Stress and the associated cortisol release have profound effects on long-term memory (LTM). While glucose increases the cortisol stress response and exhibits memory enhancing effects in non-stressful situations, the interaction of glucose and stress on LTM has rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the glucose-related amplification of the cortisol stress response would enhance LTM formation. Overall, N = 62 healthy, fasted adults (age M = 23.13, SD = 3.02; 54.84 % female) participated. They consumed a drink containing water or glucose and underwent a non-stressful control task or the Trier Social Stress Test with Objects, during which panel members interact with certain objects (central) while leaving others untouched (peripheral). At the estimated cortisol peak, they encoded a wordlist. On the next day, they retrieved the objects and the words. We repeatedly assessed subjective stress, salivary cortisol and blood glucose concentrations and recorded an electrocardiogram. Glucose increased blood glucose concentrations, and the stressor led to a significant increase in cortisol as compared with the control task. Changes in cortisol were more pronounced in the glucose as compared with the water groups. Heart rate was elevated in the glucose as compared with the water groups during the recovery. Central objects were better remembered than peripheral objects when encoded during stress. Additionally, emotional words were remembered better as compared with neutral words. These effects were not modulated by glucose. These findings suggest that emotional information is remembered better than neutral information independent of stress and glucose intake. Stress enhances LTM of stressor-relevant information and glucose intake increases the cortisol stress response. However, these factors do not appear to interact. Glucose availability may thus play a less decisive role when memorizing a stressful episode.

Abstract Supply management (SM) has recently attracted a lot of attention nationally and internationally. A bill (C‐202) to safeguard SM from future international trade negotiations was voted unanimously by the Canadian parliament in 2025. At the international level, tariffs associated with SM have been criticized by the Trump administration. Given that SM is based on a tacit social contract between SM farmers and society at large, as well as its political significance, it appears important to assess the level of knowledge of Canadians regarding this policy, as well as their perception of SM themes raised in the media. This paper reports the literacy score and perceptions on SM of a national survey of over 1200 respondents. To analyze the data, perceptions on SM themes are regressed on respondents’ level of SM literacy, sociodemographic data, as well as on two questions that are of a more ideological nature. Results indicate that Canadians have little knowledge of the working or scope of SM. Furthermore, after providing neutral information on themes related to SM that are or have been in the media, we find that the views toward SM policy are mostly negative, with the most negative perceptions held by respondents with ideologies that we loosely classify as economic conservatism.

Introduction: The article is focused on the linguistic aspect of the analysis of English fake news for manipulative strategies of influence on the audience. The study material is English fake news texts selected from social media and news websites, particularly on the COVID-19 pandemic, political elections, and the threat of climate change. The relevance of the work is determined by the significant role of fake news in shaping public opinion, the need for increasing media literacy, especially within the English-speaking society, as English is the language of global communication, and by creating effective mechanisms of revealing and combating them. Objective: The study aims to define the lexical, stylistic, and discursive features of fake news and to reveal the main strategies of manipulation. Methods: A comprehensive methodology, including content analysis, discourse analysis, psycholinguistic and comparative methods, serves as a basis for the study. Results: It has been found that fake news texts are characterised by using emotionally coloured vocabulary, categorical statements, and different rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, fear-mongering, and distortion of facts. The lexical and semantic analysis reveals that the manipulative strategies in the examined material aim to provoke an emotional reaction in the addressee, particularly fear and indignation. Conclusions: Thus, the comparison with authentic news texts shows that fake news focuses on dramatic elements, while actual texts focus on factual and neutral information.

Method of loci (MOL) is a strategy heavily utilized by superior memorists that leverages visualizations of familiar spatial environments (memory palaces) to enhance information recall. The characteristics of memory palaces used in MOL have not been well-studied. Yet, understanding how different memory palace features contribute to memory enhancement may allow us to design optimal palaces. Here, we examined whether memory palace valence influences neutral information recall. We found that participants (U.S. adults) who applied MOL using a negatively valenced palace (N = 40) outperformed participants who applied MOL using a positively valenced palace (N = 38) and participants in a non-MOL control group (N = 47) on a word recall test. Furthermore, participants who perceived the negative palace more negatively or positive palace more positively exhibited greater recall accuracy, but overall, the negative group outperformed the positive group. We replicated these findings in an independent sample of participants tested on their memory for steps in the process of making a floral paperweight. Again, the negative group (N = 33) outperformed the positive (N = 34) and control (N = 31) groups. These findings highlight that memory palaces can be constructed to optimize loci-dependent memory accuracy, providing new evidence-based strategies to improve memorization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Abstract As AI systems become increasingly accessible to adolescents seeking information about sexuality and relationships, understanding how these systems respond to such queries is critical. This study employed comparative document analysis to examine how ChatGPT 3.5 and Claude conceptualize and respond to nine open-ended questions about adolescent sexuality and romantic relationships. AI-generated responses were subjected to thematic content analysis by two independent coders, yielding seven major themes: factual information provision with deference to human expertise; articulation of ethical principles; acknowledgment of bias potential and mitigation efforts; commitment to gender diversity and inclusion; explicit boundary-setting regarding capabilities and limitations; recognition of multidisciplinary knowledge requirements; and self-positioning as complementary rather than primary resources. Comparative analysis revealed divergent design philosophies: ChatGPT emphasized communicative capabilities and empowering potential, while Claude repeatedly foregrounded limitations and the necessity of human oversight. Both models acknowledged biases in training data but provided limited operational detail about mitigation. Findings were interpreted through technological mediation theory, value-sensitive design, and comprehensive sexuality education frameworks, revealing that AI systems serve as active mediators of sexual knowledge rather than neutral information conduits. While AI can provide accessible factual information, significant limitations remain in emotional intelligence, contextual judgment, and authentic relational capacity. The study concludes that AI may serve as a complementary resource within comprehensive sexuality education ecosystems but requires intentional design, transparency, and governance structures that center youth rights and developmental needs. Implications for AI developers, educators, policymakers, and researchers are discussed.

Study ObjectivesWhile recovery sleep can ameliorate the negative impacts of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on cognitive functioning, the effects of post-TSD sleep on different forms of emotional functioning remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of TSD and post-TSD recovery sleep on emotional memory processing.MethodsParticipants viewed scenes with negative or neutral central objects overlain on neutral backgrounds. The scene components were then presented separately for recognition testing. Participants in the TSD (n = 46) and Sleep (n = 22) conditions encoded the scenes the morning after the sleep manipulation (~10:00) and recognition memory was tested for half of the scene components after a short delay (Recog_1, ~10:45). Twenty of the TSD participants then received a 90-min nap opportunity (TSDNap). All participants then completed a second recognition test on the remaining images (Recog_2, ~14:00).ResultsAt Recog_1, all TSD participants showed worse overall memory compared to sleep participants. Specifically, memory was significantly worse for every scene component except neutral objects during Recog_1. At Recog_2, while memory deteriorated further for all scene components in the TSDNoNap group, the TSDNap group showed no memory decline and had improved memory for negative objects, matching the sleep group at Recog_2.ConclusionsPost-TSD recovery sleep preserves and restores memory functioning to the level seen in typically rested individuals. But extending TSD leads to continued memory deterioration, highlighting the importance of sleep in healthy emotional memory functioning.This paper is part of the Festschrift in honor of Dr. Robert Stickgold.Statement of SignificanceNapping after a night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) improves performance on many tasks. However, the impact that “recovery sleep” has on emotional memory has never been investigated prior to this study. As expected, total sleep loss prior to learning had a negative impact on all memory scores after a 10-min delay. TSD participants were then allowed a 90-min nap, or they stayed awake. At a second memory test, 4-h later, memory got worse for all stimuli in TSD participants that stayed awake. Intriguingly, the sleep deprived participants that napped showed no memory decline for neutral information and had improved memory for negative memory elements, resulting in memory abilities equivalent to those that slept normally the previous night.

Purpose : Over the last decade, blockchain technology has exponentially grown and paved the way for large-scale adoption in numerous fields. Its primary use was related to cryptocurrency. However, the sphere of its application extended and included supply chains, healthcare, governance, and, more notably, the financial industry. This study aimed to review the existing literature on blockchain and its application to financial accounting, accounting, and auditing. Methodology : To conduct this study, we used bibliometric analysis and a systematic review of the literature. This analysis identified several specific qualities that allowed identifying the use of blockchain technology in accounting and auditing, which included data security, blockchain, and blockchain encryption as a neutral information coding. However, concerns about data privacy, scalability, and regulatory uncertainty emerged as significant barriers that required attention from key stakeholders. Practical Implications : The study provided numerous suggestions for accounting professionals, auditors, and regulators, offering guidance on how to navigate emerging blockchain applications and integrate them responsibly into existing financial reporting practices. It could also provide a perspective on the role played by relevant organizations’ interests in shaping key investments in technology and their development. Originality : This paper contributed to the academic discourse by offering a comprehensive overview of blockchain’s financial applications and tracing its progress in the fields of accounting, auditing, and financial reporting.

The emotional oddball paradigm involves sequences of frequently presented standard stimuli and rare (mostly emotional) deviant stimuli. Presenting a highly arousing, emotionally negative deviant in a stream of neutral standard information is usually associated with a weaker recall rate (in a subsequent memory task) for stimuli that had been presented directly before the negative deviant (i.e. retrograde amnesia). This effect has often been explained by the arousal-biased competition (ABC) theory, which states that arousal biases attention towards salient stimuli and away from less salient stimuli; therefore, the focus of the ABC theory is on the arousing effects of the deviant. However, there is also evidence showing that emotionally arousing positive deviants led to enhanced recall rates for stimuli preceding the deviant (Hurlemann et al., 2005; Experiment 1). In this study we replicated the methods used in the aforementioned study from Hurlemann et al. (2005), but did neither find enhanced nor decreased recall performances for stimuli preceding positive deviants. We did, however, find weak evidence of poorer recall rates for stimuli preceding a negative deviant. The implications of these results for the ABC theory and the role of positive valence on memory are discussed.

Abstract Previous research has suggested that older adults are more loss-averse in risky decisions, and their performance can be susceptible to age-related stereotype threats. However, prior findings have predominantly focused on negative stereotypes, and the underlying cognitive mechanisms remain unclear. This study expands the literature by examining the impact of both positive and negative age-related stereotypes and its cognitive underpinnings in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a well-established measure of experience-based risky decision-making. We randomly assigned 159 older adults (M = 67.09, SD = 5.22) to receive information containing either positive or negative age-related stereotypes, or the same neutral information as 53 younger adults (M = 20.55, SD = 2.04) received. Participants completed the BART by pumping virtual balloons. Computational models were applied to decompose the underlying cognitive dimensions influencing decision behaviors. Consistent with prior findings, modeling results revealed that compared to younger adults, older adults exhibited lower learning rates and greater loss aversion. Contrary to our expectations, further analyses suggested that age-related stereotypes impacted primarily on the prior belief of risk. Older adults exposed to positive stereotypes held lower prior beliefs of risk compared to their counterparts receiving negative stereotypes, while there was no significant priming effect of age-related stereotypes on loss aversion. Our findings elucidate age differences in the cognitive underpinnings of risky decisions in the BART and underscore that age-related stereotypes impact older adults’ decision performance by distinctively influencing their prior beliefs about risk instead of their risk or loss preferences.

In this paper, the authors continue to examine the phenomenon of media bias in American digital media, focusing on the aggravation of the political crisis caused by two assassination attempts on Republican candidate Donald Trump during the election campaign. The use of an original methodology, including automated collection and analysis of a text array (1000 publications from 20 leading digital platforms), made it possible to identify key trends in the formation of the information agenda in the period from July 13 to September 22, 2024. The results of the study indicate a deep institutionalization of ideological positions in the digital media space. Left-wing and moderate-left digital publications, despite the extraordinary nature of the events, continued the practice of personalized criticism, focusing on the political and psychological profile of D. Trump and the shortcomings of his political campaign, rather than on the analysis of the crisis situation caused by the aforementioned extraordinary events. This approach highlights the fundamental change in the nature of modern media, which increasingly act not as neutral information channels but as active participants in the political process with a clearly expressed ideological program. Right-wing and moderate-right digital publications demonstrated a more complex model of coverage, combining criticism of state institutions with support for various aspects of D. Trump's political activities. However, the limited audience reach of these publications significantly reduces their potential in shaping public opinion and mitigating polarization. Of particular interest are the data on centrist digital platforms, which, during the crisis, temporarily moved away from the previously observed left-liberal drift. Nevertheless, the analysis of the tonality of publications revealed the persistence of certain biases, which raises the question of the real possibility of achieving political neutrality in the modern media environment. The study makes a significant contribution to understanding the mechanisms of media polarization, demonstrating that even in conditions of acute political crisis, digital media remain an important factor in deepening social divisions, rather than an instrument of consolidation. The results obtained are important for the development of new approaches to regulating the media space and creating a more balanced information ecosystem.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine public attitudes toward daylight saving time (DST) and its perceived health consequences in Australia, where state-level variation in DST adoption provides a unique setting to test whether the exposure to DST-related health risk information influences these attitudes and how individual differences moderate this effect.MethodsIn a preregistered, randomized online experiment, Australian adults (n = 499) were assigned to receive either neutral information about DST or DST-related health-risk messaging highlighting its negative health consequences. Participants’ attitudes toward DST, policy preferences, perceived health consequences, pre-existing health awareness, and credibility perceptions were assessed, and sociodemographic characteristics were subsequently collected. Chronotype was assessed using the Micro-Munich ChronoType Questionnaire.ResultsExposure to DST-related health-risk messaging reduced DST policy support and increased its perceived health consequences, effectively eliminating the modest majority in favour of DST in the absence of such messaging. These effects were stronger among individuals with higher pre-existing health awareness and earlier chronotypes. Mediation analyses showed that shifts in overall attitudes toward DST policy were explained by heightened recognition of DST-related health consequences, with this indirect pathway being amplified when the information was perceived as more credible.ConclusionsCollectively, our findings show that favourable views of DST are linked to lower recognition of its health consequences, while credible health-risk messaging reduces support by raising awareness of these risks. This underscores the importance of evidence-based health-risk messaging for informing DST policymaking in Australia and internationally, where DST remains a matter of debate.

The amygdala helps prioritize emotional over neutral information. However, it responds similarly to positive and negative stimuli, and so is unlikely to be the source of valence-specific effects within affective networks. We hypothesized that the locus coeruleus (LC) is a key contributor to negative biases in attention. Using ultra-high field 7T magnetic resonance imaging, we tested how arousal modulates processing of emotional faces during an oddball task in twenty-two young adults during two separate sessions. Arousal induced by isometric handgrip increased LC cerebral blood flow and amplified brain responses to target and angry faces, but not to happy faces. The amygdala exhibited valence-general responses that were not modulated by arousal. LC connectivity with the default mode network decreased during processing target and angry faces, and arousal further modulated responses in the salience network and visual cortex. Behaviorally, arousal enhanced recognition of angry faces only when allocating attentional resources and memory performance was linked to left LC brain activity. These findings highlight the LC as a key structure through which arousal shapes valence processing, biases attention, and informs mechanisms related to affective disorders.

It is accepted in archival science that research in archives produces a series of cognitive-affective responses. However, the cognitive-affective responses among professional archivists are still poorly understood. Addressing this gap is important given that archival work is a form of care labor. Archivists are not neutral information processors but have understandable emotional reactions when processing records and the lingering affects therein. Like with other caring professions, archivists face the professional hazard of burnout. A better understanding of archivists’ cognitive-affective responses can provide insights to develop supporting tools to mitigate these professional hazards. Thus, addressing this research gap matters to the sustainability of the archival profession and requires collective action. We draw from the case study of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States to explore the affective experiences of the archivists who documented this epidemic. We investigated archivists’ affective experiences and their coping strategies. Relying on purposive sampling and grounded theory, this study builds upon interview data with 25 archivists working in LGBTQIA+ archives. Archivists articulated their experiences as both an inspiration and a burden. As an inspiration, archival work motivated participants to evince the structural injustices faced by the LGBTQIA+ community. As a burden, archival labor led our participants to experience shock, sorrow, and grief, emotions that they navigated with a combination of individual and relational strategies. Despite these burdens, participants found meaning in pushing through their difficult emotions because they believed it was important to make HIV/AIDS records accessible. Our results expand ongoing conversations in archival studies and library sciences about the affective dimension of information curation and the correlation between positive affects and life skills like self-care and community engagement. In addition, our findings reveal an opportunity to enhance existing supporting resources for archivists by leveraging the positive affects derived from archival work.

BackgroundEmotion dysregulation is a central feature in trauma-associated disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it remains unclear whether emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic phenomenon closely linked to childhood trauma, or if disorder-specific alterations in emotion processing exist. Following a multimethodological approach, we aimed to assess and compare the reactivity to and regulation of emotions between patients with BPD and PTSD, as well as healthy controls, and identify associations with childhood trauma.MethodsA total of 135 women, 43 healthy controls, 43 with BPD and 49 with PTSD, took part in a multimethodological assessment of emotional reactivity and regulation. Self-report measures were used to assess childhood trauma and emotion dysregulation. Additionally, participants performed a classic emotion regulation (ER) paradigm. Subjective emotional valence ratings and neurophysiological responses (P3 and late positive potential, LPP) were measured in response to negative, positive, and neutral pictures (emotional reactivity) and during active regulation vs. passive viewing of negative pictures (ER).ResultsRegarding emotional reactivity, during the experimental paradigm both patient groups reported lower emotional valence after viewing positive or neutral pictures compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, P3 amplitudes in response to neutral pictures were reduced in both patient groups and in response to negative pictures, specifically in patients with PTSD. Regarding ER, while both patient groups self-reported significant disturbances in ER, neither valence ratings nor neurophysiological responses assessed during the ER task (P3, LPP) differed from healthy controls. Across groups, childhood trauma was related to decreased emotional valence ratings on neutral and positive pictures and higher self-reported emotion dysregulation.ConclusionsPatients with BPD and PTSD exhibited a reduced emotional reactivity in response to positive and neutral information. Specifically, patients with PTSD demonstrated hypo-reactivity to neutral and trauma-unrelated negative stimuli, which might be due to altered attentional resource allocation following trauma. Although patients reported using adaptive ER strategies less frequently in daily life, they effectively implemented them when instructed to, highlighting important clinical and theoretical implications.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40479-025-00313-3.

ABSTRACT Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are theorized to amplify the effects of poor executive functioning (EF) leading to rumination. Though, few studies test this hypothesis among adolescents. Rumination is a transdiagnostic risk factor linked to mental health problems. We tested the moderating effect of ACEs (across informants) on the association between EF (measured using neutral and negative stimuli) and depressive and anger rumination. Method Youth were initially recruited at 3–5 years-old for a longitudinal project examining the biopsychosocial consequences of child maltreatment. These analyses are based on a follow-up study that included adolescents (n = 48; ages 14–16; M = 14.86, SD = .50) who completed self-reports of lifetime ACEs, depressive and anger rumination, and the affective interference resolution task (a measure of EF). Additionally, a caregiver provided lifetime report of youth ACEs, and early childhood ACEs (3–5 years of age) were assessed using child protective records and caregiver interviews. Results Contrary to expectations, EF in the context of negative information was not associated with any form of rumination. Instead, poor EF in the context of neutral information was associated with more anger rumination for adolescents who experience two or more ACEs per adolescent report (b = .01, p = .011), or three or more ACEs per caregiver report (b = .01, p = .046) after controlling for gender and current mental health problems; however, these effects were no longer significant when mental health problems were removed as a covariate. Furthermore, the interaction utilizing early childhood ACEs was not significant. Lastly, the interactions between ACEs and EF assessed with neutral information on depressive rumination and brooding were null. Conclusions There is some support for the interactive relationship between EF and ACEs on rumination. However, statistical significance varies based on model specification and assessment of constructs. It is important to utilize multi-informants to assess ACEs, EF measured across valenced stimuli, and broad conceptualizations of rumination.

Unexpected words within a context elicit large N400 brain potentials. However, sometimes the N400 at an unexpected word is small when stereotypical agent and patient roles are reversed, such as at "arrested" in "the cop that the thief arrested." In a study of 74 native German speakers, we demonstrate evidence that readers can avoid this so-called N400 semantic illusion if the verb is delayed with neutral information such as "that evening," but are less able to do so if the delay contains cues that could further strengthen the canonical interpretation, such as "with handcuffs." In doing so, we provide a conceptual replication of a relatively new finding and extend previous research by showing that the semantic content of the delay is important. Moreover, we demonstrate evidence that the effect of only the neutral delay increases as the experiment progresses. We propose an interpretation of these findings with reference to the Sentence Gestalt model [Rabovsky, M., Hansen, S. S., & McClelland, J. L. Modelling the N400 brain potential as change in a probabilistic representation of meaning. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 693, 2018], which accounts for the initial illusion as resulting from uncertainty and an erroneous interpretation based on a strong semantic attractor. Two additional, novel contributions of the work are a demonstration that the illusion can be elicited in German, despite its explicit subject-object case marking, and an exploration of illusion effect among individual readers.

This study investigated whether psychological stress influences the directed forgetting (DF) effect for neutral and negative information. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was adopted to induce acute stress. Subsequently, both the stress and control groups performed a modified directed forgetting (DF) task. Results showed that, (1) For both neutral and negative items, the recognition rate was higher for the to-be-remembered (TBR) items than for the to-be-forgotten (TBF) items, a typical DF effect in both groups. (2) A reduced DF effect was found for the negative items than for the neutral items in the stress group, but not in the control group. (3) Compared to the control group, a lower recognition performance of TBF items, as well as an enhanced DF effect, was found in the stress group for neutral items but not for negative items. These results demonstrated that acute psychological stress could facilitate the memory control process of neutral, but not negative information.

The study relies on an extensive dataset (≈1.86 million news headlines) to investigate the heterogeneity and predictive power of explicit sentiment signals (TextBlob, VADER, and FinBERT) and implied sentiment (VIX) for stock market trends. We find that news content predominantly consists of objective or neutral information, with only a small portion carrying subjective or emotive weight. There is a structural market bias toward upswings (bullish market states). Market behavior appears anticipatory rather than reactive: forward-looking implied sentiment captures a substantial share (≈45–50%) of the variation in stock returns. By contrast, sentiment scores, even when disaggregated into firm- and non-firm-specific subscores, lack robust predictive power. However, weekend and holiday sentiment contains modest yet valuable market signals. Algorithm-wise, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) stands out in both classification (bullish vs. bearish) and regression tasks. Neither FinBERT news sentiment, historical returns, nor implied volatility offer a consistently exploitable edge over market efficiency. Thus, our findings lend empirical support to both the weak-form and semi-strong forms of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. In the realm of exploitable trading strategies, markets remain an enigma against systematic alpha.

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to provide insights into the textual attributes of biodiversity disclosures and the extent to which they participate in better disclosures. This work also aims to identify the drivers of these attributes. Through an analysis of listed firms in the mandatory French context, we demonstrate that the sectoral risk profile of companies and their acknowledgement of significant risks of impacts and dependencies on biodiversity influence the textual attributes of biodiversity disclosures. In low-risk sectors, firms provide higher-quality disclosures than do those in moderate-risk sectors due to more quantified and neutral information. In high-risk sectors, firms that recognise significant risks also have better disclosures. They disseminate more numerous, quantitative, and readable information. Conversely, those that do not recognise risks exhibit slightly lower-quality disclosures than do firms in moderate-risk sectors. Through legitimacy and impression management theories, we contribute to an in-depth understanding of how strategies for reducing the legitimacy gap or defensive/assertive impression management are achieved and, therefore, of the factors involved in improving biodiversity disclosures and commitments.

This study explores the identification and assessment of regime shifts in Bitcoin markets through the application of advanced statistical models, namely HMMs, MSMs, and Threshold Models. The analysis utilizes key financial indicators including market capitalization, volatility, trading volume, and historical Bitcoin price data, along with statistical measures such as mean, minimum, and maximum values to enhance the detection of market patterns. Distinctions are made between bullish (sustained price increases exceeding 20%), bearish (sustained price declines exceeding 20%), and neutral (periods of low volatility and sideways movement) market regimes. HMMs provide predictive insights into market transitions, MSMs are employed to capture structural regime changes, and the Threshold Model identifies significant price behaviors. The findings indicate that HMMs outperform the other models in forecasting regime shifts, particularly in detecting transitions among bullish, bearish, and neutral phases information crucial for strategic trading decisions. Unlike traditional models, HMMs effectively accommodate the non-stationary characteristics of Cryptocurrency markets by incorporating variables such as market sentiment, regulatory developments, technological advancements, and macroeconomic conditions. The study presents a comprehensive HMM-based framework for regime detection and market forecasting that supports traders in optimizing entry, exit, and holding strategies to maximize profits while managing risk. Furthermore, the Viterbi algorithm is employed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of HMM-based forecasts, confirming the robustness of HMMs in modeling and predicting complex market regimes.