With declining funding for population-based household surveys, routine health facility data offer a promising alternative for tracking newborn health and service quality. However, their utility depends on data quality. We assessed the quality of ten data elements within routine health information systems in the Central African Republic (CAR), Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda, seven of which align with the Every Newborn Action Plan core newborn indicators. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 97 emergency obstetric and newborn care facilities across 4 countries between November 2022 and July 2024. We extracted three months of routine register and summary report data on ten maternal and newborn elements (two denominators, three outcome numerators, five newborn care interventions) and one tracer maternal indicator. We evaluated data quality on four dimensions (availability, completeness, accuracy, and internal consistency) and measured internal consistency using the ratio of (total births - live births)/stillbirths, with a value of 1 suggesting ideal internal consistency. Denominator completeness exceeded 90% in Uganda and Tanzania, but was lower in the CAR (87%) and Ethiopia (82%). Impact numerator completeness averaged 79% for neonatal mortality and 81% for low birth weight, with Ethiopia performing worst, with scores of 45% and 32%, respectively). Completeness for newborn interventions (early breastfeeding, kangaroo mother care, bag-mask ventilation, sepsis management) remained below 90%, with the CAR lacking neonatal sepsis data and Ethiopia lacking early breastfeeding data. Accuracy was poor: concordance between register recounts and summary reports ranged from 9% to 40%. Internal consistency checks revealed mismatches in 80% of facilities, including negative ratios in Uganda and ratios >1 in the CAR. Significant gaps in completeness, accuracy, and internal consistency undermine the reliability of newborn and stillbirth data in routine health information systems, highlighting a need for their strengthening, the integration of standardised newborn indicators, and institutionalized quality verification processes to ensure timely, reliable, and actionable data for improving newborn care.

Neonatal survival remains a major public health priority in many low and middle-income countries including Nepal, where the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is 21 per 1,000 live births. To improve the neonatal health outcomes, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends scaling up coverage of quality antenatal care (ANC), skilled care at birth, immediate essential newborn care and resuscitation, postnatal care for mother and newborn, and specialized care of small and sick newborns. In this context, we aimed to estimate the potential impact of achieving the coverage targets for 35 interventions, identified as monitoring indicators under Nepal's Every Newborn Action Plan (NENAP), on neonatal survival in Nepal by 2035. We used the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) to estimate the number of neonatal deaths that could be prevented by 2035 if target intervention coverage level is achieved, starting from 2025 baseline values. Baseline data were drawn from demographic and health (DHS) survey and multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS). Where survey data were unavailable, proxy estimates were derived from available literatures to establish the baseline levels. By 2035, achieving the target coverage level could save an estimated 8,126 neonatal lives compared to the 2025 baseline. This achievement would reduce the NMR to about 14 per 1,000 live births and avert an additional 5,977 child deaths and 358 maternal deaths. More than two-third (70.4%) of neonatal lives saved would be attributable to four priority interventions: neonatal resuscitation (36.0%), promotion of breastfeeding practices (11.8%), case management of neonatal sepsis (11.7%) and case management of premature babies (10.9%). At this coverage level, approximately 26.9% of deaths due to prematurity, 17.9% from sepsis, and 16.1% from diarrhoea could be prevented. Nepal must prioritize highly effective interventions: neonatal resuscitation, breastfeeding, management of neonatal sepsis and case management of premature babies to accelerate progress towards the NENAP target. Our analysis indicates that achieving the specific coverage targets of 35 NENAP interventions could reduce the NMR to 14 per 1,000 live births which fall short of the NENAP targets of reducing NMR to 11 per 1,000 live births by 2035. Strengthening special newborn care unit (SNCU) in line with WHO standard is critical to improving the quality of care for small and sick newborns (SSNB) in health facilities. While strengthening newborn resuscitation and SNCU services will substantially reduce NMR, attaining the NENAP targets will ultimately require comprehensive health system reforms and effective coverage of other maternal and newborn interventions.

Development of an indicator to measure emergency interfacility referral readiness for maternal and newborn care at national and sub-national levels

This study explored factors influencing the coping strategies of mothers of high-risk newborns using Lazarus and Folkman's stress appraisal coping model. Mothers' coping strategies impact both their well-being and their infants' development. Identification of key influencing factors is crucial for effective interventions. This was a single-centre, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A total of 141 mothers of high-risk newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in South Korea participated in this study. Data were collected from August 2023 to January 2024 using structured questionnaires. Linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of perceived stress and nursing support on coping strategies. Mothers with higher education levels and those with more sources of social support were more likely to use adaptive coping strategies, suggesting that access to knowledge and emotional support may facilitate effective stress management. Conversely, stress related to parental role alteration was associated with a higher likelihood of using maladaptive coping strategies, while informational nursing support appeared to mitigate this tendency. Nurses can support coping by providing clear information about the newborn's condition. Additionally, providing opportunities for mothers to actively participate in newborn care may serve as an effective strategy to enhance adaptive coping strategies.

Understanding the initiation, formation, functioning, and performing of networks to change practices – Realist evaluation of a programme to improve newborn care in Kenya

Quality of maternal and newborn care services in Uganda: a scoping review

Introduction Preterm birth profoundly impacts both the infant’s health and the family’s psychosocial well-being. In NICUs, communication between professionals and parents unfolds in contexts of high emotional stress, technical complexity and structural power asymmetries. Whilst effective dialogue supports family well-being, some structural and contextual factors in the studied NICUs often prevent it. This study, part of the e-ParWelB project, examines healthcare staff’s perspectives on structural barriers, the role of digital technologies, and authority dynamics, especially strategies for managing high-uncertainty communication with preterm parents. Materials and methods We conducted 76 semi-structured expert interviews with a maximum variation sample of NICU staff across four Italian hospitals. Focused ethnographic observations complemented interviews. Data were analysed using a concept-driven coding strategy in NVivo 15. Results Barriers extend beyond language and ethnicity, including vertical (educational) and horizontal (disciplinary) gaps. Digital technologies increase parental assertiveness but also fuel misunderstandings, anxiety and mistrust. Parents’ peer group chats offer support but can amplify stress and conflict. Clinicians respond with varied, individualised strategies, especially pedagogical explanations and emotional support. In a landscape where their authority requires continual negotiation, they struggle to preserve their professional legitimacy whilst providing the best possible care for newborns and cultivating relationships with parents. Discussion NICU communication is shaped by structural inequality, shifting authority and digital mediation. Healthcare staff broadly agree on an increased emphasis on relationships with parents compared to the past. Nonetheless, implicit and explicit challenges to professional authority often manifest in expectations that parents legitimise their involvement by demonstrating commitment through constant presence in the NICU and compliance with staff directives. Enhancing relational competence, embedding cultural mediation and institutionalising collaboration with parent associations could help reframe these dynamics into trust-based and inclusive forms of care, to the benefit of both families and healthcare workers.

BackgroundMaternal and newborn mortality remain critical challenges in Uganda, with rates exceeding global targets. Despite the existence of effective clinical guidelines, such as the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Essential Newborn Care (ENC) and Helping Mothers Survive (HMS), implementation gaps persist due to training, resource, and systems-level barriers. Bulamu Healthcare launched a comprehensive maternal and newborn care capacity-strengthening program across eight districts in Uganda to improve clinical outcomes and health system performance. This model works with 104 existing public maternity facilities, which delivered more than 77,000 babies in 2024, and served more than 154,000 mothers and newborns in 2024.MethodsThis retrospective evaluation assessed the implementation of Bulamu’s maternal and newborn health model using the RE-AIM framework (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance). The program included clinical training (WHO ENC, HMS) and mentorship, provision of essential supplies, and data-driven quality improvement. Data were collected from Uganda’s national District Health Information Software (DHIS2) and Bulamu program monitoring tools from January 2023 to March 2025. Descriptive statistics summarized key implementation and outcome indicators.ResultsBulamu supported 109 health facilities, exceeding the initial target of 79, and established 12 functional neonatal care units (Reach). All facilities received the full intervention package. Over 250 maternity workers were trained, and 100% of district health workers in supported areas received ENC training (Feasibility). Live births in Bulamu facilities increased by 14% from 2023 to 2024, while maternal deaths decreased by 59% (from 17 to 7) (Effectiveness). The proportion of low-birth-weight newborns receiving kangaroo mother care rose from 54 to 62%, and newborn discharged alive rates improved from 80% to 96.4% (Effectiveness). Facilities demonstrated early signs of sustainability, with at least one trained maternal and newborn provider retained per site and local staff beginning to independently train peers.ConclusionsBulamu’s integrated approach combining evidence-based interventions with targeted systems support improved care delivery and maternal-newborn outcomes in Bulamu-supported health facilities. Findings highlight the utility of the RE-AIM framework for real-world evaluation and support the value of embedded implementation research in strengthening health systems. Future research should examine cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and context-specific implementation mechanisms to inform scale-up and sustainability.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44263-025-00218-x.

BackgroundComprehensive health surveillance for vulnerable populations, particularly mothers and children, is essential beyond traditional surveys. It may help address gaps in identifying issues occurring outside health facilities or linked to social stigma.MethodsThis embedded mixed-methods study aimed to identify factors contributing to an effective community-based surveillance system for maternal and child health. Quantitative data on knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and stigma were collected through interviewer-assisted questionnaires in 300 households. Qualitative insights into barriers and opportunities for detecting, reporting, and monitoring maternal and child health issues were obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Participants included public officials, community leaders, medical staff, and social workers. All data were collected across three subdistricts in Depok.ResultsThe household survey revealed that 22.5%, 24.1%, and 15.1% of respondents lacked knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care, respectively. Men were less knowledgeable (34.2%, 35.2%, 23.2%) than women (10.7%, 12.9%, 7.0%). Most respondents (98%) supported community-based health monitoring. Thematic analysis unveiled barriers such as the high mobility of migrant families, inadequate capacity of health volunteers, stigma, delayed healthcare responses, and reluctance among families with middle-to-high socioeconomic status. Alternatively, opportunities included positive community perceptions of surveillance, ongoing community empowerment activities, active roles of health volunteers, potential stakeholder collaboration, and digital communication channels.ConclusionPublic health education primarily targeting men is indispensable to enhancing their awareness of maternal and child health issues. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging opportunities could establish a sustainable and well-received community-based surveillance system, crucial for ensuring the health of mothers and children.

Experiencing meaning and fulfillment in healthcare work is recognized as important for those in nursing, medicine, respiratory therapy, social work, and other health disciplines. Critically, moral distress, compassion fatigue, staff burnout, and individual health have all been linked as related phenomena when such experiences are compromised. And yet, we may question whether we truly understand the meaning of meaningfulness and fulfillment. What calls health providers to come to work, again and again, despite the complex and difficult situations that they have to deal with? What are sources of meaning and fulfillment? How do we understand these phenomena? The context of newborn intensive care deserves special consideration as healthcare providers manage clinical acuity, respond to infant illness, support stressed families, navigate ethical decision-making, and work through complex team dynamics. In this paper, we explore and reflect on anecdotes of meaning and fulfillment as described by healthcare providers to explicate these phenomena.

This observational cohort study explores the association between maternal, newborn and child health care (MNCH) implementation strength and child survival in rural Tanzania from 2011-2015. Measuring this relationship is crucial to improve health outcomes and inform decision-making by identifying which interventions are most effective, where gaps exist, and how to strengthen primary health care systems. We used data from a 2011 service availability and readiness assessment that quantified health facilities’ ability to implement MNCH services and a household survey that measured MNCH service utilization to develop domain-specific summary measures of the effective coverage of MNCH. We reduced domain-specific effective coverage scores into fewer, independent scales of implementation strength of services that were delivered by facilities using principal components analysis and mixed effects models. We linked these scales to longitudinal data on the survival of children that were born in the catchment areas of the surveyed health facilities during the assessment period and followed up until December 31, 2015. We fit survival time models to estimate the relationship between implementation strength and child mortality. Increases in the implementation strength gauged by our first and second scales, which represented general facility readiness and the provision of preventive MNCH and sick childcare services, respectively, were associated with child mortality risks that were significantly lower (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37, 0.92; HR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.94). We detected no significant child mortality response to our third scale, which represented intrapartum care provision. The findings have implications for MNCH policy and health systems measurement. First, the analysis suggests that strong implementation of antenatal, postnatal, early childhood preventive services and sick childcare can accelerate child mortality reduction. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates a methodological approach for using routine data on service availability and readiness to measure health systems strengthening and its impacts.

This observational cohort study explores the association between maternal, newborn and child health care (MNCH) implementation strength and child survival in rural Tanzania from 2011-2015. Measuring this relationship is crucial to improve health outcomes and inform decision-making by identifying which interventions are most effective, where gaps exist, and how to strengthen primary health care systems. We used data from a 2011 service availability and readiness assessment that quantified health facilities' ability to implement MNCH services and a household survey that measured MNCH service utilization to develop domain-specific summary measures of the effective coverage of MNCH. We reduced domain-specific effective coverage scores into fewer, independent scales of implementation strength of services that were delivered by facilities using principal components analysis and mixed effects models. We linked these scales to longitudinal data on the survival of children that were born in the catchment areas of the surveyed health facilities during the assessment period and followed up until December 31, 2015. We fit survival time models to estimate the relationship between implementation strength and child mortality. Increases in the implementation strength gauged by our first and second scales, which represented general facility readiness and the provision of preventive MNCH and sick childcare services, respectively, were associated with child mortality risks that were significantly lower (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37, 0.92; HR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.94). We detected no significant child mortality response to our third scale, which represented intrapartum care provision. The findings have implications for MNCH policy and health systems measurement. First, the analysis suggests that strong implementation of antenatal, postnatal, early childhood preventive services and sick childcare can accelerate child mortality reduction. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates a methodological approach for using routine data on service availability and readiness to measure health systems strengthening and its impacts.

Essential newborn care (ENBC) practice is an ideal strategy to improve the health status of newborns and avert neonatal deaths. Usually, ENBC is given by health professionals attending labor, delivery, and postnatal care. However, evidence about the level of practice and contributing factors among health professionals working at rural health centers is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the practice of ENBC and associated factors among obstetric care providers in rural health centers of the Hadiya zone, Central Ethiopia. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 301 health professionals who were working at rural health centers in the Hadiya zone. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The study participants who scored above the median value for the aggregate of 12-item ENBC practices recommended by the World Health Organization were reported as having good practices. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors contributing to the good practice, using an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval. Of the 301 health professionals, 142 [47.2%] of them demonstrated a good practice of ENBC, with a 95% CI [41.1, 53.0%]. Health professionals who have a degree and above level of education [AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.11, 5.46], five or more years of work experience [AOR = 5.12, 95% CI: 2.53, 10.35], an interest to work in labor, delivery, and postnatal care units [AOR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.88], training on ENBC [AOR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.99], and are midwifery professionals [AOR = 5.0, 95% CI: 2.13, 11.11] were significant factors contributing to the good practice of ENBC. Nearly half of health professionals working at labor, delivery, and postnatal care units of rural health centers demonstrated a good practice of ENBC. The finding suggests a still ample number of newborns were not receiving essential care that they need after birth, which may challenge achieving the sustainable development goal set to reduce neonatal mortality. Hence, health managers and stakeholders should strengthen capacity-building trainings and educational opportunities for lower-level obstetric care providers and increase midwifery professionals in the rural health centers.

BackgroundEvidence on antenatal care (ANC) and emergency service utilization during pregnancy in Latin America remains limited. Understanding these patterns is critical given the substantial benefits of ANC and emergency services in improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, preventing and managing pregnancy complications, and reducing maternal and infant mortality. This study examined ANC and emergency service utilization among pregnant women affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) and identified factors associated with their use.MethodsWe conducted an observational eCohort study through telephone interviews with 1,390 pregnant women aged 18–49 who initiated ANC at IMSS. Outcomes included the number of ANC visits, emergency room use, perceived quality of ANC, and provider competence assessed through 12 recommended ANC activities: blood pressure and weight measurement, blood and urine tests, ultrasound, and counseling on nutrition, warning signs, birth preparedness, newborn care, psychological health, and folic acid and iron supplementation. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were used to identify factors associated with ANC attendance and emergency service use.ResultsOf the full cohort, 3.7% exited due to miscarriage, 12.4% dropped out after baseline, and 11.8% dropped out during follow-up. One-third of women who left rated the quality of their first ANC visit as poor or fair. In addition, 30% of women who remained in the cohort reported poor or fair ANC quality. On average, participants reported six ANC visits, with 64.8% receiving at least 80% of the 12 recommended ANC activities. Nearly 30% sought emergency services during pregnancy. Higher ANC attendance was associated with hypertension, urinary infections, anemia, early ANC initiation, consultations with obstetricians, and hospital-based ANC follow-ups. Use of emergency services was more common among women with chronic diseases, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, urinary tract infections, risk of miscarriage, or risk of depression.ConclusionsSubstantial improvements in ANC are needed to strengthen women’s care experiences and promote consistent utilization of ANC services.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-025-08301-9.

The Quality Maternal and Newborn Care Framework index (QMNCFi) is a 44-item tool that assesses service users' perspectives of the quality of maternal and newborn care. Transforming a survey tool for use in another language requires both linguistic and cultural adaptation. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the QMNCFi into standard Chinese. A standard translation and adaptation model was used, including independent translation, back translation, checking of the items' wording, applicability, and relevance by a senior panel. This was followed by purposive sampling of 30 mothers to participate in cognitive interviews and then verification of back translations by the original lead authors of QMNCFi. Finally, a further 16 mothers were purposively selected to participate in two rounds of cognitive interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis to assess item, semantic, operational, conceptual, and measurement equivalence, ultimately resulting in a culturally adapted Chinese version. Adaptations were made to the QMNCFi covering item, semantic, operational, and conceptual equivalence. The item-level content validity index from the panel consultations ranged from 0.813 to 1.000 (first round) to 0.933 to 1.000 (second round). The average scale-level content validity index was 0.990 and 0.998, respectively, indicating strong content validity, so no revisions were made for measurement equivalence. This study achieved cultural equivalence through cross-cultural translation and adaptation of QMNCFi. The adapted Chinese version of QMNCFi will now be formally validated.

Background: In research cohorts, pathologic genetic variants have been reported in nearly 30% of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). However, reports of real-world genetic testing practices and findings are limited. Research Questions We aimed to describe the variation in rates and type of genetic testing performed among academic centers in North America caring for newborns with HLHS. We also aimed to describe the real-world diagnostic yield in this population. Methods: We performed an ancillary study to a multicenter retrospective cohort study of fetuses and infants <2 months of age with HLHS admitted 1/2012-12/2016 to participating Fetal Heart Society institutions in North America. Prenatal and postnatal genetic testing and extracardiac anomalies (EA) were collected from participating centers. Results: Among 11 centers, 521 fetuses and infants were included. Rates of any form of diagnostic genetic testing varied between centers (24% to 96%). Overall, 109 (20%) had prenatal testing (excluding non-invasive prenatal testing, NIPT), and 302 (58%) eventually had some form of diagnostic testing (other than FISH for 22q11.2 deletion). Aneuploidy was evaluated for in 290 (56%); 16 were diagnostic (5.5%, Table), predominantly for Turner syndrome (TS). Comprehensive evaluation for copy number variation by chromosomal microarray (CMA) occurred in 216 patients (41.5%), with 16 positive findings, for a 7.4% yield. Of these, 6 were detected prenatally (of 59 with prenatal CMA, 10.2%). Only 19 patients (3.6%) underwent whole exome sequencing (WES) of which 6 had sequence variants, for a solve rate of 31.6%. Of the 494 in whom presence of EA was characterized, 86 had EA (17.4%). Among those with both genetic testing and information on EA (n=292), the yield of genetic testing was higher in those with EA but still ranged from 3.8-18.2% in those without (Table). Conclusions: Patterns of genetic testing in fetuses and neonates with HLHS vary significantly among academic centers in North America. Only 20% of the cohort had prenatal genetic testing beyond NIPT, and just over half had any testing. During the study period, WES was rarely performed but had the highest yield. Offering consistent genetic testing, including appropriate testing for sequence variants, will likely result in more frequent diagnosis of genetic disorders. In turn, this may improve our understanding of neurodevelopmental variability and inform personalized counseling and medical care in HLHS.

The umbilical cord is the main entry point for systemic infection in newborns. Umbilical cord care aims to prevent infection and accelerate the breaking of the umbilical cord. Some postpartum mothers have insufficient knowledge about umbilical cord care so that education is needed. This study aims to determine the effect of education on newborn umbilical cord care on postpartum mothers' knowledge. This research method is a quantitative pre-experimental study using the One Group Pre Test-Post Test without control approach. The study was conducted at RSIA Murni Teguh Rosiva Medan. The population was 101 patients per month and 47 samples were obtained. Sampling was done randomly. Analysis was carried out univariately in a frequency distribution table and bivariately using the Paired Sample T-Test because the data was normally distributed. The results of the study showed that before being given education (pretest) the majority of postpartum mothers had poor knowledge (53.2%) with an average value of 5.09 ± 1.501, after being given education (posttest), the majority of postpartum mothers had good knowledge (70.2%) with an average value of 8.19 ± 1.096. Providing education on newborn umbilical cord care had a significant effect on increasing the knowledge of postpartum mothers at RSIA Murni Teguh Rosiva Medan, obtained p-value = 0.000 <0.05. There was a difference in the knowledge of postpartum mothers before and after being given education on newborn umbilical cord care (pretest-posttest). The conclusion of the study was that mothers' knowledge of umbilical cord care increased after being given education. It is recommended for further researchers to conduct further research using other research variables such as attitudes, motivations, perceptions, and others, to complement the existing research results.

IntroductionStrategies for reducing infant mortality require accurate, local, population-level data. We conducted a population-based observational study in three countries in South Asia to describe risk factors, causes and rates of mortality in young infants.MethodsPregnancies, births and pregnancy outcomes were determined through household surveillance, and cause of deaths was ascertained by verbal autopsy. Cox regression was used to identify risk factors for deaths during days 0–<3, 3–<7 and 7–<60.ResultsAmong 73 622 pregnancy outcomes, 4638 deaths were identified, including 1669 stillbirths (36.0%), 1347 (29.0%) deaths among non-registered liveborn infants who died before the first home visit by community health workers (CHWs), and 1622 (35.0%) deaths that occurred during days 0–<60 among liveborn registered infants. Most deaths among liveborn infants (59.3%, 1757 of 2965) took place within 3 days of birth. The most common causes of death over the young infant period were infections/sepsis (32.5%, n=963 of 2,965), birth asphyxia (29.0%, n=859) and preterm birth/low birth weight (14.1%, n=418). Risk factors for mortality included early morbidity (need for resuscitation, intrapartum infection/antibiotics, multiple gestation, congenital anomalies), environmental factors (smoke exposure, maternal betel chewing) and poor maternal access to quality care (history of a prior neonatal death, lack of care seeking for labour complications). Protective factors included biology (female sex, higher birth weight), essential newborn care (immediate breastfeeding, clean cord care) and access to quality maternal and newborn care (antenatal care, facility birth, skilled birth attendant, maternal education, household wealth).ConclusionsOur population-based data highlight the importance of addressing deaths due to birth asphyxia and infections, while recognising that the relative burden of deaths due to preterm birth and congenital anomalies is increasing globally. Access to quality community-based and facility-based maternal and newborn care is critical to efforts to reduce mortality in young infants in high-mortality settings such as rural South Asia.

The role of midwives in shaping postnatal care after perineal trauma: Women's perspectives on midwifery support - A qualitative study.

Strengthening midwifery education: An Assessment of Bachelor's degree midwifery curricula in the West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory (oPt).