Nitric Oxide Scavenging Assay Research Articles

In vitro and in silico pharmaco-nutritional assessments of some lesser-known Nigerian nuts: Persea americana, Tetracarpidium conophorum, and Terminalia catappa.

Together with their nutritional qualities, the biosafety, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts, Persea americana seeds, and Terminalia cattapa kernels were evaluated in vitro and in silico. RBC membrane stabilisation for anti-inflammatory characteristics, antioxidant activities by ABTS, DPPH, H2O2, and nitric oxide scavenging assays, and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assays conducted in vitro were used to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity. With an IC50 value of 208 μg/mL, P. americana showed the maximum amount of inhibition, according to the results, while T. catappa showed a somewhat lower degree of inhibition at 236 μg/mL. P. americana exhibited the highest degree of α-amylase inhibition, with an IC50 value of 312 µg/mL. T. catappa showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity, while T. conophorum showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity. T. catappa showed the strongest effectiveness in neutralising hydrogen peroxide. In tests using human red blood cells, T. catappa showed the strongest inhibition of RBC hemolysis. While P. americana showed higher concentrations of copper, manganese, potassium, and calcium, T. catappa showed higher magnesium concentrations. T. catappa had considerably higher levels of ash, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates than T. conophorum, which had the highest quantity of crude fibre, according to proximate analysis. Molecular docking experiments have revealed that plant extracts from P. americana, T. conophorum, and T. catappa have substantial binding affinities towards α-glucosidase and amylase. Pseudococaine, M-(1-methylbutyl) phenylmethylcarbamate, o-xylene, and 1-deoxynojirimycin were the four compounds that showed binding affinities that were higher than those of acarbose. Acarbose and nitrate were not as compatible with docking scores as compared to the compounds dimethyl phthalate, pseudococaine, M-(1-Methylbutyl)phenyl methylcarbamate, 2-chloro-3-oxohexanedioic acid, and methyl 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoate. These results suggest that these plant extracts hold great potential for the creation of therapeutic medications that specifically target oxidative stress-related diseases like diabetes.

FLORAL BIOACTIVE OF PONGAMIA PINNATA: A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND MICROBIAL RESISTANCE

Background: Pongamia pinnata (L.) (P. pinnata) Pierre is widely utilized in traditional medicine and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. This study investigates the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of P. pinnata flower extract dissolved in DMSO. Methods: The antioxidant potential was assessed using DPPH, H₂O₂, FRAP, ABTS, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. Anti-inflammatory properties were analysed through protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. Cytotoxicity was determined by evaluating membrane stabilization inhibition percentages. Results: The extract exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity, with DPPH inhibition ranging from 64.28% at 10 µg/mL to 90.12% at 50 µg/mL, and H₂O₂ scavenging increasing from 48.1% to 86.2%. Moderate antibacterial activity was observed against S. aureus (17 mm at 100 µg/mL) and S. mutans (14 mm at 100 µg/mL), while antifungal activity against C. albicans (13 mm at 100 µg/mL) was noted. The extract significantly inhibited protein denaturation (BSA: 80%, EA denaturation: 78% at 50 µg/mL) and demonstrated high membrane stabilization (84% at 50 µg/mL). Cytotoxic effects were observed with inhibition percentages of 68%–84% in membrane stabilization, indicating mild cytotoxicity compared to the standard drug. Conclusion: P. pinnata flower extract exhibits significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, with mild cytotoxic effects. These findings support its potential as a natural therapeutic agent, warranting further pharmacological exploration.

Antioxidant Activity of <i>Tribulus terrestris</i>: A Comparative Study Between Extract and Homoeopathic Mother Tincture in Male Infertility

Background: Phytochemical constituents and its therapeutic potential of Tribulus terrestris, has been extensively studied. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition of T. terrestris, extensively examining both in its extract form and homoeopathic mother tincture. Aim: The objective is to identify, quantify, compares and assess the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of both in T. terrestris ethanolic extract and homoeopathic mother tincture. Methods: Phytochemical screenings were performed to identify and quantify the compounds in the ethanolic extract and homoeopathic mother tincture. Antioxidant activities were assessed using DPPH, nitric oxide scavenging, and FRAP assays, with IC50 values calculated to compare efficacy. Results: Phytochemical screenings confirmed the presence of various compounds like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and glycosides, though saponins were found only in the ethanol extract, not in the mother tincture. The ethanol extract showed the lowest IC50 values of 3.957 μg/ml in the DPPH assay, while the homoeopathic mother tincture had an IC50 value of 35.343 μg/ml, indicating competitive antioxidant activity. Similarly, in the nitric oxide scavenging assay, the ethanol extract exhibited IC50 values of 11.069 μg/ml and the mother tincture showed 30.737 μg/ml, highlighting potent nitric oxide scavenging activity. Additionally, the ethanol extract demonstrated competitive FRAP values with an IC50 of 30.216 μg/ml, and the mother tincture had 31.557 μg/ml, showcasing antioxidant potential. The presence of diverse phytochemical constituents in both its extract and homoeopathic mother tincture is noted. The comparison of antioxidant activity between the two samples consistently favors the mother tincture, indicating its efficacy in scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative damage. Conclusion: T. terrestris is a promising homoeopathic remedy for male infertility, especially in improving sperm parameters, supported by its rich phytochemical components and potential antioxidant effects. The comprehensive analysis, including the comparison between extract and homoeopathic mother tincture, provides valuable insights for future research. Major Findings: The study found that the homoeopathic mother tincture of Tribulus terrestris contains key phytochemicals with significant antioxidant activity. It effectively scavenges free radicals, reducing oxidative stress. These findings suggest its potential role in improving sperm health and treating male infertility, supporting its therapeutic use in homoeopathic medicine.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity and FTIR analysis of whole plant extract of Elephantopus scaber L. (Asteraceae)

Elephantopus scaber L. belongs to the family Asteraceae, is a common wild herb that forms undergrowth in shady places. Decoction of whole plant is used as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, emollient and tonic. The main aim of the proposed work is the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxicity and FTIR analysis of crude methanolic whole plant extract of E. scaber L. In the preliminary phytochemical analysis glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins and saponins were found whereas steroids were absent. In antioxidant analysis, two important assays such a DPPH radical scavenging assay and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay were selected. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, it was noticed that the ability of methanolic whole plant extract had highest scavenging effect on the DPPH radical which was increasing with an increase in the concentration of the sample whereas in Nitric oxide scavenging assay, compared to standard drug ascorbic acid methanolic whole plant extract showed moderate radical scavenging activity. In in vitro cytotoxic analysis, whole plant extract showed potential cytotoxic activity against different cell lines like MCF 7 (Human Breast Cancer Cell line) and HCT 116 (Human Colon Cancer Cell Line). The cytotoxic effect was expressed as IC50. The IC50 value against MCF-7 cell line was 78.76 ± 1.23 µg/mL whereas 98.40 ± 1.56 µg/mL against HCT-116 cell lines, which indicated that the crude whole plant extract of E. scaber L. showed high cytotoxicity effect against selected cancer cells lines. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that various characteristics frequencies with peak values. This study suggests that whole plant extract of E. scaber L. exhibit high antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials and will be helpful for the sustainable utilization of the plant.

In-silico, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of cynanchum callialatum leaves

Inflammatory disorders, including various forms of rheumatic diseases, are a serious global issue. For the treatment of such disorders, the world's population is increasingly turning to herbal treatments. Many plants have been tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, but only a handful have reached the therapeutic level. The purpose of this research is to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of Cynanchum callialatum leaves using in-silico and in-vitro investigations. The leaves' ethanol extract was produced and analysed for antioxidant capability using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Through molecular docking investigations, the phytoconstituents found in the leaves were docked against PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX proteins. µAt 1000 µg/ml, the leaf extract had a maximum inhibitory percentage of 67.61 percent (nitric oxide) and 70.41 percent (DPPH), with an IC50 of 414.4 g/ml (nitric oxide) and 446.6 µg/ml (DPPH) (DPPH). The docking investigations indicated that the ligands inhibited the PLA2 protein via a mechanism and were submitted to a PLA2 inhibition experiment. The extract inhibited the enzyme by 71.92 percent at 1000 µg/ml, with an IC50 of 289.8 µg/ml. To assess the full inhibitory efficacy of PLA2, the phytoconstituents must be exposed to additional preclinical and clinical research.

Investigating the Therapeutic Property of Galium verum L. (GV) for MSG induced Audiogenic Epilepsy (AEs) and Neuroprotection through In-Silico and In-Vitro Analysis.

Audiogenic Epilepsy (AEs) is a subtype of epileptic seizure that is generally caused by high-intensity sounds. A large number of traditional medicines has been explored in this lieu where our study chased Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae), an herbal plant which is commonly known as Lady's Bedstraw, that contains a highly rich chemical composition including flavonoids (Hispidulin, Quercetin, and Kaempferol), and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, and gallic acid). G verum is well known for its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, the unique role of Adhesion G Protein- Coupled Receptor V1 (ADGRV1) protein in the progression of audiogenic epilepsy has been explored. This study aimed to examine the potent phytoconstituents of the hydroalcoholic extract of G. verum L. (HEGV) using analytical techniques. Additionally, our study sought to evaluate the antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory properties, and antiepileptic potency of HEGV by targeting ADGRV1 via in silico and in vitro analyses using SHSY5Y cells. HPLC and LC-MS techniques were employed to identify the flavonoids, iridoids, and phenolic acid derivatives present in HEGV. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging assays were performed to confirm the antioxidant potential of the extract. Additionally, in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed using AutoDock Vina software to analyze the possible interactions between crucial phytoconstituents of HEGV and ADGRV1, followed by cell line analysis. In the in vitro analysis, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via cell viability assay, IL, GABA, and glutamate estimation. LC-MS and HPLC analyses revealed high concentrations of hispidulin, a major flavonoid found in HEGV. HEGV exhibited moderate-to-high free radical-scavenging activities comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Docking analysis demonstrated that hispidulin has a stronger binding affinity with ADGRV1 (Vina score = -8.6 kcal/mol) than other compounds. Furthermore, cell line analysis revealed that the MSG exacerbates the neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, whereas, HEGV and Hispidulin both possess neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antiepileptic activities. HEGV and Hispidulin proved to be promising candidates for treating audiogenic epilepsy by modulating ADGRV1.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Manuka Honey and Ohia Lehua Honey.

This work sought to evaluate the antioxidant mechanisms of Manuka honey (MH) and Ohia Lehua honey (OLH), correlating them with phytochemical analyses in a rat model of experimentally induced inflammation. The identification of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts was carried out using HPLC-ESI MS. The extracts' antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and NO scavenging assays, while in vivo assessments included measurements of total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total thiols (SH). The phytochemical analysis found a rich content of phenolic compounds in MH and lower quantities in OLH. In terms of in vitro activity, both MH and OLH exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging abilities, effective NO and H2O2 scavenging capacities, and high FRAP-reducing power. In vivo, OLH proved highly effective in enhancing antioxidant capacity and lowering oxidative stress markers, showing significant increases in TAC and substantial reductions in TOS and OSI levels. Conversely, MH displayed limited and dose-dependent antioxidant activity, a considerable increase in TAC and SH, and a moderate decrease in TOS and OSI levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the phenolic content of OLH and to show its capacity to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. The effectiveness of MH primarily relies on its increased antioxidant properties and depends on concentration. These results highlight the importance of investigating natural products in developing antioxidant strategies.

In-silico, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of cynanchum callialatum leaves

Inflammatory disorders, including various forms of rheumatic diseases, are a serious global issue. For the treatment of such disorders, the world's population is increasingly turning to herbal treatments. Many plants have been tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, but only a handful have reached the therapeutic level. The purpose of this research is to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of Cynanchum callialatum leaves using in-silico and in-vitro investigations. The leaves' ethanol extract was produced and analysed for antioxidant capability using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Through molecular docking investigations, the phytoconstituents found in the leaves were docked against PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX proteins. µAt 1000 µg/ml, the leaf extract had a maximum inhibitory percentage of 67.61 percent (nitric oxide) and 70.41 percent (DPPH), with an IC50 of 414.4 g/ml (nitric oxide) and 446.6 µg/ml (DPPH) (DPPH). The docking investigations indicated that the ligands inhibited the PLA2 protein via a mechanism and were submitted to a PLA2 inhibition experiment. The extract inhibited the enzyme by 71.92 percent at 1000 µg/ml, with an IC50 of 289.8 µg/ml. To assess the full inhibitory efficacy of PLA2, the phytoconstituents must be exposed to additional preclinical and clinical research.

Hepatoprotective effect of Jasminum sambac decoction against paracetamol-induced toxicity: in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies.

We aimed to investigate the pharmacologic mechanism underlying this traditional remedy. We used a freshly produced hot water decoction of J. sambac leaves (HWDJS) to examine its hepatoprotective effects in laboratory animals, administering doses of HWDJS at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg over 7 days. On the 8th day, paracetamol toxicity was induced at a dose of 2 g/kg. The test and control groups assessed biochemical indicators (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and C-reactive protein), liver-to-body weight ratio, and cytoarchitecture. Oxidative biomarkers (gamma-glutamyl-glycine, superoxide dismutases, and malondialdehyde) were measured after 24 hours of toxicity induction to judge the extent of hepatoprotection. HWDJS confirmed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in biochemical markers compared to the intoxicated group: histopathologic differences and antioxidant measures. The antioxidant potential of HWDJS was confirmed by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide scavenging assay. The findings prove that the decoction of J. sambac has extensive hepatoprotection against paracetamol-induced toxicity and can be considered as an alternative therapy in hepatic disorders.

Mangrove pneumatophores as biocatalysts for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles and their potential applications against biofilm formation and hepatic carcinoma.

The current study demonstrates the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the pneumatophores of Acanthus ilicifolius (AiP-AgNPs), which is cost-effective and biocompatible. A. ilicifolius possesses remarkable features to endure the harshest conditions for its entire life cycle and generates secondary metabolites for its sustainability in hostile mangrove ecosystems. The presence of a prominent UV-visible absorption band at 420 nm supported the distinct color change inference for the synthesized AiP-AgNPs. The size of the synthesized AiP-AgNPs was determined to be ∼15 nm through field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The presence of secondary metabolites such as 2-bromo-1,1-dichloroethene, hemin and N-(sulfanylacetyl)-l-seryl-l-argininamide was indicated by prominent peaks in liquid chromatography, suggesting their probable roles in the synthesis of AgNPs. The synthesized AiP-AgNPs demonstrated a distinct zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.33 mm), Vibrio cholerae (9.83 mm), and Bacillus subtilis (12 mm). They also exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. The anticancer potential of the synthesized AiP-AgNPs against HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells determined through MTT colorimetric assay and flow cytometry revealed their dose-dependent cytotoxicity with the occurrence of the sub-G0 phase (25.6%). Subsequent analysis using fluorescence microscopy, DNA damage, comet assay, and migration assay indicated that AiP-AgNPs hold significant potential and the ability to serve as a therapeutic candidate to pave the way for further in-depth investigations for pre-clinical and clinical research purposes.

The Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Matricaria recutita Blossoms and Zingiber officinale Rhizome Ethanol Extracts

Background: Inflammation-induced oxidative stress is a pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory diseases. Treatments targeting oxidative stress can reduce inflammatory tissue damage. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct phytochemical analysis and evaluate the antioxidant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria recutita blossoms (M. recutita) and Zingiber officinale rhizomes (Z. officinale). Materials and Methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out by measuring the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and polyphenolic compounds’ HPLC-ESI MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through H2O2 DPPH, FRAP, and NO scavenging assays. An in vivo experiment was performed on rats with turpentine oil-induced acute inflammation. Treatments were administrated orally for 10 days, with three dilutions of each extract (100%, 50%, 25%), and compared to the CONTROL, inflammation, Diclofenac, and Trolox groups. In vivo, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and total thiols (SH). Results: The phytochemical analysis found a high content of phenolic compounds in both extracts, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was significant. In vivo, M. recutita and Z. officinale extracts proved to be effective in increasing TAC and lowering oxidative stress markers, respectively, the TOS, OSI, MDA, and NO levels. The effects were dose-dependent, with the lower concentrations being more efficient antioxidants. Matricaria recutita and Z. officinale extract effects were as good as those of trolox and diclofenac. Conclusions: Treatment with M. recutita and Z. officinale alleviated inflammation-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that M. recutita and Z. officinale extracts could be a promising adjuvant antioxidant therapy in inflammatory diseases.

Study on Phytochemicals and Antioxidants of Pleurotus sp. Cultivated through Submerged Fermentation

This study investigates the bioactive compounds present in the genus Pleurotus sp. mushrooms, with a focus on their antioxidant properties. Hot water extraction of Pleurotus mycelium was performed at three temperatures: 30°C, 65°C, and 100°C. A total of 57.48 g of mycelium biomass was obtained through submerged fermentation in basal medium. The objective was to identify specific phytochemicals and evaluate the percentage of free radical inhibition. The mycelium was initially cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar plates and later subjected to fermentation. Six phytochemical tests were carried out to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and anthraquinones. The analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. The DPPH assay showed the 65°C extract had the highest inhibition of 97.92%, while the 100°C extract exhibited the highest inhibition at 82.67%, with the 65°C extract showing the lowest at 75.38%. The results suggest that extracts at 65°C demonstrated substantial antioxidant activity, comparable to synthetic antioxidants.

Study on Phytochemicals and Antioxidants of Pleurotus sp. Cultivated Through Submerged Fermentation

This study investigates the bioactive compounds present in the genus Pleurotus sp. mushrooms, with a focus on their antioxidant properties. Hot water extraction of Pleurotus mycelium was performed at three temperatures: 30°C, 65°C, and 100°C. A total of 57.48 g of mycelium biomass was obtained through submerged fermentation in basal medium. The objective was to identify specific phytochemicals and evaluate the percentage of free radical inhibition. The mycelium was initially cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar plates and later subjected to fermentation. Six phytochemical tests were carried out to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and anthraquinones. The analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. The DPPH assay showed the 65°C extract had the highest inhibition of 97.92%, while the 100°C extract exhibited the highest inhibition at 82.67%, with the 65°C extract showing the lowest at 75.38%. The results suggest that extracts at 65°C demonstrated substantial antioxidant activity, comparable to synthetic antioxidants.

In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and in silico molecular docking studies of Clerodendrum thomsoniae

Clerodendrum thomsoniae is a member of the Lamiaceae family and is found throughout Asia, Australia, Africa, and America. C. thomsoniae (CT), mostly utilized in the floriculture sector, is sometimes referred to as bleeding heart vine or bag flower due to its exquisite decorative qualities. Apart from its high value in the floriculture industry, the plant has been utilized in traditional Indian and Japanese medicine to treat a variety of ailments. There is a dearth of information on the biological properties of the plant and its putative ingredients. Therefore, this study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer potentials of the extract, as well as identified its phytocompounds. The antioxidant screening was based on nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was based on the egg albumin denaturation (EAD) assay, while the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay was used to determine its anti-cancer potential. The chemical composition of the extract was determined using the hyphenated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Lastly, the identified phytocompounds were molecular docked against the inflammatory [NF-κβ (4DN5)] and cancer [mdm2 (3W69)] proteins. At 200 μg/mL, CT extract-treated Vero normal cells exhibited more viability (78.32±1.19%) than the one treated with the human renal adenocarcinoma (ACHN) cell line (33.45±0.66%), which suggests CT extract to be selectively cytotoxic to the cancer cells. The extract also demonstrated considerable inhibition of EAD (IC50=164.59±17.85 μg/mL). Thus, the observed anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties of CT extract may be attributed to its notable NO and H2O2 radicals scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 205.7±11.44 and 69.74±6.50 μg/mL respectively. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed sixteen major compounds. In silico studies indicated α-tocopherol and stigmasterol as the most promising compounds, having exhibited the highest binding energy scores of -9.9 and -8.7 kcal/mol against NF-κβ (4DN5) and mdm2 (3W69) proteins respectively. In conclusion, C. thomsoniae leaf extract showed considerable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, which may be attributed to its α-tocopherol and stigmasterol contents.

Phytochemical constituents, vitamin composition and in vitro antioxidant potential of Dialium guineense fruit pulp

Medicinal herbs have been extensively utilized in the remediation of various health conditions. Dialium guineense fruit pulp, also well known as Velvet Tamarind is widely consumed in West Africa for its dietary and medicinal properties. The study aims to analyze the phytochemical constituents, vitamin content and the in vitro antioxidant effect of Dialium guineense fruit pulp (DGFP). The phytochemical constituents, vitamins (C, E, B1-12) composition, and in vitro antioxidant activity were examined utilizing standardized analytical methods. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the fruit pulp of Dialium guineense was also carried out; the result indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, phenols, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in varying concentrations. The vitamin composition revealed that vitamin C was higher than other vitamins in the fruit pulp. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide scavenging assay showed high radical scavenging activity while the FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay revealed significant reducing power. This indicates that Dialium guineense fruit pulp has potential health benefits.

Development of Herbal Ultrasound Gel Prototype from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe for Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammation

This research aimed to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of phlai, turmeric, ginger and combined extract of phlai, turmeric, and ginger at recipe 1:2:2 (PTG). In addition, the formula of herbal ultrasound gel for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties was developed. The TPC, flavonoid, antioxidant and anti-inflammation were investigated by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid, DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay. The PTG extract was tested for the phytochemicals by GC-MS technique. The microbial contamination standard of herbal ultrasound gel prototype was determined. The result show that the PTG extract has the TPC and flavonoid at 105.11 ± 16.93 mg GAE/g extract and 63.58 ± 2.29 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Moreover, the DPPH and ABTS assay show that PTG extract has the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.82 ± 0.11 and 0.98 ± 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, PTG extract has a high percentage of NO inhibition at 53.38 ± 0.16. Furthermore, the GC-MS method found that PTG extract has 7 active ingredients. The highest amount of phytochemical is AR-turmerone. The safety assessment for external use found that the herbal ultrasound gel prototype product passed standard criteria for microbial contamination at the laboratory level. To conclude, the PTG extract has a synergistic effect and a high ability to act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammation. Moreover, the PTG herbal ultrasound gel has a microbial contamination safety to use. Therefore, the prototype herbal ultrasound gel product may be further developed into health products to treat pain and inflammation efficiently in clinical practice.

Hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus roots on nitrobenzene-induced liver injury in Wistar rats

ABSTRACT This study examined the potential of Corallocarpus epigaeus ethanolic root extract to combat free radicals using DPPH, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Rats were initially exposed to a single oral dose of nitrobenzene (50 mg kg−1 body weight), followed by a 15-d oral regimen of the ethanolic root extract of C. epigaeus at 200 mg kg−1 body weight. The assessment of serum liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid peroxidation levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and histopathological examinations of liver tissues were carried out. The C. epigaeus ethanolic root extract demonstrated antioxidant properties and contained flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, lycopene, and phenolic compounds. In Nitrobenzene-induced rats, elevated serum markers and increased liver lipid peroxidation were observed that were normalized by the extract. It also increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Histopathological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.

Phytochemical Characterization Utilizing HS-SPME/GC-MS: Exploration of the Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Properties of Essential Oil from Saudi Artemisia absinthium L.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia absinthium L. essential oil, focusing on its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition (α-amylase and urease) properties. Additionally, in vitro pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations were conducted through in silico molecular docking and BOILED-Egg models to assess its therapeutic potential and its potency in treating oxidative-stress-related diseases. Methods: The essential oil was isolated by the hydrodistillation (HD) of fresh plant material, and volatiles released from dried plant material were sampled via headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), followed by a phytochemical profiling analysis through the GC-MS tool. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and nitric oxide scavenging assays, while enzyme inhibition activities were tested against α-amylase and urease. Molecular docking and BOILED-Egg models were used to evaluate compound interactions with NADPH oxidase and predict pharmacokinetic behavior, respectively. Results: HS-SPME and HD yielded 46 and 25 compounds, respectively, primarily terpenoids represented by camphor (26.4%) and cis-davanone (18.0%) in HS-SPME, while in the HD essential oil, cis-davanone (60.2%) and chamazulene (10.8%) were most prevalent. The antioxidant assays showed a strong activity, with a total antioxidant capacity of 821.8 mg ascorbic acid Eq/gm. The essential oil inhibited urease by 86.7% and α-amylase by 81.8%. Molecular docking showed strong binding affinities with NADPH oxidase, supporting the antioxidant results. Conclusions:A. absinthium EO demonstrated potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, suggesting its therapeutic potential for treating enzyme-related disorders like diabetes mellitus and its possible use as a cure for many oxidative-stress-related diseases, thus validating the folkloric use of this plant.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies and Biological Evaluation of N-(α-Benzamido Cinnamoyl) Piperonal Hydrazones

Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies and Biological Evaluation of N-(α-Benzamido Cinnamoyl) Piperonal Hydrazones

Design, Synthesis, and in vitro Evaluation of Derivatives of Quinoxaline-2- One as a Myeloperoxidase Modulator Using in silico Methods

Background: In some pathological situations, the overproduction of oxidising agents also results in oxidative damage to host cell proteins and DNA, which induces abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A recently discovered biomarker of inflammation is myeloperoxidase. Various inflammatory conditions cause the release of this enzyme into the extracellular environment. Objective: Our study aimed to design, synthesize, and in vitro evaluate derivatives of quinoxaline- 2-one as a myeloperoxidase modulator using in silico methods. Methods: A series of quinoxaline-2-one derivatives was synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques. Further, to confirm and explore the molecular mechanism, an in silico docking study against the myeloperoxidase enzyme was performed (PDB ID: 1DNU). Results: The compounds Q1, Q2, and Q5 showed better antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, whereas the nitric oxide scavenging assay showed the compounds Q2, Q4, and Q5 had significant activity when compared to the standard IC50 value (28.8 μg/ml). Besides, the anti-inflammatory studies showed the compounds Q1, Q3, and Q5 had better inhibition (89.79%) when compared to the standard drug aceclofenac (85.37%) at 1000 μg/ml concentration. The top three ligands for myeloperoxidase (PDB ID: 1DNU) with the highest scores in activity were found as Q2, Q1, and Q5, with scores of -13.2838, -12.5841, and -11.6906 Kcal/mol, respectively. The compounds were efficiently bound to the myeloperoxidase active site with arene-arene, arene-cation, and hydrogen bonding interactions. Conclusion: By introducing the various heterocyclic rings and deactivating and activating groups, we may produce a newer class of candidates for many infectious diseases. Thus, from the computational studies carried out, we may obtain hints for optimising the molecular selectivity of the quinoxaline-2-one derivatives to provide help in the design of new compounds for effective myeloperoxidase enzyme modulators. However, further pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, preclinical, and clinical studies permit the design of the new agents without undesirable interactions.