New Type Of Development Research Articles

Reliability Assessment of Lead Free Soldered PWBs

High integration, density and complexity are essential in electronic products such as compact and light mobile phone recently. A new type of development for component and material is also needed. In the PCB design aspect, a technique such as pad on via, trying to keep up with the demand for compact and slim products, is commonly used. In a response to increased pressure from these situations, an enhanced ability on reliability of electronic products is gradually needed. The high cost and risk, however, are higher and higher for the assurance in the reliability. We made a procedure which can evaluate a solder joint reliability on the product development phase. Furthermore, we've pursued a development process for preventing failure as we analyzed the failure mode from predicting the causes of the failure more precisely. In this study, focusing on the joint reliability of the solder interconnection between CSP and pad on via, we have passed through a test procedure as follows. First, making samples applied with high integrated circuit (CSP: 0.65 pitch, via hole size: 165um, solder: Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu). Second, operating the thermal cycling experiment (- 45°C~+125°C, 30min/cycle) to find a failure of the test specimen with an electrical method. Third, observation the non-destructive X-ray microscopy and the metallographic cross-sectioning. Fourth, simulation of the finite element model and deformation analysis. Fifth, completion the modeling of the failure mode. Lastly, prediction a lifetime of the solder joint.

Development Broadcasting in India and Beyond: Redefining an Old Mandate in an Age of Media Globalization

This study examines the fate of the development model of public broadcasting in the face of rapid global media commercialization. Using the Indian broadcaster Doordarshan as an example, the authors illustrate how a public media outlet with a development mandate has responded to new pressures and examine the consequences for development broadcasting in general. This inquiry challenges not only the strategies of this broadcaster but also some of the assumptions by media scholars regarding development broadcasting. The study concludes by advocating a new type of development broadcasting that establishes a distinct brand and plays a vital role in creating an informed citizenry.

Links between research and schools: The role of postgraduate students

In Australia a desire to increase the return of investment in educational research has led to interest in different aspects of research impact, including the nature of links between research and schooling. One significant group in such links is postgraduate students who are also teachers or educational administrators. Responses were obtained from 1267 postgraduate students to questions about their perceptions of new developments in schools and of research, including their own studies. Differences between postgraduate students who were involved in school-level education and those who were not involved at this level were also investigated. Colleagues within their school were named as the major source of new developments, but two-thirds also saw the universities as important sources. The most common type of new development described was in the area of curriculum. Research was the most frequently cited basis for new ideas and development in schools, with a large majority stating that research had at least some impact on their work and on education generally in their region, the research frequently being introduced or mediated by colleagues. Areas being addressed by these students in their own research and projects were, in the main, of relevance to schools, most commonly in the areas of curriculum and educational processes and structures. Finally, the importance of postgraduate students as linkage agents between research and schools is stressed.

Urban conservation and spatial transformation: preserving the fragments or maintaining the ‘spatial spirit’

It is evident that in the mediaeval period a relatively stable urban form was shaped and preserved for a considerable period of time until the Industrial Age, both in Western mediaeval and Eastern Islamic examples. From this period, cities witnessed a new type of development, different in size, scale and momentum. Large-scale transformation of historic cities under modernisation soon led to serious concerns about the preservation of historic cities, especially from the second half of the twentieth century. By adopting an spatio-analytical methodology based on ‘space syntax’ theories and techniques, this paper investigates the concept of urban conservation through a comparison between the spatial organisation of the traditional city and the transformation of this structure become the historic core of the today's modern city. This relies on the analysis of a representative group of cities from two Western and Eastern realms, England and Iran, and the comparative investigation of their old and new historic cores. The analysis shows that the fate of the historic core is strongly dependent on the way its spatial organisation is transformed. When the grid is the subject of massive transformation, regardless of traditional characteristics, damages to the urban structure make the process of conservation rather difficult; whereas a moderate transformation sympathetic to the original organisation of the city gives great potential for the core to survive and to be conserved appropriately. From this, the paper develops a new view towards urban conservation, more concerned about preserving the essence of the old cities, or the ‘spatial spirit’ of the place, than with a fruitless effort to rescue the individual buildings or spaces regardless of the urban context within which they can function and survive.

Local community services at the heart of a new type of development

There is a current tendency to confine the concept of community services within a reductionist framework that regards it as a mere employment policy tool. The time has come to restore an alternative perspective and return this concept to its rightful place in the centre of a more ambitious overall context, namely a completely new type of development. The purpose of this article is thus to restore to this concept its full dimension and to show that it is not a question of using public subsidies to develop a few domestic-type jobs but to open up the way to another form of growth better able to meet the essential social needs which can be satisfied neither by the market consumer society nor by public funding. It turns out to be the case, moreover, that this new type of development, geared to a considerable extent to services, is actually richer in terms of job creation, and we speak, naturally, of permanent and skilled jobs. It is a question - no more no less - of prompting the emergence of a completely different approach to the economy, and this is a challenge for trade unionists who must find ways of reconciling two essential and apparently contradictory imperatives : the guarantee of quality services to the consumer and of a decent employment contract to employees. We are faced with major challenges requiring a political approach if they are to be developed on the appropriate scale.

Démographie et programme mondial de l'emploi

The International Labour Organization (ILO) launched a world employment plan in 1969, its 50th year. The plan called for a world conference in 1976 on employment, income distribution, social progress, and the international division of labour. Employment policy was thus seen as 1 aspect of basic needs. This article examines the world employment plan in the double perspective of a political objective and a program of interdependent research aimed at identifying analytical variables capable of serving as the foundation of a new type of development. The world employment plan had as its point of departure the initiatives of the regional organs of the ILO. Among the rationales for the plan of action were the desire to replace gross national product as the principal measure of economic growth with a series of interdependent goals such as growth, employment, income distribution, and social participation. The research activities of the plan of action focus on 7 themes: 1) the role of technology in the creation of employment; 2) the relationships between income distribution and employment; 3) the effect of demographic phenomena on income distribution and employment; 4) the relationships between education and employment, urbanization and employment, commercial expansion and employment; and 5) government plans for employment expansion. The specifically demographic research covers a wide spectrum of topics, but can be grouped in 3 main categories: 1) socioeconomic simulation models such as the Bacchue model which permit analysis of the direct and indicated effects of population on employment, production, and income distribution; 2) a series of empirical studies on subjects related to the model; and 3) in-depth studies in the Philippines, Kenya, and Brazil to identify their principal problems of political economy and to furnish needed parameters for the Bacchue models. The demographic content of the plan is specified in greater detail from the viewpoints of general demography and of economic demography, in order to suggest some of the types of policy recommendations that the work is expected to support. Finally, the structure and properties of the Bacchue model are spelled out in greater detail.

RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE AQUATIC PHYCOMYCETES

Summary.From the foregoing account of certain phases of recent researches on the aquatic Phycomycetes, it may be seen that these have been mainly concerned with a determination of what forms are present in nature. There probably exists a large aquatic flora with only a few scattered members of which we are now familiar.Among the Chytridiales, considered the rarest and most perplexing of these fungi, the beginnings of attempts to cultivate them on artificial media have been made. New types of development have been found, many new genera and new species, occurring in both fresh and marine waters, have been described, and a reexamination of established forms has clarified certain moot points in their morphology and life history. The diversity of the sexual processes previously known to occur among the various genera has been reaffirmed, and in the large genus Rhizophidium definite sexuality has been discovered in several species.In the small order of the Blastocladiales, in the genus Allomyces, copulation of anisogamous planogametes has been found to occur. There is exhibited by one species (A. javanicus) a morphological alternation of generations. Two plants are formed, which while they resemble each other in superficial aspect produce different types of reproductive organs, one, male and female gametes, the other, zoospores and resting spores.Several papers have appeared which give details of the morphology and particularly of the process of sexual reproduction of Monoblepharis. The zoospore of this genus has been definitely determined to be posteriorly uniciliate. Although the members of the Blastocladiales and the Monoblepharidales bear little superficial resemblance to each other, the similarity of their zoospores and particularly of their methods of sexual reproduction shows them to be closely related.The Saprolegniales have been found to be of widespread occurrence in the soil. Forms have been found which parasitise other water moulds, capture rotifers, and cause diseases of crop plants. New genera and many new species have been described. Detailed observations on the process of non‐sexual reproduction in certain genera have shown that they possess certain optimum temperatures for the discharge of their zoospores. The hitherto unsatisfactorily explained clumping of the emerged zoospores of Achlya and Aphanomyces has been found to be due to the presence of delicate interlocking protoplasmic strands on the spores. Dioecism (heterothallism) has been definitely proved to exist in the genus Dictyuchus and in Achlya bisexualis. It has also been observed in Sapromyces reinschii. Monoecism (homothallism) has been found among certain diclinous species of Saprolegnia, Achlya, and Protoachlya. It has been found that the nature of the developmental process taking place in already delimited sex organs may be considerably altered by changing the environmental conditions. A new order, Leptomitales, has been established to accommodate forms, hitherto placed in the Saprolegniales, in which the thallus is divided by porous cellulin plugs into pseudo‐cells.Little of interest has been published concerning the small order Ancylistales, save that a new genus, Lagena, parasitic in the rootlets of certain cereals, has been encountered.Since a very recent monograph of Pythium has brought together the extensive literature of that genus it has seemed superfluous to include it here. Recent work has established that there are a number of species other than those of the Pythium debaryanum‐type, which are parasites of flowering plants, that there are many others which parasitise fresh‐water algae, and that certain of the latter have been found to be capable, under laboratory conditions, of parasitising the fruits and roots of a few crop plants. A marine species of Pythium has been found. Among the other genera of the order, Pythiomorpha, Pythiogeton, and Zoophagus (a rotifer‐capturing form), little work has been accomplished, save the discovery of the sexual stage of the first‐named genus.