Night Eating Research Articles

Development, validation and clinical use of the Eating Behaviors Assessment for Obesity (EBA-O).

IntroductionObesity is a major health problem with an increasing risk of mortality, associated with comorbidities and high rates of dropout. Research demonstrated that pathological eating behaviors could help to phenotype obese patients thus tailoring clinical interventions. Therefore, our aim was to develop (study 1), validate (study 2), and test in a clinical setting (study 3) the Eating Behaviors Assessment for Obesity (EBA-O).MethodStudy 1 included the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and McDonald’s ω in a general population sample (N = 471). Study 2 foresaw the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent validity in 169 participants with obesity. Study 3 tested the capability of the EBA-O to characterize eating behaviors in a clinical sample of 74 patients with obesity.ResultsStudy 1. EFA identified five factors (i.e., food addiction, night eating, binge eating, sweet eating, and prandial hyperphagia), explaining 68.3% of the variance. The final EBA-O consisted of 18 items. McDonald’s ω ranged between 0.80 (hyperphagia) and 0.92 (binge eating), indicating very good reliability. Study 2. A second-order five-factor model, through CFA, showed adequate fit: relative chi-square (χ2/df) = 1.95, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.075, and SRMR = 0.06, thus suggesting the appropriateness of the EBA-O model. Significant correlations with psychopathological questionnaires demonstrated the convergent validity. Study 3. Significant associations between EBA-O factors and emotional-related eating behaviors emerged.ConclusionThe EBA-O demonstrated to be a reliable and easy-to-use clinical tool to identify pathological eating behaviors in obesity, particularly useful for non-experts in eating disorders.Level of evidenceLevel V, descriptive research.

Individual Circadian Preference, Eating Disorders and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Dangerous Liaison? A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis.

Background: Obesity and other eating disorders are an actual public health problem, especially in childhood and adolescents, and could be also related with chronotype. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the relationship between eating disorders, obesity and the different chronotypes in children and adolescents. Methods: A systematic review of observational studies evaluating young populations dealing with and evaluating chronotype was conducted. Electronic searches were performed in six international databases. A qualitative thematic-categorical analysis was carried out and a random-effects model was used for the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis). Results: Fifteen studies were included, but quantitative analysis was only carried out in three of them. Children and adolescents with an evening chronotype had higher body mass index, consumed more junk food or were more predisposed to suffer from food addiction and night eating syndrome. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with evening chronotype had higher tendency to incorrect eating behaviors and were suffering from overweight/obesity. Environment but also lifestyle factors should be considered in the association between chronotype and eating disorders and obesity.

The association between episodes of night eating and levels of depression in the general population.

Research has suggested that a correlation may exist between depressive mood and episodes of night eating. This study aimed to examine whether having episodes of night eating was associated with increased levels of depression. This study used data from the 2019 Korea Community Health Survey and the study population consisted of adults aged ≥19 years. Depression levels were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. We investigated the patients' general characteristics using t-tests and analysis of variance. The association between depression levels and episodes of night eating was analyzed using a multivariable linear regression analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on daily sleep duration. We analyzed 34,358 individuals and found higher average depression scores (β: 4.99, p < .001) in those with episodes of night eating than those without. Large effect sizes were found for differences in depression scores between participants with and without episodes of night eating. The magnitude of this increase was particularly pronounced in individuals who reported 9 or more hours of sleep per day. An association was found between levels of depression and episodes of night eating as individuals with episodes of night eating were more likely to have higher depression scores. Our findings suggest the potential need to consider night eating when addressing the mental health of the general population.

Türk Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Gece Yeme Sendromu ve Ağız Sağlığı İlişkileri Üzerine Çok Merkezli Araştırma

Objective: Night eating syndrome (NES) is a common eating disorder in which the circadian timing of food intake disturbs. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of NES among dental school students and evaluate its association with body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and oral health status. Material and Methods: Night eating questionnaire consisting of 14 questions was conducted on dental school students at 3 universities and a total of 30 points and higher was determined as a cutpoint for NES diagnosis. Demographic status, medical status, BMI, smoking/alcohol consumption, carious/filled teeth, and interval of brushing are recorded. Results: Twelve (3.5%) of the study group among 346 attendants revealed NES diagnosis. Students with NES showed significantly higher average body weight values (p<0.05) on the other hand average BMI values did not differ among groups with and without NES (p>0.05). Smoking rates (91.7%) and alcohol consumption (83.3%) were significantly higher in students with NES (p<0.05). Number of carious teeth were found higher, oral health status, tooth brushing habit was found poorer in NES diagnosed subjects (p<0.05). Conclusion: This present study concluded that NES diagnosis was relatively low in dental students. NES could be a risk factor for impaired oral hygiene, especially in dental students with smoking habits and alcohol consumption. Oral hygiene knowledge and attitudes contribute to decreasing night eating habits in dental students.

Can night eating syndrome and sleep quality have strong relations with quality of life in early adulthood?

Sleeping disorders can impair sleeping efficiency and lead to eating disorders and night eating syndrome. Eating disorders and night eating syndrome can be considered as factors that reduce the quality of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of eating and sleeping disorders, and night eating syndrome, on quality of life. Material and methods. The sample of the descriptive, cross-sectional research was comprised of 846 students, who were studying at Uskudar University in the 2020/2021 academic year, accepted to participate in the study and provided complete information. Data was collected with a diagnostic form, a SCOFF Eating Disorders Scale form, a Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) form, a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) form, and a World Health Organization Quality of Life Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF-TR) together, all were created in Google Forms and applied online. Research data was evaluated with IBM SPSS v® software. Results. A total of 846 university students, consisting of 712 (84.2%) females and 134 (15.8%) males participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 21.4±3.1 years, and the mean body mass index was 22.5±8.0 kg/m2. Eating disorders risk was found as 38.4%, night eating syndrome risk as 67.7% and all participants had poor sleep quality. WHOQOL-BREF-TR scale's total and all sub-dimension mean scores were found to be lower in students with a risk of eating disorders and night eating syndrome, compared to students without it (p<0.001). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the PSQI total score and WHOQOL-BREF-TR scale's total and all sub-dimension scores of the participants (p<0.001). Conclusion. Students with a risk of night eating syndrome have interrupted sleep due to desire to eat at night, which is another factor that reduces sleep quality. For healthy generations, sleep and nutrition habits should be carefully examined and appropriate treatment methods should be applied by determining the faulty attitudes of individuals in nutrition, eating and sleeping disorders.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Evening Hyperphagia and Nocturnal Ingestion: Core Constituents of Night Eating Syndrome with Different Background Factors.

This web-based cross-sectional survey aimed to elucidate the differences between the two core symptoms of night eating syndrome (NES): evening hyperphagia and nocturnal ingestion in the general Japanese population aged 16–79 years. Participants who consumed at least 25% of daily calories after dinner were defined as having evening hyperphagia. Those who consumed food after sleep initiation at least twice a week were determined to have nocturnal ingestion. Of the 8348 participants, 119 (1.5%) were categorized in the evening hyperphagia group, 208 (2.6%) in the nocturnal ingestion group, and 8024 in the non-NES group. Participants with evening hyperphagia and nocturnal ingestion had significantly higher anxiety scores (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively) and depression (p < 0.001 for both) than those without NES. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that evening hyperphagia was significantly and independently associated with higher body mass index, shorter sleep duration, later sleep-wake schedule, and higher insomnia score, while nocturnal ingestion was significantly and independently associated with younger age, smoking habit, living alone, earlier sleep-wake schedule, and higher insomnia score. Sleep duration and sleep-wake schedule characteristics in the two groups were opposite, suggesting differences in the sleep pathophysiology mechanisms.

Association between Stress and Metabolic Syndrome and its Mediating Factors in University Students

In this study, we evaluated the association between perceived stress and indicators of metabolic syndrome and how this association is mediated by sleep problems, unhealthy eating habits, and night eating syndrome, in addition to serum levels of ghrelin and cortisol in university students. We recruited 192 students from a public university in Mexico. Weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were taken in accordance with standard protocols. Validated questionnaires were used to assess perceived stress, sleep quality and eating habits. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure ghrelin, cortisol, triglycerides, glucose and HDL-C. Path Analysis indicated direct positive effects of stress over PSQI (β = 0.341) and NES (β = 0.443); PSQI over NES (β = 0.233) and NES over glucose (β = 0.170), triglycerides over LDL-C (β = 0.215), waist circumference over SBP (β = 0.259). Likewise, standardized negative regression weights of PSQI over Diet Quality Index (β = -0.239) and ghrelin concentrations (β = -0.132), ghrelin over Diet Quality Index (β = -0.188) and waist circumference (β = -0.147). Diet Quality Index over triglycerides (β = -0.184); sleep duration over systolic blood pressure (β = -0.242); waist circumference over HDL-C (β = -0.256). Psychological stress leads to increased indicators of MetS via decreased sleep quality, inadequate eating habits and eating behavior in university students.

Effects of Nutritional Status on Emotional Eating, Night Eating and Sleep Quality

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 20-45 yaş aralığındaki bireylerin beslenme durumlarının, duygusal yeme, gece yeme ve uyku kalitesi üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 20-45 yaş arası 378 birey dahil edilmiştir. Bireylerin beslenme durumları geriye dönük bireysel besin tüketimi hatırlatma yöntemi ile yemek ve besin fotoğrafları kataloğundan yararlanılarak elde edilmiştir ve antropometrik ölçümleri alınmıştır. Ayrıca, Üç Faktörlü Yeme Anketi (TFEQ-R21), Gece Yeme Anketi, Pittsburgh Uyku Kalite İndeksi (PUKİ) kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Normal vücut ağırlığına sahip bireylerin bilişsel kısıtlama puanları fazla kilolu bireylere göre düşüktür (p&amp;lt;0,05). Zayıf bireylerin akşam hiperfajisi puanları fazla kilolu bireylere göre yüksektir (p&amp;lt;0,05). Erkek bireylerin karbonhidrat alımları ile gece yeme, duygudurum ve uyku bozukluğu puanları arasında, ayrıca disakkarit alımları ile akşam hiperfajisi puanları arasında pozitif yönlü korelasyonlar olduğu saptanmıştır (p&amp;lt;0,05). Kadınların karbonhidrat alımları ile bilişsel kısıtlama, gece yeme ve duygudurum ve uyku bozukluğu puanları arasında negatif yönlü korelasyonlar bulunmuştur (p&amp;lt;0,05). Sonuç: Bireylerin değişen duygu durumlarına bağlı olarak gösterdikleri duygusal yeme davranışları, gece yeme eğilimleri ve uyku kaliteleri, beslenme durumlarını ve besin tüketim miktarlarını etkileyebilmektedir, bu nedenle vücut ağırlığı kontrolünün sağlanması ve sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlıklarının sürdürülebilmesinde bu faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi önemlidir.

The dark side of the quarantine: night eating, sleep quality and the health locus of control in women

PurposeStaying at home for a prolonged period, the stress during COVID-19 quarantine may affect sleep quality, night eating behaviours of individuals. This paper aims to identify the relationship between night eating behaviour, sleep quality, perceptions of health locus of control in women during the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachAn anonymous, Web based, cross-sectional study was conducted for the duration of a month (April-May, 2020). The study evaluated the nutritional habits of the participants. Anthropometric measurements were noted. Night Eating Syndrome Questionnaire (NESQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control-A were used for data collection.FindingsWith a mean age of 33 ± 8 years, 529 women participated in the study. The mean NESQ score was 14.4 ± 4.7, PSQI score was 6.4 ± 2.9. Higher night eating scores were observed in participants with chance locus of control (CLC) perception when compared to participants with internal health locus of control (IHLC) perception (p < 0.05). Lower sleep quality was observed in obese participants compared to normal/overweight participants (p < 0.05). It was also found that night eating behaviours significantly predicted sleep quality (R = 0.36, R2 = 0.13; p < 0.01), explaining about 13.3% of total variance of sleep quality.Research limitations/implicationsOnly internet users and women participated in the study, and the questionnaire form was applied online; the information was obtained in the form of the participants' own statements.Practical implicationsIt was found that night eating behaviour significantly predicted sleep quality during the pandemic. It was also determined that the individuals with high chance locus of control perception had higher NES scores than the individuals with high internal locus of control perception.Originality/valueThe night eating behaviours significantly predict sleep quality, individuals with a high perception of CLC had a higher night eating score than individuals with high perception of IHLC during the pandemic.

Evaluation of night eating syndrome in individuals with and without obesity.

There are publications with contrasting results on the relationship between night eating syndrome and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and relationship between night eating syndrome (NES) in obese and non-obese participants. Between 1 January 2018 and 1 May 2018, 420 people ages 18-65 years who applied to İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital Family Medicine and Endocrinology outpatient clinics for any reason enrolled in this study. Body mass index (BMI = weight [kg]/height² [m²]) was calculated by measuring participants' height and weight. BMI values between 18.50 and 24.99 were normal weight, between 25.0 and 29.99 were overweight, between 30.0 and 39.99 were obese, and 40.0 and above were considered morbidly obese. Participants' sociodemographic data, the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered by face-to-face interview technique. The average age of the participants was 42 ± 13 years and 68.6% were female. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the participants was 31.8 ± 8.2. The prevalence of NES was determined: 10% of the participants had NES. The higher frequency of NES in patients with morbid obesity was found to be statistically significant compared to those without morbid obesity (p < 0.05). The mean BDS score was 23.5 ± 10.86 (min: 0, max: 46) in the NES group and 12.18 ± 88.95 (min: 0, max: 49) in the non-NES group. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of BDS scores (p < 0.001). Because obesity has an important place in primary health care services, it is important to know the relationship between NES and depression. Recognition of NES and consideration of planned follow-up and treatment in the applicants will help to treat obesity more effectively.

Disordered Eating among People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Disordered eating, or abnormal eating behaviours that do not meet the criteria for an independent eating disorder, have been reported among people with schizophrenia. We aimed to systemati-cally review literature on disordered eating among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Seven databases were systematically searched for studies that described the prevalence and correlates of disordered eating among patients with SSD from January 1984 to 15 February 2021. Qualitative analysis was performed using the National Institutes of Health scales. Of 5504 records identified, 31 studies involving 471,159 subjects were included in the systematic review. The ma-jority of studies (17) rated fair on qualitative analysis and included more men, and participants in their 30s and 40s, on antipsychotics. The commonest limitations include lack of sample size or power calculations, poor sample description, not using valid tools, or not adjusting for con-founders. The reported rates were 4.4% to 45% for binge eating, 16.1% to 64%, for food craving, 27% to 60.6% for food addiction, and 4% to 30% for night eating. Positive associations were re-ported for binge eating with antipsychotic use and female gender, between food craving and weight gain, between food addiction and increased dietary intake, and between disordered eating and female gender, mood and psychotic symptoms. Reported rates for disordered eating among people with SSD are higher than those in the general population. We will discuss the clinical, treatment and research implications of our findings.

Investigation of taste function and eating behavior in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age that is associated with eating disorders and disordered eating. No data is available regarding taste function in women with PCOS. The aim of this study was to assess taste function and eating behavior in patients with PCOS compared to healthy women and investigate potential impact of oral contraceptive (OC) use on those. Forty-four patients with PCOS and 36 age and body-mass-index matched healthy controls were enrolled. Gustatory function was assessed by taste strips (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) and Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T), Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) were applied. All measurements were repeated in patients after receiving an OC along with general lifestyle advice for 3 months. At baseline, PCOS group had lower total taste strip test (TST) scores compared to controls (11.7 ± 2.2 vs. 13.1 ± 1.4; p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed lower sour and salty taste scores in PCOS group (2.4 ± 0.9 vs. 2.9 ± 0.7; p = 0.004; and 2.6 ± 1 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7; p = 0.01 respectively). Sweet and bitter taste scores were similar. No difference was determined in eating behavior. Linear regression analysis revealed that hyperandrogenism was significant predictor for total TST score (R2 = 0.22, p < 0.001). Higher free androgen index (FAI) was associated with lower total TST score (p = 0.01). Total TST score, TFEQ-R18 and NEQ scores remained unaltered after treatment in the PCOS group whereas FCQ-T scores showed significant reduction (p = 0.02), mainly due to a decrease in lack of control subscale (p = 0.01). Our results suggest that taste perception is reduced in PCOS, and short-term OC use does not alter taste functions in the syndrome.

Sleep Quality and Eating Disorder-Related Psychopathologies in Patients with Night Eating Syndrome and Binge Eating Disorders.

Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder (ED) characterized by nocturnal ingestion (NI), evening hyperphagia, morning anorexia, as well as mood and sleep disturbances. This study compared subjective and objective sleep quality and ED-related psychopathologies in patients seeking treatment for ED. Method: The sample was composed of 170 women, aged 18–68, who were referred for an ED assessment from 2011 to 2020. The participants were divided into three subgroups: NES-NI only (n = 30), NES+ binge eating (BE) (including binge eating disorders or bulimia nervosa (n = 52), and BE-only (n = 88). The measures consisted of a psychiatric evaluation, objective sleep monitoring measured by an actigraph for 1 week, a subjective sleep self-report, and ED-related psychopathology questionnaires. Results: Objective sleep monitoring revealed significant group differences, with higher sleep efficiency in participants with BE-only and longer sleep durations for the NES-NI only group. Subjectively, the BE-only group described a significantly lower sleep quality than either the NES-NI only or the NES+BE groups. ED-related psychopathology was lower in the NES-NI-only group. A stepwise linear regression revealed that general psychopathology (the brief symptom inventory total score) was a significant predictor of subjective sleep quality. Conclusion: NES-NI-only was correlated with less psychopathology, but with more subjective and objective sleep disturbances. These results lend weight to the supposition that NES lies on a continuum of ED psychopathologies, and that NES-NI-only appears to be a separate entity from NES+BE and BE-only in terms of its psychopathology.

The Mediating Effect of Anxiety in the Relationship between Nightmares and Night Eating Syndrome in Female Undergraduate Students

This corrects the article "The Mediating Effect of Anxiety in the Relationship between Nightmares and Night Eating Syndrome in Female Undergraduate Students" in Volume 9 on page 104.

Attachment anxiety is associated with night eating syndrome in UK and US-based samples: Two cross-sectional studies.

Attachment anxiety is associated with night eating syndrome in UK and US-based samples: Two cross-sectional studies.

Night Eating Syndrome and Its Association with Sleep Quality and Body Mass Index Among University Students During the Covid-19

Night eating syndrome (NES) is a disordered eating behaviour characterized by hyperphagia at night and is often accompanied by a sleep disturbance. This study aims to determine the prevalence of NES and its association between sleep quality and body mass index (BMI) among the private university students during the Covid-19. A total of 166 students from a private university participated in this cross-sectional study. Online self-administered questionnaires were used to collect and determine socio-demographic data, BMI, NES, and sleep quality. NES was assessed using Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ) while sleep quality was assessed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire (PSQI). The results showed that 38.6% of the participants were engaging with NES, 45.2% were having poor sleep quality and 25.9% were overweight or obese during the Covid-19. There were significant associations between NES with sleep quality and BMI, which students with NES were found to have poorer sleep quality (r=0.306, p&lt;0.001) and higher BMI (r=0.024, p=0.763). In addition, poor sleep quality was found to be positively associated with BMI (r=0.161, p=0.038). Males (AOR=2.198, 95% CI=1.005-4.808) and poor sleepers (AOR=1.176, 95% CI=1.028-1.346) were the risk factors of NES. In conclusion, the prevalence of NES, poor sleep quality, and overweight and obesity were at an alarming rate. NES was found to be related to both poorer sleep quality and higher BMI among the students. Therefore, interventions such as behavioural and cognitive therapy should be implemented to promote healthy eating behaviour among university students.

A Comparison of Physical Activity Levels, Sleep Disrupting Behavior, and Stress/Affective Distress as Predictors of Sleep as Indexed by Actigraphy.

Several behaviors have been reported to interfere with sleep in otherwise healthy adults, including low physical activity (PA) levels. However, few studies have compared low PA with the other behavioral risk factors of objective sleep impairment, despite the behavior tending to cooccur in highly stressed and affectively distressed individuals. Thus, the authors compared objective and subjective measures of PA and other potential sleep disrupting behaviors as predictors of objective sleep (sleep onset latency, actual sleep time, total sleep duration, awake time, and sleep efficacy) at baseline (T1) and 3 months later (T2). A community-derived sample of 161 people aged 18-65 years were asked about PA, other behavior (ie,night eating, electronic device use, watching television, caffeine and alcohol use), stress, affective distress (ie,anxiety, depression), and demographics including shift work and parenting young children in an online questionnaire at T1 and T2. PA and sleep were also monitored for 24 hours each at T1 and T2 using actigraphy. Multiple regression analyses indicated that sleep at T1 was associated with PA (ie,total number of steps, metabolic equivalents/time, time spent travelling) after controlling mean ambient temperature and relevant demographics. At T2, longer sleep onset latency was predicted by parenting young children and night time television viewing; shorter sleep duration was predicted by female gender; and awake time and sleep efficacy were predicted by alcohol intake after controlling T1 sleep measures, demographics, and mean ambient temperature. The risk factors for objective sleep impairment included parenting young children and watching television at night, whereas better sleep outcomes were associated with greater engagement with PA.

Unhealthy Eating, Psychopathology, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Youth Presenting for Bariatric Surgery.

Little is known about the behavioral and psychosocial correlates of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Given diet contributes to the development and persistence of NAFLD, we examined (1) the prevalence of unhealthy eating behaviors (UEB), (2) whether these varied by NAFLD or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) presence, and explored (3) the association of psychopathology with NAFLD. Before metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), adolescents (N = 159; Mage = 16.4; MBMI = 53.7 kg/m2, 73% girls, 62.3% white) self-reported presence/absence of 10 UEB (Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised, Night Eating Questionnaire, Look AHEAD). NAFLD and NASH presence was assessed by intraoperative liver biopsy. Height/weight, blood pressure, and blood specimens were obtained. A medical comorbidity index was created (prediabetes/diabetes, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure). Psychopathology was assessed in a subgroup completing the Youth Self-Report (N = 98). Binge eating disorder symptomatology was associated with higher odds of NAFLD whereas frequent eating out was associated with lower odds of NAFLD. Among those with NAFLD frequent eating out was associated with higher odds of NASH while nocturnal eating was associated with lower odds of NASH. Separate models identified internalizing psychopathology as associated with higher odds of NAFLD after controlling for demographics, number of UEB, and medical comorbidities. Results suggest potential phenotypical differences between adolescents presenting for MBS with/without NAFLD, with implications for behavioral/psychosocial targets for screening and intervention. Replication should occur in a sample with greater gender and ethnic diversity to improve generalizability. Understanding differences in the context of surgical weight loss and comorbidity resolution is indicated.

Patterns of perceived parenting styles and associations with night eating syndrome symptoms and correlates among Chinese adolescents: a latent profile analysis.

This paper aimed to explore the association between the patterns of perceived parenting styles and adolescents' night eating syndrome symptoms and correlates, including sleep quality, weight status, loss of control over eating,and psychological distress. A sample of 455 Chinese adolescents (54.5% females, aged 12-15years) were included in the current study. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was adopted to examine the patterns of perceivedparenting styles. The three-step approach was used to explore the differences in night eating syndrome symptoms and correlates between different profiles. A four-profile solution was found to fit the data best, and the four profiles were labeled as positive parenting, negative parenting, highly engaged parenting, and lowly engaged parenting. Subsequent analyses showed that adolescents across profiles exhibited significant differences in night eating syndrome symptoms and correlates. Specifically, adolescents in the positive parenting profile generally had the lowest scores in night eating and its correlates, while those in the negative parenting group reported the highest scores in night eating and its correlates. Using a person-centered approach (i.e., LPA), the present study identified four distinct patterns of perceived parenting styles in a sample of Chinese adolescents, with night eating and related symptomatology differing across each profile. Future interventions targeting night eating among adolescents may consider the potential influence from the patterns of perceived parenting styles to have a better intervention outcome. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Chronobiological evaluation and an intervention study on timing of food intake in the treatment of obesity.

The chronotype of patients who cannot reach their ideal weight despite diet and exercise may play a role in this resistance. In this study, the relationship between BMI and chronobiological preferences was examined and a weight loss programme was applied to refractory obese patients with evening type (ET). The study included 50 obese (BMI≥30kg/m2 ), 50 overweight (BMI=25-29kg/m2 ) and 50 normal weight (BMI<25kg/m2 ). The patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire including questions about sociodemographic characteristics, breakfast and night eating habits, as well as the morningness-eveningness quastionnaire (MEQ). In the second stage of the study, awareness interviews were held with ET obese patients in terms of eating time and habits. A statistically significant difference was observed between the BMI averages and the MEQ scores of ET, intermediate type (IT) and morning type (MT) groups (P=.0001). There was a statistically significant difference between the ET, IT and MT groups in terms of the distribution of late-night eating habits (P=.0001). The habit of skipping breakfast and taking more calories at dinner was found to be high in the ET patients (respectively; P=.021, P<.001). According to the results of the 3-month follow-up and intervention, the ET patients lost an average of 9.07±4.30 kg and a significant decrease was observed in the BMI scores (P<.001). The study results support the idea that an individualised weight loss programme according to the patient's chronotype preferences may increase the success rate of obesity treatment. A weight loss programme that includes the timing of food intake and regulation of eating habits in evening-type obese patients can be used in the treatment of obesity.