applied as basal dose through drilling) in combination with urea (applied at 1st irrigation + 3 foliar sprays of urea at weekly interval) significantly enhanced the grain and straw yield of wheat. The soil microbial viable cell counts and dehydrogenase and urease enzyme activities were also recorded to be highest in this treatment indicating the occurrence of higher living microbial population. The treatment × response variable Principle component analysis (PCA) biplot depicted relative variation among the residue management treatments/Nitrogen fertilizer sub-treatments and the enzyme activities as response variables. A variation in the soil organic content components was recognized through Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IRS) studies. Irrespective of the soil types under study, the FT-IR spectra exhibited presence of the aromatic carbon functional groups in residue incorporated treatments as compared to the no residue incorporation treatment.

Poultry litter and different cover crops and their effects on the edaphic fauna community of an Oxisol

The use of soil cover plants and alternative sources of nitrogen fertilization can promote improvements in the biological characteristics of the soil. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of the isolated and/or intercropped cultivation of ground cover crops in autumn/winter and the use of poultry litter as a source of N in the wheat crop in succession on the soil mesofauna and macrofauna community. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with split plots, in a factorial arrangement (4 x 4), with three replications. The collections of the edaphic fauna were realized with pitfall traps PROVID in plots of 15 m². The edaphic fauna orders, abundance, Shannon diversity, Simpson dominance, Pielou evenness and the family of organisms of the order Collembola were evaluated. The use of ground cover plants in autumn/winter, induced a greater abundance of edaphic fauna organisms, which were mostly represented by the order Collembola, belonging to the Entomobryidae family. The isolated or intercropped cultivation of cover crops, associated with the use of N via poultry litter, enabled a greater diversity of organisms and a uniform distribution of different groups in the edaphic community.

Effects of Urea Application on Soil Organic Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrogen Fertilizer Availability in a Rice–Broad Bean Rotation System

Rice cultivation is facing a situation where rice production stagnates while nitrogen fertilizer (NF) application continues to increase. The effectiveness of the NF residues from the rice season on the growth of rotating broad beans is unclear. High NF use in rice cultivation also affects the nitrogen supply through soil organic nitrogen (SON) mineralization (SONM). However, the rules of SONM and the NF availability in the rice–broad bean rotation system (RBRS) are unknown. A field trial of the RBRS was conducted using 15N-labeled urea (CO(15NH2)2) as the partial NF source (15N accounted for 5.3% of the total pure nitrogen applied) for the rice and no NF for the broad bean. It was found that 33.0–38.1% of NF in the rice season was utilized. NF availability was low in the broad bean season (3.6–4.0%). SONM was the most important source, providing approximately 60% of the nitrogen for rice growth. The SONM into mineral nitrogen and the fixation of mineral nitrogen into SON occurred simultaneously, with SONM dominating in most cases. SON content decreased slowly in the rice season and dramatically in the broad bean’s podding stage with a 0.64 g kg−1 (24.1%) decrease. The high nitrogen application in rice season promoted SONM and aggravated groundwater pollution. Soil urease activity, rather than catalase, phosphatase, and invertase activities, can be the main monitoring object of SONM. Furthermore, fungal abundance (especially Aspergillaceae, Neuroceae, and unclassified_o__Helotiales), rather than bacteria, was the primary target for SONM monitoring. It is unreasonable to apply large amounts of NF in the rice season but not in the broad bean season in the RBRS. N1 (135 kg N ha−1) had the best comprehensive benefits regarding crop yield, nitrogen supply by SONM, NF utilization, and nitrogen loss on the environment in the RBRS.

Value-Added Fertilizers Enhanced Growth, Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency through Reduced Ammonia Volatilization Losses under Maize–Rice Cropping Cultivation

Plant nutrition is an essential element for crop production and enormous amounts of fertilizers are used in agricultural systems. However, these sources emit toxic gasses and compounds in the environment that not only deteriorate soil quality but also cause a reduction in the use efficiency of applied nutrients. Therefore, the value addition of these fertilizer sources by coating micronutrients, microbes, polymers or other organic and inorganic compounds have been advocated recently. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of value-added fertilizer sources for growth and yield improvement of Zea mays (Pioneer-30T60) and Oryza sativa (Super Basmati-515) with a reduction in ammonia volatilization and an improvement in nutrient recovery by crop grains. Different phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources (Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), polymer coated DAP, zarkhez plus NPK, urea, polymer-coated urea and zabardast urea) were used in different combinations keeping one control for N. The results revealed that maximum growth, yield and nutrient recovery was shown by polymer-coated urea and DAP followed by zarkhez plus NPK and zabardast urea. Moreover, a minimum ammonia emission was recorded by polymer-coated fertilizers, but other value-added fertilizers were found inefficient in reducing ammonia emission, though these sources improved all growth and yield attributes. Nutrient recovery efficiency was patterned as; polymer coated fertilizers > zarkhez plus NPK + zabardast urea > zarkhez plus NPK + urea > DAP + zabardast urea > DAP + urea > DAP. Thus, the use of polymer-coated fertilizers was beneficial for both the reduction in ammonia volatilization and for improving nutrient use efficiency with maximum crop benefits.

Ruminal degradation and fermentation kinetics of the Mulato II grass (Convert HD364) under different sources of nitrogen fertilization

Resumo É importante avaliar o valor nutricional de novas espécies forrageiras, parâmetro que pode ser melhor caracterizado por meio de técnicas de fermentação e degradação ruminal. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada (N) sobre a cinética de fermentação e degradação ruminal do capim Mulato II. Duas fontes de N (ureia comum e protegida) foram utilizadas em dois períodos do ano (verão - I e outono - II). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 com três repetições. A fração A mudou com base na dosagem de N. A taxa de passagem (K) e a degradabilidade efetiva (DE) foram influenciadas pelas fontes e doses de N, enquanto a Fração B e Lag Time não foram influenciadas durante o período I. As frações A e B e DE foram influenciadas pelas fontes e doses de N durante o período II. Lag time e a degradabilidade potencial foram influenciadas apenas pelas fontes de N. Dentre os parâmetros cinéticos da fermentação ruminal da matéria seca obtidos no período I, apenas K1 foi influenciado pela interação entre doses de N x fontes, enquanto os demais parâmetros foram influenciados apenas pelas doses de N aplicadas. Já para o período II, com exceção do K2, todos os demais parâmetros foram influenciados pela interação das doses e fontes de N. A ureia protegida trouxe melhorias para os parâmetros fermentativos no período I. A dose equivalente à aplicação de 150kg/ha influenciou positivamente os parâmetros fermentativos ruminais do capim Mulato II, principalmente no verão. O uso de ureia protegida como fonte de nitrogênio melhorou os parâmetros de fermentação no verão.

Sorghum Grain Quality as Affected by Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources, Cultivar and Field Condition

The source of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the soil during the development of sorghum can affect the grain quality. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of sorghum grains as influenced by different nitrogen fertilizer sources and field conditions. The experiment used incorporated a 2x5x2 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design that was fitted into a randomized complete block design. Sorghum grain samples were analyzed for ash, fiber, fat, protein, and starch contents in percentages by using a Near-infrared spectroscopy machine. Nitrogen fertilizer source and had a significant effect on sorghum crude protein content during the 2018/19 planting season. The study indicated that nitrogen fertilizer sources such as limestone ammonium nitrate and urea are suitable for improving the quality of the sorghum grain. For example, limestone ammonium nitrate significantly improved the quality of the sorghum grain since it affected protein and starch content. Urea was also found to play a significant role in the grain quality as it affected the fiber and starch content of the grain. Field conditions had a significant effect on sorghum crude fiber and protein during the 2019/20 planting season. The increase in crude fiber under dryland field conditions proves that the quality of sorghum can be increased under no supplementary irrigation. This study, therefore, indicates that sorghum grain quality is influenced by the type of cultivar, the nitrogen fertilizer source, and the field conditions.

'Preferential' ammonium uptake by rice does not always turn into higher N recovery of fertilizer sources under water-saving irrigation

Ammonium (NH4+) has been reported as the preferred mineral N source (a preference for NH4+ uptake over NO3-) for rice (Oryza sativa L.), the predominant supply of NH4+ has been hypothesized as a means of increasing the N recovery efficiency (NRE). However, the contribution of NH4+ preference to NRE is unclear under different irrigation regimes. To evaluate the NRE of rice as affected by varied N supply forms, rice (cv. 'Suijing 18') was grown in a pot experiment with 15N-NH4+ or 15N-NO3- applied to flooded and water-saving irrigation regimes. At harvest, plant biomass, N accumulation, and the fate of 15N-labeled N in the plant-soil system were assessed. Ammonium-N application enhanced rice shoot growth compared with nitrate-N under both irrigation regimes. This enhancement by NH4+ was further promoted under water-saving irrigation. In contrast, nitrate-N enhanced rice root growth, more fertilizer-derived N residues in the soil compared with those of NH4+ treated, regardless of the irrigation regimes. Ammonium enhanced the NRE of rice compared with NO3- treated under flooded irrigation. However, the so-called 'preference' for NH4+ by rice did not always turn into high N recovery efficiency, and there was no difference in NRE of rice between varied N supply forms under water-saving irrigation. Even if NH4+ is 'preferred' by the rice, the N cycle in the paddy soil is complex and dynamic, especially under water-saving irrigation which resulted in a rapid conversion of the applied 15NH4+ to NO3-, and hence less opportunities for rice to take up the applied 15NH4+. Therefore, the nitrogen preference of plants is not the only critical factor in selecting a proper nitrogen fertilizer source for rice, it is better to take the match of plant N preference, N fertilizer type, and irrigation regime into consideration to optimize irrigation and fertilization management and increase the NRE of plants.

Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer sources on growth and fruiting of Barhee date palms under sandy soil conditions

Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer sources on growth and fruiting of Barhee date palms under sandy soil conditions

Influence of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer and weed control on yield, yield components and some qualitative traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under dryland conditions of Khorramabad

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate yield, yield components, and some qualitative traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under nitrogen fertilizers and weed control in dryland conditions of Khorramabad during the 2017 - 2018 growing season. Treatments were arranged in split-split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included F1: control (without fertilizer); F2: bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium); F3: 100 % chemical fertilizer and F4: integration of bio-fertilizer + 50 % chemical fertilizer; sub-factor consisted of three cultivars of chickpea (Adel, Mansour, and Arman) and sub-sub-factor included weeds control (weeding) and weed infested (non-weeding). The results indicated that nitrogen fertilizers, especially the integration of bio-fertilizer + 50 % chemical fertilizer, had a positive effect on all studied traits. The highest number of pods per plant, grain yield, and biological yield were obtained from the Arman cultivar with the application of bio-fertilizer + 50 % chemical fertilizer and for the same cultivar under weed control conditions. The maximum number of pods per plant (28.2) and amount of grain protein content (25.3 %) were obtained by integrating of bio-fertilizer + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer and weeds control. In general, the Arman cultivar has priority over other cultivars for the grain yield under Khorramabad climate conditions, and integration of bio-fertilizer + 50 % chemical fertilizer could be considered as a means to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture.

Production and King Grass Nutritional Quality Number of Sources of Nitrogen Fertilizer

The aim of this study was to obtain the best nitrogen source and level of information on plant growth, production, and nutritional quality of king grass forage (Pennisetum Purpureophoides). The source of nitrogen comes from natural fertilizers (chicken and cow manure) and artificial fertilizers (urea and NPK). The method was completely randomized with the BNJ further test with a confidence interval of <0.05. The research plan consisted of 2 factors: the type of fertilizer (organic; cow and chicken manure); inorganic fertilizers (NPK and urea + nitrogen); and the second factor, the dosage (50, 75, and 100 kg/ha/defoliation). Observation parameters were plant height, stem diameter, number of plants per clump, fresh forage production, dry matter production, dry matter content, crude protein content, crude fibre content, and crude fat content. The results of the study using modifications in fertilizing king grass to increase carbon sources and nutrients obtained significant results. The average plant height was obtained between 60-263 cm. The largest size was at defoliation 1, and the lowest was at defoliation 4. Plant diameter increased between 9.97–12.43 mm, with tiller production in plants increasing to 18.5–25.8 planting. The increase was also followed by the number of fresh leaves and a decrease in the number of dry leaves. Protein content increased with the higher dose given at 11.78% BK, with a crude fiber value of 34.41% BK. King Grass contains a good source of carbon nutrients and can affect the increase in plant growth with a higher plant height and a higher number of leaves. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-03-02 Full Text: PDF

Response of Growth and Productivity of Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to Nano -N and Urea Fertilizer

Field experiment ware carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Basrah University College of Agriculture, north of Basra governorate during the winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to study the growth and yield of three cultivars of wheat (IPA99, BANGIL and JAAD) urea- nitrogen applied at four rate (0,60,120 and 180)kg ha-1 as comported Nano-N applied at three rate (0, 15 and 30) L ha-1. The experiment was designed as factorial randomized complete design (R.C.B.D)with three replicates. A flag leaf area, number spikes in m2, number grian per spike and grain yield parameters were recorded. The results of the study showed no significant difference in all studied growth parameters, yield components and yield Between sources of nitrogen fertilizer (urea and nano), however the cultivars were differed significantly in the studied parameters, as growth parameter of flag leaf area, number of spikes in m2, number of grains per spike and grain yield of JAAD cultivar were higher than those of other cultivar IPA99 AND BANGIL for both growing seasons. Increasing the level of nitrogen rate for both urea and nano sources an increased all studied parameters for both seasons. Application of 180 kg N ha-1 and 30 L ha-1 resulted the highest average of flag leaf area, number of spikes in m2, number of grains per spike, and weight of 1000 grain and grain yield for study seasons. The interaction treatment between JAAD cultivar and the 180 kg N ha-1 level of urea fertilizer and the 30 liter ha-1 of nano- source resulted highest flag leaf area, number of spikes, number of grains per spike and grain yield. However the interaction treatment between Ibaa99 cultivar and the level of 180 kg N ha-1 urea and 30 L ha-1 nano, showed the highest weight of 1000 grain. lowest of flag leaf area, number of spikes in m2, number of grains per spike and grain yield, were recorded at the interaction between BANGIL cultivar and the control treatment for both urea and nano fertilizer sources for both seasons.

Utilizing Urea–Chitosan Nanohybrid for Minimizing Synthetic Urea Application and Maximizing Oryza sativa L. Productivity and N Uptake

In paddy fields, overuse of nitrogen fertilizer to maximize yields can lead to excessive economic loss and degradation of the environment. Therefore, studying the effects of urea–chitosan nanohybrid as a slow released source of nitrogen fertilizer on rice cultivation was the aim of our study. The effects of fertilization applications, namely: CU: control treatment; U1: application of a full recommended dose of classical urea (165 kg N ha−1); U2: adding recommended dose of classical urea by 80% + exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid 250 mg N/L; U3: adding recommended dose of classical urea by 80% + exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid 500 mg N/L; U4: adding recommended dose of classical urea by 60% + exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid 250 mg N/L; U5: adding recommended dose of classical urea by 60% + exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid 500 mg N/L; U6: adding recommended dose of classical urea by 40% + exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid 250 mg N/L; and U7: adding recommended dose of classical urea by 40% + exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid 500 mg N/L on growth indicators, yield-related components, grain productivity, and N uptake status of rice plants were investigated during two successive seasons. As a result, significant achievements concerning growth, yield and yield-related traits were obtained when rice plants were fertilized with exogenous urea–chitosan nanohybrid (i.e., 500 mg N/L) + 60% classical urea without a significant decline in the studied traits compared to the full recommended dose of classical urea. Accordingly, this investigation revealed that chitosan nanohybrid at 500 mg N/L as a compensatory alternative can be used in saving 40% of classical urea requirement.

Leaching of N and Initial Development of Maize as a Function of Urea and Urea Doses Coated with Sulfur

Urea is the most important source among nitrogen fertilizers, but leaching losses are highly susceptible. The fertilizer industry has the challenge of improving the chemical characteristics of fertilizers, ensuring the best efficiency in the application and utilization of nutrients. An alternative is sulfur treatment to reduce this problem. The present work had as objective to evaluate the soil nitrogen loss by leaching, treated with urea doses with and without sulfur coating (FH Nitro Gold®). For this, leaching experiments were set up in the laboratory and initial corn cultivation in a greenhouse. The soil used was classified as Red Yellow Argisol, collected at the UFS Rural Campus. Two treatments were applied, which consisted of the application of the two sources of Nitrogen, with doses of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg per hectare, where nitrogen losses were evaluated by leaching (ammonium, nitrate and total N). A second leaching experiment was set up at the following rates: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg per hectare, and after leaching the corn was cultivated for 30 days under greenhouse conditions. After 30 days of cultivation, the biometric parameters were assessed (leaf number, stem diameter and height of plants). The source of nitrogen fertilizer coated with sulfur provided reduction of nitrogen loss by leaching when compared to uncoated urea. The application of coated urea presents higher soil nitrogen absorption and better results in the development of maize plants grown under greenhouse conditions.

The effect of some soil conditioners on the yield and quality of sweet pepper grown under saline soil conditions using two sources of organic nitrogen fertilizers

Because of increased population worldwide in general and Egypt in particular , this may lead to a problem in the lack of food and fertile land area therefore, we resort to the expansion of the cultivation of salt soil. For that this experiment was carried out during two summer seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the Experimental Farm of El-Kassasein, Hort. Res. Station, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of organic nitrogen sources (poultry manure and botanical compost ) and some soil conditioners ( magnetic iron at 25 and 50 kg /fed. and humic acid at 2 and 4 kg /fed.) on growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper cv Top Star under sandy soil conditions. Fertilizing sweet pepper plants grown in sandy soil with 180 kg N as organic nitrogen in the form of poultry manure ( 5.521 ton /fed.) increased plant growth, N, P and K uptake by shoots, yield and its components , nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter, total soluble solids and Vit. C and decreased nitrate content in fruits compared to fertilizing with 180 kg N as organic nitrogen in the form of botanical compost (9.890 ton /fed.). Adding magnetic iron and humic acid as salt soil conditioners at different rates to sandy soil increased plant growth, N, P and K uptake by shoots, yield and its components, fruit traits, dry matter, total soluble solids and Vit. C and decreased nitrate content in fruits compared to control (without soil conditioners). Fertilizing with poultry manure at 5.521 ton /fed. and adding magnetic iron at 50 kg /fed. increased shoot dry weight, N, P and K contents and uptake by shoots, number of fruits/ plant, average fruit weight, yield / plant , total yield /fed. nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter and total soluble solids in fruits, whereas poultry manure at 5.521 ton/fed. and humic acid at 4 kg /fed. increased Vit. C and decreased nitrate contents in fruits.

Response growth and productivity of cultivars wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to fertilization by nano and mineral nitrogen

The field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Basra University, College of Agriculture in the north of Basra governorate center during the winter season of 2020/2021 to study the response of growth and yield of three cultivars of wheat (IPA99, BANGIL, and JAAD) to nitrogen fertilization from urea exporters at four levels (0, 60, 120, 80) kg ha-1, and Nano-fertilizer at three levels (0, 15, 30) l ha-1. The experiment was applied by randomized complete blocks design (R.C.B.D) by the method of global experiments with three replications. The study results showed that there was no significant difference in all growth components and the yield between two sources of nitrogen fertilizer (urea and Nano) used in the experiment. The cultivars differed significantly in the studied characteristics. JAAD cultivar outperformed the two cultivars, IPA99 and BANGIL, in recording the highest averages of plant dry weight and nitrogen absorbed for all stages of growth, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield. The increase in nitrogen fertilization level for urea and Nano sources led to an increase in all studied traits.

NITROGEN SOURCE DOES NOT CHANGE THE MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE ON A CLAY SOIL

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer sources and rates on the morphophysiological characteristics and nitrogen use efficiency of maize. The experiment was set in Campos Novos, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block with treatments arranged in split plots. Four nitrogen sources were evaluated in the main plots: conventional urea, protected urea, nitrification inhibitor-treated urea, and urease inhibitor-treated urea. Four nitrogen rates were assessed in the split plots: 0 (control), 140, 280, and 420 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen source did not affect ear height, leaf area index, stem diameter, or number of senescent leaves. Increments in nitrogen rate increased plant height, ear height, stem diameter, and grain nitrogen content but decreased nitrogen use efficiency. Stabilized (nitrification/urease inhibitor-treated) or protected N sources did not influence morphophysiological characteristics or improve nitrogen use efficiency of maize compared with conventional urea.