New Division Of Labor Research Articles

Embracing the Academic Change Caused by the Proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Higher Education

The World Economic Forum (World Economic Forum 2020) projects that, by 2025, the reorganisation of labour between humans and machines could result in the displacement of 85 million jobs while also creating 97 million jobs that are better suited to the new division of labour involving machines and algorithms. The aim of this small-scale study was to provide a basic understanding of one of the latest technological advancements, the Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) chatbot (Taecharungroj 2023), and how it is influencing teaching and learning in higher education. A particular focus was given to understanding the effectiveness of this technology, its adoption process, and challenges or limitations that arose, all from the perspectives of academics and policy-makers. Utilising a pragmatic stance towards grounded theory, this study employed an inductive and abductive approach towards understanding the real-world problem, generating actionable insights as theory. Rubin and Rubin’s (2012) responsive interviewing method was chosen for the primary source of data collection, utilising convenience and purposive sampling to identify information-rich sources. Data was analysed through a constant comparative process and qualitative coding techniques within MAXQDA software. The emergent prepositions highlight the necessity of revising assessment methods and academic policies in higher education to maintain a strong academic integrity. They go as far as to recommend the integration of multi-faceted evaluations, the adjustment of plagiarism policies, and fostering a culture of continuous pedagogical improvement to ensure a balanced and effective approach towards the utilisation of AI tools in higher educational settings.

The emergence of the “information have-less” class of labor in the information age and its presence in Egypt

PurposeAt the beginning of the 21st century, a new class of information workers, the “information have-less” has risen. This class of workers alleviates the influence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) revolution on poverty and unemployment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence of this class of workers in Egypt and assess the size and potential growth of this category of workers.Design/methodology/approachThe study clarifies the conceptual framework of the new division of labor, in the information age. The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology and Information and Decision Support Center websites provided secondary data for this study. These data are used to assess the size of “the information have less” in Egypt.FindingsThe division of work and class, in the 21st century, depends on the level of skills possessed to work with ICTs. So, class and labor nowadays could be divided into self-programmable labor (Innovators). Information have-less labor class, adding value to the economy by learning skills and presenting repetitive work. Generic labor class, who cannot work with ICTs, and work in jobs, that do not need computers or other ICTs. The study has shown that the “information have-less” labor class is present in Egypt since the beginning of the 21st century, in all its categories; entrepreneurism, the service sector and the manufacturing sector. There are approximately 50% of this labor class in the service sector and only 13% of the information have-less works in manufacturing sector despite the great opportunities that Egypt has to expand manufacturing to absorb more employment. The inclusion of information technology (IT), in all domains, has not decreased employment in Western countries but has reallocated information have-less employment toward the service sector, and there would probably be the same effect in Egypt.Practical implicationsThe study highlights the need for Egyptian policymakers to encourage the manufacturing and service sectors to provide huge working opportunities. The Egyptian government has to change the educational policies, at all stages, to include digital learning skills so IT can be incorporated in a wide range of economic activities. Further research includes: conducting a survey to measure the contribution of the entrepreneurial part of the information have-less employment in Egypt. In addition, a model may be developed, by the researcher to examine the reallocation of employees in Egypt.Originality/valueStudying employment, in Egypt, using the conceptual framework of the information age is rarely being done.

Towards a new division of labour in Southeast Asia: Indonesian and Thai Industrial policy and the electric vehicle value chain in ASEAN

Towards a new division of labour in Southeast Asia: Indonesian and Thai Industrial policy and the electric vehicle value chain in ASEAN

Towards a New Division of Labour in Southeast Asia Indonesian and Thai Industrial Policy and the Electric Vehicle Value Chain in ASEAN

Towards a New Division of Labour in Southeast Asia Indonesian and Thai Industrial Policy and the Electric Vehicle Value Chain in ASEAN

The Future of International Arbitration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

This article postulates that there will be two stages for the implementation ofArtificial Intelligence (AI). In the short term, the first stage will lead to a complementary relationship between predictive machines and humans. After the cost of prediction decreases, new players come to the arbitration arena and the flow of capital to finance AI’s use in international arbitration is widely available, we will see the second stage’s outset where predictive machines will assist in more sophisticated tasks. AI may assist counsel in crafting arguments, and arbitrators in comparing evidence submitted, and finding conflicting fact patterns in the evidence. AI may even decide some aspects of a case. This requires a new division of labour. Lawyers will have to adapt and learn to delegate to such machines while being aware of their limitations. In response, new arbitration specialties will inevitably emerge. However, flesh-and-blood arbitrators will not be eliminated. While predictive machines may be able to decide certain aspects of arbitrations quickly and at a lower cost, the amount of data, the lack of repetitive patterns, inconsistencies, and parties’ agreement that the award shall remain confidential and state the reasons upon which it is based may hinder their capabilities. The current legal framework seems to require drastic changes to make way for AI. artificial intelligence, machine learning, international arbitration, expert systems, rule systems, the future of arbitration, division of work, intelligence

Risks, possibilities, and social relations in the computerisation of Swedish university administration

AbstractThis mixed methods case study discusses how the introduction of new technology changed the work of departmental administrators at a Swedish university, drawing on Cockburn's theories on gender and technology, viewing organisations as fields of contestation. This paper argues that jobs seem more fragmented with less discretion, as a result of computerisation. However, time saved by a new division of labour enabled by digitalisation has increased the possibilities for specialisation and job crafting. This new division of labour also led to increased tensions between academics, administrators and management. As the risks and possibilities connected to computerisation are matters of social relations, as much as being governed by technology, this paper adds to the debates on work and technology by exploring the complexity of social relations at work place level experienced by this overlooked group at the periphery of the managerial and academic power centres in academia.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution - Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Algorithms: Industrial Psychologists in Future Workplaces.

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), STARA (smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms) is predicted to replace a third of the jobs that exist today. Almost twice as many current work tasks will be handled by robots. It is forecast that by 2025, 85 million jobs may be displaced by a shift in the division of labor between humans and machines, while 97 million new roles may emerge that are more adapted to the new division of labor between humans, machines and algorithms. Industrial psychologists are playing an increasingly important role in the workplace due to these trends from a strategic intelligence perspective. The objective of this article is to present a critical review of industrial psychologists in future workplaces in the context of the 4IR - STARA. A competence model is posed for industrial psychologists to perform a strategic intelligence role in organizations in the 4IR.

Three laws of teleonometrics

Abstract We define teleonometrics as the theoretical and empirical study of teleonomy. We propose three laws for teleonometrics. The first law describes the hierarchical organization of teleonomic functions across biological levels from genes to individuals. According to this law, the number of goal-directed functions increases from individuals (one goal, maximizing inclusive fitness) to intermediate levels and to genes and alleles (myriad time-, space- and context-dependent goals, depending upon degrees and patterns of pleiotropy). The second law describes the operation of teleonomic functions under trade-offs, coadaptations and negative and positive pleiotropies, which are universal in biological systems. According to this law, the functions of an allele, gene or trait are described and defined by patterns of antagonistic (trading off) and compatible (coadapted) functions. The third law of teleonometrics is that the major transitions in evolution are driven by the origins of novel, emergent goals associated with functional changes and by the breaking and reshaping of trade-offs, especially by mechanisms involving increases in resources or time, and new divisions of labour or function. We illustrate the application of these laws using data from three empirical vignettes, which help to show the usefulness of teleonometric viewpoints for understanding the interfaces between function, trade-offs and dysfunctions manifest as disease.

ВПЛИВ ПРОЦЕСУ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ НА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЮ ЗАЙНЯТОСТІ НАСЕЛЕННЯ

The article is devoted to the assessment of modern transformational changes in the sphere of employment under the influence of the spread of processes of digitization of the economy. Approaches to defining the content of the «digitalization» category in modern scientific literature are analyzed. Based on the systematization of existing scientific views, which was formed, the author's definition of the concept of "digitalization" is proposed. The main consequences of digitization on the world labor market are studied. It has been established that two main directions of change have formed in the global labor market in the context of the spread of the digital economy. First, it is the expansion of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), as well as the involvement of an increasing number of human resources. In particular, this is the emergence of new professions in the IT sector, an increase in the number of vacancies, etc. Secondly, these are transformational changes in all other sectors of the economy due to the spread of ICT. These include: transformation of demand for human resources, changes in the structure of population employment, transformation of the nature of work, updating and modernization of qualification requirements for employees, etc. The indirect long-term consequences of the introduction of information and communication technologies for the labor market are determined. It is highlighted that an important trend of the modern labor market is the mastering of new specialties (professions) by employees who started their careers in other professional fields. It is emphasized that the expansion of economic sectors is ongoing due to adaptation to the new division of labor between humans, machines and algorithms. A conclusion was made regarding the further actualization of the implementation of support programs for career guidance and adult education. As a result, attention is focused on the priorities of the formation of current directions of the state policy of regulation of national labor markets with the diagnosis of their positioning in the global economic system. Keywords: digitalization, information and communication technologies, transformation, labor market, employment, competences.

Information and communication technologies: foreign experience and national model

The 21st century is characterized by the formation of an “intellectual nation” as a new direction of modernization of modern society; at the same time, the intellectual personality acts as a factor of socio-economic development. The most important task for Kazakhstan is the implementation of the Strategic Objective, where an important area is complete modernization in the socio-economic sphere. This task is also typical for a number of developing countries of the world, where the key aspect in the modernization of society is the creation of new innovative institutions to rethink and recreate the modern socio-economic formation. Modernization extends to areas such as intellectual work associated with the new division of labor; as a scientific and cultural sphere related to the knowledge economy and the new information society. Science is faced with a new task to solve the problem of forming an intellectual society, which implies the need for active interdisciplinary research, the integration of socio-humanitarian and socio-political sciences. Kazakhstan, like other developing countries, is faced with the strategic task of becoming a society of the future, in which the basis of the new economy is intellectual potential, a highly competitive system of higher education and an innovatively advanced socio-cultural infrastructure. At the present stage of development of the socio-economic formation, higher education successfully corresponds with the economic sector, and human resources are the main value that makes an innovative contribution to the creation of new products in industry, science, culture and other sectors of the economy and social sphere. In this regard, an important mission of higher education in Kazakhstan is to train highly competitive, innovatively advanced specialists who are able to think creatively and work as highly professional personnel of Kazakhstani society. Key words: intellectual nation, mass media, informational development, intellectual society, partners.

Examining the Impact of Systemic Tensions on Agency and Identity: The Multiple Positions of Reggie in Production-Centered, Technology-Mediated Activity

This paper presents two examples of production-centered, technology-mediated activities in a one-to-one laptop classroom, and examines how those activities supported vastly divergent forms of student agency and participation. As schools turn to large-scale technology programs, such as one-to-one initiatives, to overcome persistent educational and social inequalities, growing concerns over a widening participation gap in production-centered activities are calling on educators to forge new technology-mediated learning experiences that bridge students’ lived experiences and interests with educational content. The findings of this study, however, show that production-centered, technology-mediated activities may inadvertently stifle engagement and agency if they do not leverage students’ personal funds of knowledge in the co-construction of new educational practices or participation structures. Analyzed through the lenses of cultural historical activity theory and identities-in-practice, the paper follows Reggie, a high school senior and native Haitian who chronically disengaged from classroom activities, despite an interest and significant background knowledge in digital media production. Discussion centers on the ways in which classroom activities afforded opportunities for Reggie to leverage this knowledge, leading, in one case, to rule-based tensions that ended in the elimination of projects and student autonomy, and in the other, to a remarkable transformation of Reggie’s identity-in-practice, in which he helped to co-construct a new division of labor for achieving the object of activity. The paper ends with an argument for the consideration of coordinated changes to multiple elements of activity, and their implications on social practice as essential components of technology program design, and of framing participation-based digital education inequities.

To Read Is Human, to Watch Divine—Engineering EML Webinar

Extreme Mechanics Letters, an Elsevier journal, has recently launched a weekly EML Webinar, an online meeting place for mechanicians and their friends, worldwide. The lectures and discussions shed light on the forefront of research and the formative years of researchers, no travel required. Speakers and videos are updated at http://iMechanica.org/node/24098 .

En skoleleder skal også ud med skrald og tørre bordene af

This article describes how school leadership, as a response to omnipresent hopes and expectations, seems to be shrouded by mystery and new forms of secular religion. This results in new divisions of labour – between a profane, everyday praxis, a kind of magic management, and divine leadership. The article is theoretically informed by the social anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, and it is based on empirical data from a project on qualification of school leadership in the Danish Folkeskole (primary and lower secondary school).

Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği

With the rapid spread of information technologies, especially the internet, traditional journalistic practices have begun to be transformed. This study aims to discuss this transformation witnessed in traditional journalism practices through the skills specific to journalism. Despite such a discussion that poses many questions, the fundamental question underlying the efforts made within the scope of this study is, “In an era where everyone has begun to engage in journalism using similar technological tools and ‘skills specific to the human species’, how do journalists describe their own professional skills?” Although the study acknowledges the presence of a change in the skills that are considered to be specific to this profession, it also assumes that rather than being triggered by social needs, this change is a result of conscious interventions in the components of human-specific productive power, which were and are still undertaken by those that experience capital accumulation problem. The quantitative data of the research were obtained from a field study, in which 86 reporters working in the print media participated. A total of 4,300 items of data acquired through a survey were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results provide an insight into the distortion of journalists’ professional skills by the new division of labor division/work relations activated by the institutional structuring of the media and the increasing use of technology, as well as assisting in understanding the changes initiated by this distortion. Keywords

한일 경제분업관계의 역사와 대한 수출규제의 의미

Since the 2000s, the economic division of labor between Korea and Japan has shifted from the vertical division of labor into a horizontal division of labor. The background of this transformation was the expansion of the global value chain and the modularization of the industrial architecture. In response to these new environmental changes, Korea has a comparative advantage in finished goods and Japan in parts and materials.<BR>This relationship is similar in appearance to the vertical division of labor between Japan and Korea that went on until the 1990s. However, this is a new division of labor in that Korea’s finished goods companies have more bargaining power than Japanese materials and parts companies. This division of labor is a new equilibrium that creates benefits for both companies.<BR>But this equilibrium presupposes the free movement of capital and raw materials. If there is a problem with the supply chain, there is a risk of serious damage. The current Japanese export restrictions on Korea can be said to be the actual risk. However, this export restriction is expected to be difficult to sustain for a long time because it is an anachronistic policy that counters global trends and is an inefficient policy that will ultimately cause more damage to Japan.

How do team experience and relationships shape new divisions of labour in robot-assisted surgery? A realist investigation.

Safe and successful surgery depends on effective teamwork between professional groups, each playing their part in a complex division of labour. This article reports the first empirical examination of how introduction of robot-assisted surgery changes the division of labour within surgical teams and impacts teamwork and patient safety. Data collection and analysis was informed by realist principles. Interviews were conducted with surgical teams across nine UK hospitals and, in a multi-site case study across four hospitals, data were collected using a range of methods, including ethnographic observation, video recording and semi-structured interviews. Our findings reveal that as the robot enables the surgeon to do more, the surgical assistant's role becomes less clearly defined. Robot-assisted surgery also introduces new tasks for the surgical assistant and scrub practitioner, in terms of communicating information to the surgeon. However, the use of robot-assisted surgery does not redistribute work in a uniform way; contextual factors of individual experience and team relationships shape changes to the division of labour. For instance, in some situations, scrub practitioners take on the role of supporting inexperienced surgical assistants. These changes in the division of labour do not persist when team members return to operations that are not robot-assisted. This study contributes to wider literature on divisions of labour in healthcare and how this is impacted by the introduction of new technologies. In particular, we emphasise the need to pay attention to often neglected micro-level contextual factors. This can highlight behaviours that can be promoted to benefit patient care.

The new division of labor between human and machine and its educational implications

The aim of the article is to clarify the future division of labor between human and machine and its educational implications. Recent studies on future employment discuss whether growth in computer power and advances in artificial intelligence enable the automation of non-routine tasks, including tasks that require creativity and innovation, which are among the most unique human capacities. However, this discussion generally lacks research-based concepts of creativity and innovation. In order to clarify the discussion on the division of labor, relevant theories of creativity and innovation are introduced. The inquiry shows that creativity and innovation consist in making new connections between domains or practices. While computers and robotics are capable of operating only within specific domains, in which rules apply or data are available, creativity and innovation operate beyond the boundaries of such domains and must be guided by emotions and driven by moods. This suggests that computers and robotics make rapid change possible, but cannot solve the task of creating change themselves. The educational implications are that it is vital to cultivate the unique human capacities of sensing, understanding, handling and creating change, and to teach students and employees to collaborate with computers and robotics.

Employer‐oriented labour market policies in Sweden: Creating jobs and the division of labour in the public sector

In many European countries, greater importance is accorded to labour market policies in which employers are involved in activating unemployed people. Such employer‐oriented policies target employers’ demand for labour and attempt to influence their willingness to hire, train or guide (often disadvantaged) unemployed groups. Using data from a qualitative interview study of an employer‐oriented programme in a medium‐size city in Sweden, the present article aims to develop knowledge about how these policies are used to influence employers to hire unemployed workers and how jobs created in this context differ from regular jobs. The article argues that creating jobs through new arrangements for the division of labour, with the promise of relieving regular staff of unskilled tasks, may influence employers’ willingness to hire the unemployed when used alongside other kinds of policy instruments. However, the article also shows that this new division of labour, with programme participants performing mainly unskilled tasks, has been difficult to realize, as new staff gradually come to perform an increasing number of regular working tasks.

Inhabiting institutions: Shaping the first teacher role in Swedish schools

This study examines a recent reform in the Swedish teaching profession—the so-called first teacher reform, aimed at increasing teacher professionalism and the status of teachers. The reform created a situation by which a new role had to be created and inhabited by first teachers, appointed on what were considered arbitrary criteria. There were few existing norms, rules, and routines to draw upon for the newly appointed first teachers. The empirical focus of this study, based upon interviews and observations from seven schools in four Swedish municipalities, is how the newly appointed first teachers shape their role in relation to other teachers and to school management. We contribute to inhabited institutions theory by showing how processes of institutional change rely on externalization by relational work, through which the new role gains legitimacy and mutual recognition, and on objectification by jurisdictional work, through which the new role becomes taken for granted in a new division of labour. We thus argue that changes in the material basis of work processes are key to understanding processes of institutional inhabitation. Moreover, we show how changes in intra-professional jurisdictions can lead to upgrading, rather than degradation, of professional work. (Less)

Organizing Professionalism \u2013 New Elites, Stratification and Division of Labor

The case in this study is the introduction of a new more prominent position for teachers. The aim is to contribute to the literature on stratification and organizing of professions. This is done by addressing the question how division of labor is affected by enhanced organization of a profession? The paper illustrates how stratification took place and a new division of labor emerged. Not much conflict was observed regarding the new division of labor and it is proposed that this is because the new division of labor did not challenge the dominance over the core domain of teachers or of principals. The increase in organization did not lead to an increase in control of the profession but an increase in control by the profession. In addition, stratification in fact led to a de-hybridization of the roles of teachers and principals.