Harnessing T4 phage-based platform for efficient design of ready-to-use multiepitope vaccines.

Co-infection with Anatid herpesvirus-1 and Newcastle disease virus in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells drives differential cytokine expression and viral interplay.

Development of a recombinant chimeric Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine conferring single-dose, triple protection against genotype VII NDV, IBDV, and H9N2 AIV.

Chicken disease detection and localization using multi-noise separation and acoustic recognition.

Phase 1 trial of intranasal NDV-HXP-S in previously vaccinated adults.

Aptamer-mediated inhibition of cellular apoptosis and ROS induced by the p54 protein of African swine fever virus.

A comparative analysis of cytotoxic effects: Lactobacillus reuteri Extract vs. Newcastle Disease Virus in human colorectal cancer (HT-29 cell line).

The persistent incidence of Newcastle disease (ND) in vaccinated flocks highlights the limitations of conventional vaccination and necessitates improved strategies like in ovo vaccination. This study evaluated the protective efficacy of a live, thermostable Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain D58 (genotype II) in two groups of chicks (each n = 12), either delivered in ovo on embryonic day 18, or by intraocular vaccination in 7-day-old chicks. Two more groups (each n = 12) vaccinated through the in ovo or intraocular routes with commercial F strain were included for comparison. An unvaccinated group (n = 12) was used as a control. All groups were challenged with the virulent NDV D162 strain (genotype XIII) at 35days post-hatch to assess cross-protective efficacy. Serological responses, clinical protection, viral shedding, cell-mediated immunity, and histopathological changes were assessed. The in ovo D58 group exhibited early seroconversion with significantly higher antibody titers by day 7 post-hatch. This group demonstrated 100% clinical protection, the lowest viral shedding, and enhanced cell-mediated immunity, evidenced by superior lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine gene expression. Histopathology revealed minimal lesions in the in ovo D58 group, contrasting with marked pathology in controls. In ovoD58 administration provides rapid protection and cross-protective efficacy against heterologous challenge.

This review aims to address the therapeutic potential of new generation of oncolytic viruses (OVs) for liver cancer with the focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluate the therapeutic status of oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) for liver cancer, addresses the research question of how different OVs perform in treating the malignancy, and and analyze the challenges remain in their clinical treatment based on the synthesis of both preclinical and clinical studies investigating various OVs, including Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Adenovirus (AdV), Vaccinia virus (VV), Coxsackievirus (COX), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). OVs selectively infect and lyse tumor cells, stimulating anti-tumor immunity. HSV and VV have demonstrated high efficacy and safety in studies. Genetically engineered AdV and NDV platforms, especially those expressing immune checkpoint inhibitors or cytokines, show promising anti-tumor activity. Advances in viral engineering and delivery systems have improved tumor selectivity and immune activation. Key challenges identified include host antiviral immunity, delivery efficiency, and optimal patient selection. OVT represents a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for liver cancer. While significant progress has been made in both efficacy and safety through genetic modification, ongoing innovation in viral engineering, combination therapies.

Optimization of chicory root polysaccharide liposomes and their adjuvant efficacy in Newcastle disease vaccination.

The current research assessed the impact of various light sources on growth performance, immune response, lymphoid organ histopathology, and economic efficiency in broiler chickens within practical production conditions. A total of 180-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates of 15 birds, and were raised for 42 days under incandescent (ICD; 60W), compact fluorescent lamp (CFL; 30W), and light-emitting diode (LED; 9W) lighting systems. All birds were kept under uniform feeding and management conditions. Growth performance metrics were recorded on a weekly basis. The immune status was evaluated through serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres, and the heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H: L) ratio. A histopathological examination of lymphoid organs was also conducted. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Birds raised under LED lighting exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight, improved feed conversion ratios, enhanced immunoglobulin levels, higher NDV titres, and a lower H: L ratio in comparison to the ICD and CFL groups. Histopathological findings revealed well-developed lymphoid structures in birds treated with LED lighting. The economic analysis indicated reduced electricity costs and increased net returns associated with LED lighting. In conclusion, various lighting systems affect growth performance, immune response, and economic efficiency in broiler chickens, with LED lighting exhibiting superior overall performance under the conditions of this investigation.

An effectively immunized parent flock forms the foundation for the proper development of healthy chicks, largely due to the mechanism of vertical transfer of maternal antibodies (MatAb), which provides passive immunity during the early life stages of the chicks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the age of the Ross 308 parent flock on antibody levels in the serum of the hens and their chicks during the same period with regard to Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and Newcastle Disease (ND), as well as to analyses the transfer of antibodies from the hens to their offspring. The study was conducted on a farm with 6500 hens. Blood samples for serological analysis were randomly collected from 84 hens of a single flock and 84 one-day-old chicks hatched from eggs laid by this flock at 30, 40, 50, and 60 weeks of age. In the laboratory, antibody levels in the hens' blood serum against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were determined using the ELISA test. At the same time, maternal antibody titers (MatAb) in chicks against the same pathogens were measured. The percentage (%) of maternal antibody transfer to the offspring was then assessed. The study demonstrated the impact of parent flock age on antibody levels against the tested pathogens, expressed as geometric mean titers (GMT). During the laying period, GMT values for antibodies against NDV increased with flock age. The highest values were observed at the end of the reproductive period (GMT₆₀=20456), and the lowest at the beginning (GMT₃₀=12631). An opposite trend was observed for IBDV antibodies, whose levels decreased with increasing hen age. The highest values (GMT₃₀=10759) occurred at the beginning of the laying period, and the lowest at its end (GMT₆₀=7421). The highest vertical antibody transfer to offspring was observed for IBDV antibodies (97.7%) at 40 weeks of age, while the lowest was for NDV antibodies (59.7%) at 60 weeks of age. The analysis of results showed significant variation in antibody levels in hen serum during the laying period, as well as in the amount of maternal antibodies transferred to offspring. The obtained data suggest that the effectiveness of passive immunity transfer to chicks is closely related to both the age of the parent flock and the nature of the pathogen targeted by vaccination.

Natural killer (NK) cells are promising for adoptive cell therapy in hematological malignancies due to their ability to target tumors and tolerate HLA mismatch. However, their effectiveness is often limited by tumor immune evasion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether infection of AML cells with a non-lytic strain of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) can enhance NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity ex-vivo, as a preclinical proof-of-concept for potential sensitization strategies in AML immunotherapy. In the present study, AML cell lines and primary cells derived from newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients were infected with the non-lytic NDV strain Ulster. Following infection, AML cells were co-cultured with NK cells at different Effector-to-Target ratios. Anti-tumor activity of NK cells was assessed by flow cytometry (CFSE/PI staining), lactate dehydrogenase release, and IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme B production. Our results showed that NDV infection of AML cells led to surface expression of viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, a danger signal and ligand for NK cell activating receptors. This, in turn, stimulated the specific cytotoxicity response of NK cells against AML cells and significantly elicited IFN-γ production as well as perforin and granzyme B secretion by activated NK cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the potential of cancer immunotherapy through NDV infection of AML cells to enhance NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. Our findings could provide a rationale for a sequential therapeutic strategy in which NDV is administered in vivo to sensitize leukemic blasts, followed by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded NK cells to maximize anti-leukemic efficacy.

Development of a rapid recombinase polymerase amplification assay for avian polyomaviruses.

The search for novel antiviral agents against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a priority in industrial poultry farming due to the virus’s high contagiousness and associated economic losses, prompting evaluation of polyene macrolides as potential therapeutic candidates. We employed a comprehensive approach combining computational modeling (molecular docking and dynamics simulation) and laboratory experiments to investigate the antiviral potential of natamycin, nystatin, and filipin complex against three NDV strains. Molecular docking analysis indicated binding sites for macrolides within the hydrophobic regions of surface glycoproteins HN and F, with binding energies ranging from −6.5 to −10.5 kcal/mol, while 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation confirmed complex stability. Laboratory testing using fluorescence-based neuraminidase assays demonstrated dose-dependent inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.0043 ± 0.0015 mg/mL for filipin complex, 0.0117 ± 0.0029 mg/mL for nystatin, and 0.0220 ± 0.0138 mg/mL for natamycin, with similar ranking observed for fusion inhibition (EC50 values of 0.00053 ± 0.00039, 0.00545 ± 0.00560, and 0.01196 ± 0.00965 mg/mL, respectively). While filipin complex exhibited the highest antiviral activity, its significant cytotoxicity limits therapeutic application, whereas natamycin demonstrated a favorable safety profile consistent with its GRAS status. These findings indicate that natamycin exhibits a favorable safety-to-efficacy profile in vitro, warranting further in vivo investigation to clarify its mechanism of action and establish practical application protocols for NDV control in poultry.

Characterizing population-level short-term waning of newcastle disease humoral immunity of MDA-positive broiler chicks with day-old HB1 vaccination in Nigeria.

Interplay between viral oncolysis and host immunity in Newcastle disease virus-based cancer therapy.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a major global threat to poultry production despite widespread vaccination, driven by the emergence of genetically diverse and virulent Class II strains. We developed and validated a one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay enabling simultaneous universal detection of all Class II NDV genotypes and differentiation between virulent (velogenic/mesogenic) and non-virulent (lentogenic/asymptomatic) pathotypes in a single reaction. The assay showed high analytical sensitivity, detecting as few as 101.0 EID₅₀ /0.1 mL for HN target and 102.0EID₅₀/0.1 mL for F target, with limits of 10 and 100 copies/tube using plasmid standards, and exhibited no cross-reactivity with non-target avian viruses. When evaluated against 97 field isolates and seven reference strains collected over a 75-year period (1946-2021) from multiple continents, the assay achieved 100% concordance with four established molecular assays. All 80 isolates with multi-basic F protein cleavage site motifs (112RRQKRF117, 112RRRKRF117, 112KRRKRF117, and 112RRQRRF117) were positive for both targets, whereas those with monobasic motifs (112GKQGRL117 and 112GRQGRL117) were detected only by the universal HN assay, consistent with a non-virulent phenotype. The assay detected NDV lineages spanning >75 years of virus evolution, from historical strains (Herts 33/56, Kr-KJW/49) to recent isolates (UPM/1051/2018, UPM111), capturing up to 23.7% nucleotide divergence in complete HN genes and 13.4% in F genes. This platform integrates broad-spectrum detection with precise virulence differentiation, offering a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool for Class II NDV surveillance, outbreak response, and vaccine strain monitoring.

Oncolytic virus hijacks GOT1 and pyrimidinosomes to fuel pyrimidine synthesis for replication in tumor cells.

Development of a MALDI-TOF nucleic acid mass spectrometry-based assay for the detection of 10 major avian diseases.