Understanding how game design features shape learners’ emotional dynamics is crucial for advancing digital game-based language learning from a human–computer interaction perspective. This study investigated the associations between interface color features, gameplay activities and emotional transitions in a 3D role-playing digital game-based language learning environment. Facial expression recognition was applied to continuously track affective states, with emotional transitions categorized into four outcomes: positive, negative, neutral, and engagement. Results indicated that transitions occurred most frequently under cool hues with low-to-medium saturation and high brightness, with cyan-green to blue-green tones (80–100) producing the highest transition ratios. Engagement and neutral transitions predominated in these conditions. Activity-level analyses further revealed distinct patterns: conversation-based tasks stimulated positive transitions, feedback and response activities elicited negative transitions, and large language model (LLM)-based tutor dialogues primarily guided transitions toward engagement and neutral states. These findings demonstrate that both interface design and in-game activities were systematically associated with emotional transitions in DGBLL, offering practical guidance for the development of emotionally responsive educational games.

Pulsed Inductive Laser on Krypton Neutral Atoms Transitions in the IR Spectral Range

Carbon neutral island energy system transition - A model-based analysis of sector coupling between the electricity, industry and heat sectors

Novel System Structure, Characteristics and Business Model for Electrical Energy systems under Carbon Neutral Transition

Impact Assessment of Load Structure Change on Inertia and Frequency Characteristics of Power Systems under Carbon Neutral Transition

This study presented a fuzzy logic framework to optimize the camera angles and Field of View (FOV) in the documentation of Indonesian traditional dances, specifically the Remo dance. The system utilized BioVision Hierarchy (BVH) Motion Capture (MoCap) data to dynamically modify the camera settings according to movement characteristics, such as velocity and spatial complexity. The framework incorporated five camera perspectives (eye level, low angle, high angle, frog angle, bird's eye) and three classes of FOV (narrow, medium, wide). The results indicated that a low angle with a narrow FOV most effectively captured the dramatic hand motions, whereas an eye level perspective with a medium FOV was appropriate for the neutral transitions. Validation by five specialists in dance and five in cinematography resulted in a Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of 79%, affirming the system's conformity with the conventional dance philosophy. The current approach decreased the manufacturing time by 25% and enhanced the adjustment precision compared to traditional methods. Future work will broaden the validation to additional dancing styles and integrate machine learning for improved accuracy.

Motivated by recent anomalies in observables associated with flavor-changing neutral current transitions, specifically b→sℓ+ℓ− processes, we present a comprehensive analysis of lepton flavor-violating (LFV) decay modes mediated by b→sℓ1ℓ2 transitions with ℓ1≠ℓ2. While such LFV processes are forbidden within the standard model, they naturally arise in several of its extensions, including models featuring additional vectorlike fermions and extra Z′ bosons. Employing the most general effective Hamiltonian for b→sℓ1ℓ2 transitions, we derive the angular distributions of the relevant decay modes. Adopting a model-independent framework, we systematically study the LFV decays B→K*ℓ1ℓ2, Bs→ϕℓ1ℓ2, B→K2*ℓ1ℓ2, and Λb→Λℓ1ℓ2. Although LFV mesonic decays have been widely explored, the corresponding baryonic decays remain comparatively underinvestigated. We provide bounds on the branching ratio (B), forward-backward asymmetry (AFB), and longitudinal lepton polarization fraction (FL). Furthermore, considering the projected sensitivities of the LHCb upgrade and Belle II experiments, we estimate upper limits for these observables, offering promising avenues for probing new physics in these LFV channels.

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of the first dicationic 3,3diaryl-3H-benzo[f]chromene, substituted with pyridinium moieties at the C-8 position and the para-position of one of the C-3 aryl groups. The dicationic benzochromene and its precursors exhibit good photochromism with strong photocolourability in MeCN solutions. The neutral bispyridyl-substituted precursor transitions from colourless to orange (δPSS 452 nm) in solution upon UV irradiation, with a half-life (t1/2) of 812 s. Upon UV irradiation, the paleyellow dicationic benzochromene develops a deep orange hue in solution, accompanied by the formation of a broad absorption band with a shoulder around 460 nm, tailing to ca. 550 nm. The resulting photomerocyanine exhibits a shorter half-life (t1/2 = 522 s) compared to its neutral precursor. Spectroelectrochemical studies show that both the chromene form and the derived photomerocyanine of the dicationic benzochromene are electrochemically active, with reduction processes occurring at the pyridinium moieties. Upon applying a negative potential (−1.15 V to −1.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl) to the chromene form, a distinct strong absorption band at 520 nm emerges, indicative of the formation of a delocalized δ-radical species. The combined photochromic and electrochromic properties of the dicationic benzochromene highlight its distinct dual-functional behaviour, with different responses to both light and electrochemical stimuli.

In this paper, we examine the bound state solutions of the three-dimensional deformed Klein–Gordon equation (3D-DKGE) for an improved deformed Deng–Fan potential in generalized form along with an improved class Yukawa potential (I(DGDF-YCP)). The standard perturbation theory and Bopp’s shifts method are employed, utilizing a proper correspondence to the centrifugal potential term. We obtain new energy eigenvalues for all atomic quantum numbers ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) quantum states. In addition, we found that the new energy is related to the potential depths ([Formula: see text]), the adjustable constants ([Formula: see text]), the deformation parameter [Formula: see text] and the noncommutativity parameters ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]). We noticed that the energy value reflects its known value in the literature (absence of deformation), in addition to an additional correction resulting from the effect of space properties, which clearly revealed the effect of spin–orbit and intrinsic magnetic effects resulting from the movement of electrons, as these effects appeared automatically. The analysis is performed on the nonrelativistic limit of new energy spectra under I(DGDF-YCP). By appropriately adjusting the combined potential parameters ([Formula: see text]), we analyze the obtained new bound state eigenvalues of the 3D-DKGE and three-dimensional deformed Schrödinger equation (3D-DSE) with the I(DGDF-YCP) in 3D-(R/NR)NCQs symmetries and obtain the modified Yukawa potential, the modified class of Yukawa potential, the modified Deng–Fan Yukawa potential model and the modified Deng–Fan potential model. The new analytical energy expression was used to predict the spectral masses ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) of the heavy-light mesons ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) and heavy quarkonia such as charmonium [Formula: see text] and bottomonium [Formula: see text] in 3D-(NR)NCQs regimes. We found that the spectral masses consist of their fundamental terms ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) in the framework of 3D-(NR)Qm regimes plus the impact of spatial deformation. Within the framework of the 3D-(NR)NCQs regime, the homogenous diatomic molecules (H2, I2); the heterogeneous diatomic molecules (CO, HCl, LiH); the neutral transition metal hydrides (ScH, TiH, VH, CrH); the transition-metal lithide CuLi; the transition-metal carbides (TiC, NiC); the transition metal nitrite ScN and the transition metal fluoride ScF under I(DGDF-YCP) under I(DGDF-YCP) models are examined.

Abstract Inspired by the discrepancies observed in the b → sℓ + ℓ − neutral current decays, we study the decay channel B c → D s ( * ) ℓ + ℓ − (ℓ = μ, τ), which is based on the same flavor changing neutral current transition at the quark level. The current study shows that this decay channel can provide a useful probe for physics beyond the standard model. We use the helicity formalism while employing the effective theory approach where we include the effects of vector and axial vector ‘new’ physics (NP) operators. In this study, we have computed the branching ratio B r , the D s * helicity fraction f L , the lepton forward–backward asymmetry A FB , and the lepton flavor universality ratio (LFU) R D s * τ μ . In addition, as a complementary check on the LFU, we also calculate the various other LFU observables, R i τ μ where i = A FB, f L . We assume that the NP universal coupling is present for both muons and tauons, while the non-universal coupling is only present for muons. Regarding these couplings, we employ the latest global fit to the b → sℓ + ℓ − data, which is recently computed in Algueró et al [Eur. Phys. J. C 83 648 (2023)]. We give predictions of some of the mentioned observables within the SM and the various NP scenarios. We have found that not only are the considered observables sensitive to NP but are also helpful in distinguishing among the different NP scenarios. These results can be tested at the LHCb, HL-LHC, and FCC-ee, and therefore, a precise measurements of these observables not only deepens our understanding of the b → sℓ + ℓ − process but also provides a window of opportunity to possibly study various NP scenarios.

In this paper, we investigate the rare decay B0→K0∗(1430)ℓ+ℓ- with ℓ=(e,μ,τ) and B0→K0∗(1430)νν¯ induced by the flavor changing neutral current transition of b→sℓ+ℓ-(νν¯). Firstly, the B0→K0∗(1430) transition form factors (TFFs) are calculated by using the QCD light-cone sum rule approach up to next-to-leading order accuracy. In which the K0∗(1430)-meson twist-2 and twist-3 LCDAs have been calculated both from the SVZ sum rule in the background field theory framework and light-cone harmonic oscillator model. Then, we obtain the three TFFs at large recoil point, i.e., f+B0→K0∗(0)=0.470-0.101+0.086, f-B0→K0∗(0)=-0.340-0.068+0.068, and fTB0→K0∗(0)=0.537-0.115+0.112. Meanwhile, we extrapolate TFFs to the whole physical q2-region by using the simplified z(q2)-series expansion. Furthermore, we calculate the B0→K0∗(1430)ℓ+ℓ-(νν¯) decay widths, branching fractions, and longitudinal lepton polarization asymmetries of B0→K0∗(1430)ℓ+ℓ-, which lead to B(B0→K0∗(1430)e+e-)=(6.65-2.42+2.52)×10-7, B(B0→K0∗(1430)μ+μ-)=(6.62-2.41+2.51)×10-7, B(B0→K0∗(1430)τ+τ-)=(1.88-0.97+1.10)×10-8, B(B0→K0∗(1430)νν¯)=3.85-1.48+1.55×10-6 and the integrated longitudinal lepton polarization asymmetries ⟨APL⟩=(-0.99,-0.96,-0.03) for the cases ℓ=(e,μ,τ) respectively.

Biological diffusion processes are often influenced by environmental factors. In this study, we investigate the effects of variable diffusion, which depend on the point between the departure and the arrival points, on the propagation of bistable waves. This process includes neutral, repulsive, and attractive transitions. Using singular limit analysis, we derive the equation for the interface between two stable states and examine the relationship between wave propagation and variable diffusion. In particular, when the transition probability depends on the environment at the dividing point between the departure and the arrival points, we derived an expression for the wave propagation speed that includes this dividing point ratio. More specifically, the threshold between wave propagation and conditional blocking in a one-dimensional space occurs when the transition probability is determined by a dividing point ratio of 3:1 between the departure and the arrival points. Furthermore, as an application of this concept, we consider the Aliev-Panfilov model to explore the mechanism for generating spiral patterns.

Recent experimental progress on baryonic rare decays has spurred a deeper investigation on flavor-changing neutral current transitions in the baryon sector. Within the framework of QCD sum rules, we derive a complete set of form factors for the Λc→p process in the large recoil region and use the z-series parametrization to extrapolate them across the full physical range. Employing these form factors and flavor symmetries, we compute branching fractions for the decays Λc→pe+e− and Λc→pμ+μ−, as well as for rare Ξc decay modes. We examine as well the new physics effects through specific angular observables such as the lepton forward-backward asymmetry and the fraction of longitudinally polarized dileptons. Results indicate that new physics models may be testified in baryonic rare decays, with immense data collected in running and future colliders. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Abstract Under impulse voltage, ester-based insulating oil (EO) is more likely to produce fast streamers than mineral insulating oil (MO). This paper explores the generation mechanism of fast streamers from a molecular perspective. First, the energy of EO to reach the first excited state is lower than that of MO, which is achieved through ultraviolet–visible light absorption experiments and molecular computation and is almost unaffected by the electric field. During the discharge process, photons may mainly come from molecular de-excitation, which leads to the neutral oil molecules transition and occurs photoionization. This study established a plasma photoionization model related to the change of first excitation energy and ionization energy at an electric field. Compared with MO, the electric field strength at the streamer head of EO is enhanced by the large number of charged particles produced by photoionization. The higher electric field further promotes the occurrence of photoionization, forming a positive feedback mechanism and accelerating the generation of fast streamers. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. It is found that field ionization is one of the main mechanisms that drives the streamers forward, and photoionization may be the cause of the generation of fast streamers in EO.

With nearly 70 % of the global population expected to live in urban areas by 2050, cities will need to manage energy transitions to achieve ambitious carbon neutrality goals. As the current rate of decarbonization in cities is too slow to achieve these ambitious goals, feasible pathways toward deep decarbonization are becoming increasingly urgent. This paper synthesizes a technical and economic analysis with more qualitative methods (transition theory, thick description, and action research) to examine the potential for a key set of niche technologies to drive carbon neutral transitions in Kyoto, Japan: rooftop photovoltaics (PVs) integrated with electric vehicles (EVs) as batteries at the city scale (“SolarEV City Concept”). The article examines the opportunities and challenges of using the Kyoto Miraimon Project to establish a community-scale “PV + EV” system that can inject momentum into transitions in Kyoto. The platform accelerated transitions by supporting the adoption of innovative technologies and aligning key stakeholder interests around regime-level government climate goals. With increasing EV penetration globally and the rapid uptake of PV technologies, the windows of opportunities for deep decarbonization of cities through rooftop PVs integrated with EVs are gradually opening.

Abstract The awareness of the huge carbon footprint and the related targets aimed at reducing it, require cities to be supported in their climate neutral transition. Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) have emerged as cutting-edge technologies to address urban complexity and to exploit the massive amount of machine-readable data produced by the city physical and non-physical systems. At the centre of the recent debate and scientific research, UDTs are addressed in a rapidly growing literature, pilot projects, proof-of-concepts and applications to several contexts. Studies and prototypes are leading the maturity development of UDT to gradually improve, contributing to gaining consensus among key stakeholders and urban decision makers, but the state of the art has not proved how exactly its potential benefits will be pursued and sustained. In this evolving scenario, the paper objective is the analysis of a literature review and a case studies selection, to identify the current use of the UDT as enabling tool in the comprehensive and joint framework of urban regeneration and decarbonization, addressing, in particular, the under-researched and poorly conceptualized integration of socio-economic-cultural systems.

In this work, we have designed a series of anodically coloring electrochromic (ACE) molecules comprised of thioalkyl-substituted 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophenes coupled to triphenylamine units (EDOT-TPA) that vary in the position and degree of electron richness of substituents, which influences the molecules geometric, electrochemical, optoelectronic, and excited-state properties. We evaluated their redox properties and discovered that modulation of both the first and second oxidation potential, formation of the cation radical and dication, can be varied from 0.03 to 0.18 V and 0.32 to 0.46 V versus Fc/Fc+ respectively. For the first time in ACE-based molecular systems, we demonstrated the ability to vary the electrochemical potential separation between successive charge states, which is directly involved in the generation of color. We use the chemical oxidant, Fe(OTf)3, to visualize the saturation and contrast of the vibrantly colored cation radical solutions at 1 equivalent, followed by a second equivalents that opens a new and differing set in the color palette for the dication state. Optical transitions were probed during electrochemical oxidation using an optically transparent thin layer electrode (OTTLE) demonstrating selective control in generating successive charge states. We couple our findings with Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) simulations to show how modulating electron richness and steric interactions control the optical transitions. Specifically, excited state analysis is performed to elucidate how substituent identity affects the neutral, cation radical, and dication transitions in the visible and near infrared, and thereby the resulting color.

Higher-form symmetries are a valuable tool for classifying topological phases of matter. However, emergent higher-form symmetries in interacting many-body systems are typically not exact due to the presence of topological defects. In this paper, we develop a systematic framework for building effective theories with approximate higher-form symmetries. We focus on a continuous U(1) q-form symmetry and study phases with various patterns of spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking. We uncover a web of dualities between such phases and highlight their role in describing the presence of dynamical higher-form topological defects. In order to study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of these phases of matter, we formulate respective hydrodynamic theories and study the spectra of excitations exhibiting higher-form charge relaxation and Goldstone relaxation effects. We show that our framework is able to describe various phase transitions due to proliferation of vortices or defects. This includes the melting transition in smectic crystals, the plasma phase transition from polarized gases to magnetohydrodynamics, the spin-ice transition, the superfluid to neutral fluid transition, and the Meissner effect in superconductors, among many others. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The structural and functional diversity of plant metabolites is largely created via chemical modification of a basic backbone. However, metabolite modifications in plants have still not been thoroughly investigated by metabolomics approaches. In this study, a widely targeted metabolite modificomics (WTMM) strategy was developed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-linear ion trap (UHPLC-Q-Trap) and UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap (UHPLC-QE-Orbitrap), which greatly improved the detection sensitivity and the efficiency of identification of modified metabolites. A metabolite modificomics study was carried out using tomato as a model, and over 34,000 signals with MS2 information were obtained from approximately 232 neutral loss transitions. Unbiased metabolite profiling was also performed by utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry data to annotate a total of 2,118 metabolites with 125 modification types; of these, 165 modified metabolites were identified in this study. Next, the WTMM database was used to assess diseased tomato tissues and 29 biomarkers were analyzed. In summary, the WTMM strategy is not only capable of large-scale detection and quantitative analysis of plant-modified metabolites in plants, but also can be used for plant biomarker development.

The photocatalytic (PC) hydrogen production from water splitting is a promising route to fulfill the current energy demand in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner. For photocatalysis to become industrially viable, seawater should be used. This solvent owes its salinity due to various ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, Br−, SO2 4−, and CO3 2−). To date, there are contradicting reports in the literature on the influence of these ions on the PC splitting of water. A variety of different neutral transition metal-oxide-based photocatalysts have been exploited. Although they might be effective in splitting deionized water, however, thus far, there has been a lack of a well-established route to effectively using any semi-conductor for seawater splitting. Presented here are the details of our work where an intriguing, ionized, low-cost semiconductor has been successfully evaluated for sea-water splitting. The structure consists of a modified carbon nitride such that it forms an ionized organic polymer-based system. A detailed study has been done using this salt-type semiconductor in the presence of various ions, and their role has been probed in modulating the photocatalytic activity. Photoelectrochemical measurements have provided insight as to how the presence of cations aids advantageously in forming an effective in-situ interface between catalyst/co-catalyst for improved charge transfer. This improved interfacial charge transfer rationalizes the 8-fold enhancement in the photocatalytic rate in the presence of simulated seawater compared to deionized water. It provides an impetus for using these carbon nitride structures for sustainable PC splitting of seawater.