New Theory Of Gravitation Research Articles

On the Incompleteness of Birkhoff’s Theorem: A New Approach to the Central Symmetric Gravitational Field in Vacuum Space

Birkhoff’s theorem (1923) states that in the framework of General Relativity the only solution to the central symmetric gravitational field in vacuum is the Schwarzschild metric. This result has crucial consequences in the resolution of the dark matter problem. This problem can only be solved through the discovery of a new type of matter particles, or by the introduction of a new theory of gravitation which supplants General Relativity. After reviewing Birkhoff’s theorem, it was discovered that by starting the calculation of the metric from an indeterminate metric whose coefficients are locally defined, we obtain a solution containing two arbitrary functions. In general, these functions do not induce any difference between this solution and the Schwarzschild metric. However, it can be seen that if we choose a triangular signal for these functions, the situation changes dramatically: (1) the metric is broken down into four distinct metrics that replace each other cyclically over time, (2) for two of these four metrics, the coordinate differentials dr and dt switch their spatial/temporal role cyclically, (3) the four metrics are not separable: they form a single logical set that we call a 4-metric and (4) this 4-metric cannot be transformed into the Schwarzschild metric by any coordinate change. According to these findings, there is a second solution in the spherical space, in addition to the Schwarzschild metric, and thus, Birkhoff’s theorem is incomplete. In the 4-metric, the orbital velocity of a massive particle does not depend on the radial distance. This 4-metric is thus in agreement with the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation (BTFR), (consequently BTFR is in agreement with a solution of General Relativity without presence of dark matter and without hypothesis on the distribution of stars in galaxies). By combining the 4-metric with the Schwarzschild metric, another 4-metric in agreement with the observed galaxy rotation curve can been obtained. The calculation of the light deflection in this space is also exposed in this paper. According to these findings: (1) it is not necessary to introduce the notion of dark matter or the notion of distribution of stars in galaxies in order to find the observed galaxy rotation curve in the framework of General Relativity, (2) the modification of the metric with respect to the Schwarzschild metric appears to be due to the existence of a lower bound of the space-time curvature in galaxies (without external field effect), this phenomenon leading to a temporal oscillation of the space-time curvature, (3) an analysis of the external field effect for the Milky Way-Andromeda couple allows to model the rotation curve of the two galaxies beyond the plateau zone. The validation of these findings would be the first step toward challenging the standard model of cosmology ([Formula: see text]CDM), as the [Formula: see text]CDM model cannot be in agreement with the observed galaxy rotation curve without presence of dark matter. The second step would be the demonstration that there is no dark matter in intergalactic spaces (not included in this paper).

Creation field cosmological models for dust distribution and time-dependent cosmological term (Λ) in Bianchi type II space-time

In this paper, we present solution of Einstein field equations which admit dust distribution and negative energy massless scalar field as a source with cosmological term ([Formula: see text]) in the frame work of Bianchi type II space-time. The models satisfy conservation equation and creation field increases with time satisfying the result as investigated by Hoyle and Narlikar [A new theory of gravitation, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 282 (1964) 191]. The deceleration parameter ([Formula: see text]) for the model (22) shows a transition from decelerating to accelerating regime with creation. A comparison with other cosmological models shows a transition from decelerating to accelerating regime with and without creation is mentioned. The present model is free from singularity, particle horizon and provides a natural explanation for inflationary scenario and isotropization. These features make the creation field cosmological models theoretically superior to the Big Bang models. Creation field and Einstein field equation are derived using principle of least action and the Lagrangian formulation of variable cosmological term is derived as mentioned by Moffat [Lagrangian formulation of a solution to the cosmological constant problem (1996), arXiv:astro-ph/9608202v1]. The current creation rate with other physical consequences is also discussed. For illustrative purposes, evolutionary behaviors of some cosmological parameters are shown graphically. In the figures, the cosmic time [Formula: see text] is given in gravitational units assuming the velocity of light [Formula: see text]. This [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Therefore, by multiplying cosmic time [Formula: see text] by (light years)−1, we obtain the coordinate time in years.

The history and the meaning of Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence

We review from a historical and a didactic point of view the Equivalence Principle, which was considered by Einstein as the corner stone of his new theory of Gravitation: the General Relativity. Before and after the enormous success of his theory, this principle was the subject of studies and discussions. Still today, after more than one century, the debate about its interpretation, application and generalization is very fertile. Einstein soon understood the revolutionary significance of his idea and defined it as “the happiest thought of my life”.

Dynamic medium of reference: A new theory of gravitation

Dynamic medium of reference: A new theory of gravitation

Dynamic medium of reference: A new theory of gravitation

The object of this article is to present a new theory based on the introduction of a non-material medium which makes it possible to obtain a Preferred Frame of Reference (in the context of special relativity) or a Reference (in the context of general relativity), that is to say a dynamic medium of reference. The theory of the dynamic medium of reference is an extension of Lorentz‐Poincaré’s theory in the domain of gravitation in which instruments (clocks, rulers) are perturbed by gravitation and where only the measure of the speed of light always gives the same result. The presence of a massive body creates a centripetal flux of the medium, which has three fundamental effects: the dilatation of the period of material clocks, the contraction of the length of material rulers, and the slowdown of light. Thanks to the centripetal flux of the medium and these three effects, it is possible to find the correct expression of the deflection of a ray of light and the Shapiro delay. The dynamic medium of reference allows to establish a gravitational transformation and to find the fundamental equations of movement for light and matter. Hence, the theory of the dynamic medium of reference allows to find the main results of general relativity, but with important differences: The simultaneity is absolute, existence of the Preferred Frame of Reference, the physical reality is the universal present moment and not a global space-time (block-universe), light is slowed down by a gravitational field.

Rudiments of IsoGravitation for Matter and its IsoDual for AntiMatter

In this paper, we hope to initiate due scientific process on some of the historical criticisms of Einstein gravitation expressed by Einstein himself as well as by others. These criticisms have remained widely ignored for one century and deal with issues such as: the apparent lack of actual, physical curvature of space due to the refraction of star-light within the Sun chromosphere; the absence of a source in the field equations due to the electromagnetic origin (rather than the charge) of gravitational masses; the lack of clear compatibility of general relativity with special relativity, interior gravitational problems, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and grand unifications; the lack of preservation over time of numerical predictions inherent in the notion of covariance; and other basic issues. We show that a resolution of these historical doubts can be apparently achieved via the use of the novel isomathematics and related iso-Minkowskian geometry based on the embedding of gravitation in generalized isounits, with isodual images for antimatter. Thanks to half a century of prior research, we then show that the resulting new theory of gravitation, known as isogravitation, preserves indeed Einstein's historical field equations although formulated on the iso-Minkowskian geometry over isofields whose primary feature is to have null isocurvature. We then show that isogravitation allows: Einstein field equations to achieve a unified treatment of generally inhomogeneous and anisotropic, exterior and interior gravitational problems; the achievement of a clear compatibility with 20th century sciences; the achievement of time invariant numerical predictions thanks to the strict invariance (rather than covariance) of gravitation under the Lorentz-Santilli isosymmetry; the apparent achievement of a consistent representation of the gravitational field of antimatter thanks ti the isodual iso-Minkowskian geometry; the apparent achievement of a grand unification inclusive of electroweak and gravitational interactions for matter and antimatter without known causality or structural inconsistencies; and other advances. We then present, apparently for the first time, the isogravitational isoaxioms characterized by the infinite family of isotopies of special relativity axioms as uniquely characterized by the Lorentz-Santilli isosymmetry which are applicable to both exterior and interior isogravitational problems of matter with their isodual for antimatter. We finally show, also for the first time, the apparent compatibility of isogravitation with current knowledge on the equivalence principle, matter black holes and other gravitational data.

Affine theory of gravitation

We propose a new theory of gravitation, in which the affine connection is the only dynamical variable describing the gravitational field. We construct the simplest dynamical Lagrangian density that is entirely composed from the connection, via its curvature and torsion, and is an algebraic function of its derivatives. It is given by the contraction of the Ricci tensor with a tensor which is inverse to the symmetric, contracted square of the torsion tensor, $k_{\mu\nu}=S^\rho_{\lambda\mu}S^\lambda_{\rho\nu}$. We vary the total action for the gravitational field and matter with respect to the affine connection, assuming that the matter fields couple to the connection only through $k_{\mu\nu}$. We derive the resulting field equations and show that they are identical with the Einstein equations of general relativity with a nonzero cosmological constant, if the tensor $k_{\mu\nu}$ is regarded as the metric tensor. The cosmological constant is simply a constant of proportionality between the two tensors, which together with $c$ and $G$ provides a natural system of units in gravitational physics. This theory therefore provides a physically valid construction of the metric as an algebraic function of the connection, and naturally explains dark energy as an intrinsic property of spacetime. The observed accelerating expansion of the Universe may be the strongest evidence for torsion.

The New Theory of Gravitation Representing the Movement of Planets

In this paper, a theory of the phenomenon of planetary circulation around the Sun is presented, as well as the stability of solar systems is explained. This theory describes the circulation of planets and other mass-holding bodies around the Sun as a phenomenon consisting in the principle of differential pressure in solar systems and thus excludes gravitation phenomenon as the phenomenon of attraction.

Can gravitation anisotropy be detected by pendulum experiments?

After some 170 years of Foucault pendulum experiments, the linear theory fails to quantitatively explain the results of any honest meticulous experiment. The pendulum motion usually degenerates into elliptical orbits after a few minutes. Moreover, unexplained discrepancies up to ± 20% in precession velocity are not uncommon. They are mostly regarded as a consequence of the elliptic motion of the bob associated with suspension anisotropy or as a lack of care in starting the pendulum motion. Over some 130 years, an impressive amount of talented physicists, engineers and mathematicians have contributed to a better partial understanding of the pendulum behaviour. In this work, the concept of biresonance is introduced to represent the motion of the spherical pendulum. It is shown that biresonance can be represented graphically by the isomorphism of the Poincare sphere. This new representation of the pendulum motion greatly clarifies its natural response to various anisotropic situations, including Airy precession. Anomalous observations in pendulum experiments by Allais are analyzed. These findings suggest that a pendulum placed within a mass distribution such as the earth, the moon and the sun should be treated as an interior problem, which can better be addressed by Santilli's new theory of gravitation than by those of Newton and Einstein.

Explanation of the anomalous secular increase of the moon orbit eccentricity by the new theory of gravitation (NTG).

Explanation of the anomalous secular increase of the moon orbit eccentricity by the new theory of gravitation (NTG).

The New Theory of Gravitation Representing the Movement of Planets

In this paper, a theory of the phenomenon of planetary circulation around the Sun is presented, as well as the stability of solar systems is explained. This theory describes the circulation of planets and other mass-holding bodies around the Sun as a phenomenon consisting in the principle of differential pressure in solar systems and thus excludes gravitation phenomenon as the phenomenon of attraction.

On the “new theory of gravitation” (NTG)

On the “new theory of gravitation” (NTG)

Evidence for the fifth element

Evidence for an accelerated expansion of the universe as it has been revealed ten years ago by the Hubble diagram of distant type Ia supernovae represents one of the major modern revolutions for fundamental physics and cosmology. It is yet unclear whether the explanation of the fact that gravity becomes repulsive on large scales should be found within general relativity or within a new theory of gravitation. However, existing evidences for this acceleration all come from astrophysical observations. Before accepting a drastic revision of fundamental physics, it is interesting to critically examine the present situation of the astrophysical observations and the possible limitation in their interpretation. In this review, the main various observational probes are presented as well as the framework to interpret them with special attention to the complex astrophysics and theoretical hypotheses that may limit actual evidences for the acceleration of the expansion. Even when scrutinized with sceptical eyes, the evidence for an accelerating universe is robust. Investigation of its very origin appears as the most fascinating challenge of modern physics.

Large scale structure as a probe of gravitational slip

A new time-dependent, scale-independent parameter, $\ensuremath{\varpi}$, is employed in a phenomenological model of the deviation from general relativity in which the Newtonian and longitudinal gravitational potentials slip apart on cosmological scales as dark energy, assumed to be arising from a new theory of gravitation, appears to dominate the Universe. A comparison is presented between $\ensuremath{\varpi}$ and other parametrized post-Friedmannian models in the literature. The effect of $\ensuremath{\varpi}$ on the cosmic microwave background anisotropy spectrum, the growth of large-scale structure, the galaxy weak-lensing correlation function, and cross correlations of cosmic microwave background anisotropy with galaxy clustering are illustrated. Cosmological models with conventional maximum likelihood parameters are shown to find agreement with a narrow range of gravitational slip.

El aumento de la masa inercial: Einstein y las coordenadas

Durante los años de gestación de la Teoría General de la Relatividad (TGR) y de la subsiguiente cosmología relativista, Albert Einstein esperaba que su teoría de gravitación satisficiera las ideas de Mach sobre la inercia. Para esto calculó un par de efectos que debían garantizar la consonancia de TGR con el origen material de la inercia à la Mach. Estos efectos fueron: (A) El aumento de la masa inercial cuando se aglomera materia en su vecindad y (B) el arrastre de los marcos inerciales. En este articulo se hace un estudio histórico-conceptual del primero(A). Mientras que el arrastre es considerado como una predicción real de TGR, el aumento de la masa inercial ha llegado a desecharse como un artificio de coordenadas no impugnable a la variedad espacio-temporal estudiada. Se presenta una revisión técnica con clarificaciones conceptuales es presentada.

Gauged Gravity via Spectral Asymptotics of non-Laplace type Operators

We construct invariant differential operators acting on sections of vector bundles of densities over a smooth manifold without using a Riemannian metric. The spectral invariants of such operators are invariant under both the diffeomorphisms and the gauge transformations and can be used to induce a new theory of gravitation. It can be viewed as a matrix generalization of Einstein general relativity that reproduces the standard Einstein theory in the weak deformation limit. Relations with various mathematical constructions such as Finsler geometry and Hodge-de Rham theory are discussed.

‘Revolution in Permanence’: Popper on Theory-Change in Science

Science, and in particular the process of theory-change in science, formed the major inspiration for Karl Popper's whole philosophy. Popper learned about the success of Einstein's revolutionary new theory in 1919 (the same year in which his discontent with Marxism and Freudianism reached crisis-point), and Einstein ‘became a dominant influence on my thinking—in the long run perhaps the most important influence of all.’ Popper explained why:In May, 1919, Einstein's eclipse predictions were successfully tested by two British expeditions. With these tests a new theory of gravitation and a new cosmology suddenly appeared, not just as a mere possibility, but as an improvement on Newton—a better approximation to the truth … The general assumption of the truth of Newton's theory was of course the result of its incredible success, culminating in the discovery of the planet Neptune … Yet in spite of all this, Einstein had managed to produce a real alternative and, it appeared, a better theory … Like Newton himself, he predicted new effects within (and without) our solar system. And some of these predictions, when tested, had now proved successful. (‘IA’, p. 28)

A NEW THEORY OF GRAVITATION WITH PARITY-VIOLATING PROPAGATING TORSION

A new theory of gravitation has been proposed in a more general space–time than Riemannian. It is a generalization of the ECSK and Brans–Dicke (BD) theory of gravitation. It is found that, in contrast to the standard the ECSK theory, a parity-violating propagating torsion is generated by the BD scalar field. The interesting consequence of the theory is that it can successfully predict solar system experimental results to desired accuracy.

Gravitational Scalar-Driving Inflation11The project supported by HNSF through the Contract No. 904060100 and HEC Grant No. 891304.

We discuss the cosmological inflation from the point of view that in the very early universe the gravitation governs the cosmological dynamics solely and the inflation is driven by the gravitational scalar field through the cosmological function . In the meantime, a new theory of gravitation is proposed which gives a satisfactory inflation model for the very early universe and identifies itself with the Einstein theory at present day due to the infinite value of the coupling function when tends asymptotically to .

Toward a field theory of gravitation

A new theory of gravitation is presented in which the righ-hand side of the field equations contains the gravitational-field stress-energy tensort μ ν . The crucial new information leading to this construction is the demonstration that the two basic differential identities of space-time geometry (that of Bianchi and that of Freud) require atrue gravitational field stress-energy tensort μ ν which must be added to the matter tensor τ μ ν . Otherwise, the two identities clash and lead to a mathematical overdetermination which creates insurmountable internal difficulties for the curved-space-time theory of gravitation as a whole.