Neutral Energy Research Articles

Accurate atomic electron affinities calculated by using anionic Gaussian basis sets

The computation of accurate electron affinity (EA) remains one of the most difficult tasks in quantum chemistry. A major source of error in EA calculations is the inadequacy of the basis set (BS) to represent the anionic system, since the Gaussian exponents are normally optimized for the neutral atom energy. To overcome this problem, one must augment the BSs with diffuse functions, which allow a better description of long-range interactions in anionic systems. Here, we report a new methodology to generate BSs for accurate EA computation that consists in the direct optimization of the Gaussian exponents in an anionic environment. By using the anionic basis sets (ABSs), we substantially reduce the errors in EA calculation for boron, carbon, oxygen and fluorine. A graphical analysis of the ABS parameters shows that their exponents are able to span important regions for short- and long-ranged interactions, which permit the ABSs to properly describe both neutral and anionic systems.

Biogas to H2 conversion with CO2 capture using chemical looping technology: Process simulation and comparison to conventional reforming processes

H2 is a clean fuel and crucial industrial substance with rapidly increasing global demand. Although the combustion and utilization of H2 does not emit CO2, the production of H2 from fossil fuels is associated with heavy CO2 emissions. Biogas is a renewable, carbon neutral energy source that can be potentially used as a substitute for fossil fuels for H2 production. Furthermore, with CO2 capture, H2 production from biogas can become CO2 negative. However, the energy efficiency of the conversion from biogas to H2 is usually significantly lower than natural gas-based H2 production processes due to the energy consumption associated with CO2 separation. This study presents an iron-based chemical looping technology as an alternative pathway to convert biogas into H2. This chemical looping process requires neither upstream biogas compression and purification, nor downstream CO2 removal and H2 purification, hence achieving a great level of process intensification. The chemical looping process, as well as the conventional steam methane reforming and mixed reforming processes for biogas to H2 conversion, are simulated in ASPEN to compare their performance. This simulation study shows that the chemical looping process can directly use biogas with CO2 volume ratio ranging from 0 to 50% to achieve 13–14% (relative percentage) increase in cold gas efficiency and 15–20% (relative percentage) increase in effective thermal efficiency over conventional reforming processes.

Microeconomics of electrical energy storage in a fully renewable electricity system

The problem of climate change requires a transition to carbon–neutral energy. Given the variability of key renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind, fully renewable electricity systems require some form of energy storage. But as described in this study, the economics of electrical energy storage are complex. Many reports on cost of electricity storage confuse the cost of charge/discharge power in kW with the cost of energy storage potential in kWh. These parameters vary greatly and create fundamentally different cost structures for different storage technologies. A case study from the island-nation of Mauritius demonstrates that simulation of a complete electricity system is needed to minimize cost of energy storage, and finds that reservoir-type storage such as pumped hydroelectric (PHES) is less expensive than using batteries for the storage requirements modeled. Large reductions in battery prices make them more competitive, but do not greatly reduce total costs. PHES is a fully mature technology, and is more widely available than may be assumed. Policy makers can thus be confident that commitments to deploy renewable energy do not depend on development of new storage technology or reduction of battery prices.

V8C7 decorating CoP nanosheets-assembled microspheres as trifunctional catalysts toward energy-saving electrolytic hydrogen production

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis for large scale application is still limited majorly by the huge energy consumption and high cost of catalyst materials. In this work, with rationally designing V/Co metal-organic framework (V/Co-MOF) as a precursor, a series of V8C7 decorating CoP nanosheets-assembled microspheres (V8C7/CoP) was synthesized via pyrolysis and a subsequent phosphidation. Thanks to the synergistic effect between V8C7 and CoP, the optimized V8C7/CoP as trifunctional catalysts exhibit remarkable performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). More importantly, we propose an acid-alkaline asymmetric-electrolyte electrolyzer (AAAE) by using the optimized V8C7/CoP electrode as both acidic cathode for HER and alkaline anode UOR, respectively. The optimum AAAE system only needs an applied voltage of 0.8 V to reach an electrolytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen production, which significantly reduces the energy consumption for hydrogen production owing to the assistance of electrochemical neutralization energy (ENE) and electrochemical urea oxidation energy.

A model for plasma–neutral fluid interaction and its application to a study of CT formation in a magnetized Marshall gun

A model for plasma/neutral fluid interaction was developed and included in the implementation of non-linear MHD equations to a new code framework. The source rates of ion, electron, and neutral fluid momentum and energy due to ionization and recombination are derived using a simple method that enables the determination of the volumetric rate of thermal energy transfer from electrons to photons and neutral particles in the radiative recombination reaction. This quantity cannot be evaluated with the standard formal procedure of taking moments of the relevant collision operator and has been neglected in other studies. The plasma/neutral fluid interaction model was applied to study compact torus (CT) formation in the Super-Magnetized Ring Test (SMRT) and Spherical Compact Toroid (SPECTOR) magnetized Marshall guns, enabling clarification of the mechanisms behind the significant increases in CT electron density that are routinely observed well after formation on the SPECTOR experiment. Neutral gas, which remains concentrated below the gas valves after CT formation, diffuses up the gun barrel to the CT containment region where it is ionized, leading to the observed electron density increases. This understanding helps account for the exceptionally significant increase in temperature and the markedly reduced density, observed during the electrode edge biasing experiment conducted on SPECTOR. It is thought that edge fueling impediment, a consequence of a biasing-induced transport barrier, is largely responsible for the observed temperature increase and density decrease.

Effect of low energy availability during three consecutive days of endurance training on iron metabolism in male long distance runners.

We investigated the effect of low energy availability (LEA) during three consecutive days of endurance training on muscle glycogen content and iron metabolism. Six male long distance runners completed three consecutive days of endurance training under LEA or neutral energy availability (NEA) conditions. Energy availability was set at 20 kcal/kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/day for LEA and 45 kcal/kg FFM/day for NEA. The subjects ran for 75 min at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max) on days 1–3. Venous blood samples were collected following an overnight fast on days 1–4, immediately and 3 hr after exercise on day 3. The muscle glycogen content on days 1–4 was evaluated by carbon‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In LEA condition, the body weight and muscle glycogen content on days 2–4, and the FFM on days 2 and 4 were significantly lower than those on day1 (p < .05 vs. day1), whereas no significant change was observed throughout the training period in NEA condition. On day 3, muscle glycogen content before exercise was negatively correlated with serum iron level (immediately after exercise, 3 hr after exercise), serum hepcidin level immediately after exercise, and plasma IL‐6 level immediately after exercise (p < .05). Moreover, serum hepcidin level on day 4 was significantly higher in LEA condition than that in NEA condition (p < .05). In conclusion, three consecutive days of endurance training under LEA reduced the muscle glycogen content with concomitant increased serum hepcidin levels in male long distance runners.

Implementation of a separate fluid‐neutral energy equation in SOLPS‐ITER and its impact on the validity range of advanced fluid‐neutral models

AbstractIn plasma edge transport codes for nuclear fusion devices, fluid‐neutral models offer an interesting alternative to the currently used kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, especially for cases of high ion‐neutral collisionality. In this paper, we elaborate a separate neutral energy equation in the state‐of‐the‐art SOLPS‐ITER code suite, which previously assumed perfect ion‐neutral temperature equilibration. Furthermore, we study the coupled plasma‐neutral solutions for a range of divertor operating regimes, proving the validity of these fluid‐neutral models for high‐recycling and detached regimes.

Rational electronic control of carbon dioxide reduction over cobalt oxide

The selective reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into fuels and chemicals is expected to play a key role in achieving a carbon–neutral sustainable energy economy. Activation of CO2 is the most important step in this process. As the electron transfer to CO2 is the rate-limiting step for CO2 activation, it is significant to modulate the electronic structure of CO2 reduction catalysts to enhance their activities. However, the intrinsic relationships between electronic properties of catalysts and their catalytic activities remains somewhat unclear, which limits the rational design of highly-efficient CO2 reduction catalysts. Herein, a catalyst-insulator–metal system consisting of Al as an electron-donor material was designed to modulate the electronic structure of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) catalyst. The electrons in Al can be efficiently tunneled to Co3O4 across an ultrathin self-formed Al2O3 insulating layer. Experimental and theoretical results undoubtedly confirm that high electron density on Co3O4 favours the adsorption and activation of CO2, while lowers the energy barrier for the formation of COOH* and especially lowers the desorption energy barrier of CO* intermediates, thereby significantly accelerating the reaction kinetics of CO2-to-CO photoreduction. The turnover frequency per Co atom of Co3O4/Al2O3-Al is much higher than that of Co3O4. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) of Co3O4/Al2O3-Al catalyst highly reaches 3.8% at 420 nm, which is superior to those of most reported catalysts. Besides, the increase in electron density on Co3O4 can effectively inhibit the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. The selectivity of CO increases from 57.9% for Co3O4 to 82.4% for Co3O4/Al2O3-Al. Significantly, the catalytic efficiency can be rationally tuned through controlling the content and particle size of Al. This work stablishes the links between the electronic structure of catalysts and their catalytic activities toward CO2 reduction reaction. Moreover, this Al2O3-Al structure reported here, may be used as an unprecedented platform for the electronic effect study of other heterogeneous catalysts.

XPS guide: Charge neutralization and binding energy referencing for insulating samples

This guide deals with methods to control surface charging during XPS analysis of insulating samples and approaches to extracting useful binding energy information. The guide summarizes the causes of surface charging, how to recognize when it occurs, approaches to minimize charge buildup, and methods used to adjust or correct XPS photoelectron binding energies when charge control systems are used. There are multiple ways to control surface charge buildup during XPS measurements, and examples of systems on advanced XPS instruments are described. There is no single, simple, and foolproof way to extract binding energies on insulating material, but advantages and limitations of several approaches are described. Because of the variety of approaches and limitations of each, it is critical for researchers to accurately describe the procedures that have been applied in research reports and publications.

Bubble Formation in the Electrolyte Triggers Voltage Instability in CO2 Electrolyzers.

SummaryThe electrochemical reduction of CO2 is promising for mitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions; however, voltage instabilities currently inhibit reaching high current densities that are prerequisite for commercialization. Here, for the first time, we elucidate that product gaseous bubble accumulation on the electrode/electrolyte interface is the direct cause of the voltage instability in CO2 electrolyzers. Although bubble formation in water electrolyzers has been extensively studied, we identified that voltage instability caused by bubble formation is unique to CO2 electrolyzers. The appearance of syngas bubbles within the electrolyte at the gas diffusion electrode (GDE)-electrolyte chamber interface (i.e. ∼10% bubble coverage of the GDE surface) was accompanied by voltage oscillations of 60 mV. The presence of syngas in the electrolyte chamber physically inhibited two-phase reaction interfaces, thereby resulting in unstable cell performance. The strategic incorporation of our insights on bubble growth behavior and voltage instability is vital for designing commercially relevant CO2 electrolyzers.

Ultrastructural evolution, physiological traits, and carbon and nitrogen assimilation–related gene expression are compatible with the developmental transitions of parthenogenesis in Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Pyropia haitanensis has a typical parthenogenetic behavior under unisexual culture condition. In this study, ultrastructural evolution and physiological traits of photosynthesis and the expression characteristics of key enzyme genes related to carbon and nitrogen assimilation pathways at different developmental stages of parthenogenesis were analyzed. Ultrastructural observations showed that the gametophytic vegetative cells had cell wall, pyrenoids, abundant chloroplasts, and rarely scattered floridean starch grains. However, the appearance of gathered chloroplasts, plastoglobuli, large lipid droplets, pyrenoids encircled by numerous plastoglobuli, and an increased number of floridean starch grains in the cells during parthenogenesis provide neutral lipid and energy resources that are compatible with the developmental transitions. Physiologically, vegetative gametophytes possessed the highest Fv/Fm and Chl. a content and the lowest C/N ratio. However, compared with vegetative cell proliferation stage, the activities of RubisCO (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) and external CA (carbonic anhydrase) increased at early stages of parthenogenesis, and Fv/Fm and activities of PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and PEPCK (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) remained higher at later stages of parthenogenesis, suggesting that dynamic photosynthetic carbon fixation occurs in parthenogenesis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that selective regulation of key enzyme genes related to carbon and nitrogen assimilation pathways maintained stable carbon and nitrogen metabolism during developmental transitions of parthenogenesis. Moreover, during parthenogenesis, photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway potentially changed from C3 pathway at female gametophyte stage to C4 pathway at parthenosporophyte stage, which is similar to that of gametophytes and sporophytes in sexual reproduction. Meanwhile, the ammonia assimilation involved GDH pathway (glutamate dehydrogenase pathway) and GS/GOGAT cycle (glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle) in female gametophyte stage, while GS/GOGAT cycle was dominant in parthenosporophyte stage, suggesting that GS/GOGAT cycle may play an important role in the carbon and nitrogen balance during the developmental transitions of parthenogenesis. These results provide important information for revealing the adaptation strategy of parthenogenesis in Pyropia.

Structure evolution and mechanical properties of hard tantalum diboride films

Tantalum diboride (TaB2) belonging to the ultrahigh temperature ceramics family is proving to be a promising material for hard protective films, thanks to its high thermal stability and excellent mechanical properties. However, growth of TaB2 ± x films prepared using physical vapor deposition techniques is strongly affected by Ar neutrals reflected from a stoichiometric TaB2 target due to a significant mass difference of heavy Ta and light B atoms leading to substantial changes in the final chemical composition and structure of films. In this work, TaB2 ± x films are experimentally prepared using high target utilization sputtering. Stopping and range of ions in matter simulations are used to investigate the behavior of Ar neutrals during deposition processes. A wide range of analytical methods is used to completely characterize the chemical composition, structure, and mechanical properties of TaB2 ± x films, and the explanation of the obtained results is supported by density functional theory calculations. TaB2 ± x films grow in a broad compositional range from TaB1.36 to TaB3.84 depending on the kinetic energy of Ar neutrals. The structure of overstoichiometric TaB2 + x films consists of 0001 preferentially oriented α-TaB2 nanocolumns surrounded by a boron-tissue phase. In the case of highly understoichiometric TaB2 − x films, the boron-tissue phase disappears and the structure consisting of 0001 and 101¯1 oriented α-TaB2 nanocolumns is formed. All TaB2 ± x films exhibit excellent mechanical properties with high hardness, ranging from 27 to 43 GPa and relatively low values of Young's modulus in the range of 304–488 GPa.

The Lipolysome-A Highly Complex and Dynamic Protein Network Orchestrating Cytoplasmic Triacylglycerol Degradation.

The catabolism of intracellular triacylglycerols (TAGs) involves the activity of cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzymes. Cytoplasmic TAG hydrolysis, commonly termed lipolysis, is catalyzed by the sequential action of three major hydrolases, namely adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and monoacylglycerol lipase. All three enzymes interact with numerous protein binding partners that modulate their activity, cellular localization, or stability. Deficiencies of these auxiliary proteins can lead to derangements in neutral lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the composition and the dynamics of the complex lipolytic machinery we like to call “lipolysome”.

Scalable Synthesis of a MoS2/Black Phosphorus Heterostructure for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis

AbstractThe exploration and scalable synthesis of the earth‐abundant and excellent electrocatalysts without noble metal are crucial to the future hydrogen production and application. Herein, an affordable electrocatalyst is built through an in‐situ growth of MoS2 nanosheets vertically on the electro‐exfoliated black phosphorus (EEBP) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The electro‐exfoliation achieves the high‐yield production of few‐layer BP lamellae from its bulk crystal, hosting the scalable synthesis of uniform MoS2/EEBP heterostructure. Moreover, the vertical growth manner can effectively aggrandize the exposed MoS2 edge sites and probably advance the catalytic activity to a certain extent. As for HER, such a MoS2/EEBP heterostructure exhibits promising catalytic performance with low overpotentials of 126 mV, 237 mV and 258 mV at 10 mA cm−2 (η10) as well as low Tafel slopes in both acid, alkaline and neutral media, respectively. The rationales behind the satisfactory catalytic properties are explained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Theoretically, it is revealed that the MoS2/EEBP heterostructure with a more neutral hydrogen adsorption energy can benefit the electrons migration and boost the water dissociation kinetics. This study presents an effective method to design and fabricate highly efficient heterostructure electrocatalysts through interface engineering towards hydrogen production.

Daily energy balance and eating behaviour during a 14-day cold weather expedition in Greenland.

We assessed energy compensation, appetite, and reward value of foods during a 14-day military expedition in Greenland realized by 12 male French soldiers, during which energy compensation was optimized by providing them with easy-to-eat palatable foods in excess. Although daily energy expenditure (estimated by accelerometry) stayed relatively constant throughout the expedition (15 ± 9 MJ·day-1), energy intake (EI; estimated by self-reported diaries) was 17% higher during the D8-D14 period compared with the D1-D7 period, leading to a neutral energy balance (EB). Body fat mass (BFM) significantly decreased (-1.0 ± 0.7 kg, p < 0.001) but not body mass (BM). Neither hunger scores (assessed by visual analog scales) nor components of the reward value of food (explicit liking (EL) and food preference) were significantly altered. However, changes in EL at D10 were positively correlated with changes in BM (r = 0.600, p < 0.05) and BFM (r = 0.680, p < 0.05) and changes in hunger in the EI of the relevant period (r = 0.743, p < 0.01 for D1-D7, r = 0.652, p < 0.05 for D8-14). This study shows that the negative EB and BM loss can be attenuated by an appropriate food supply and that subjective components of eating behaviour, such as hunger and EL, may be useful to predict the magnitude of energy compensation. Novelty Energy intake increases during of a 14-day expedition in the cold. Energy compensation was likely facilitated by providing participants with easy-to-eat palatable and familiar foods. Hunger scores and EL for energy-dense foods were associated with high EIs and low BM changes.

Particulate inorganic salts and trace element emissions of a domestic boiler fed with five commercial brands of wood pellets.

Pellet stoves arouse a real interest from consumers because they are perceived as a renewable and carbon neutral energy. However, wood combustion can contribute significantly to air pollution, in particular through the emission of particulate matter (PM). In this article, five brands of wood pellets were burnt under optimal combustion conditions and trace element and inorganic salt emission factors (EFs) in PM were determined. Results show that a significant proportion of metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper initially present in pellets were emitted into the air during combustion with 20 ± 6%, 31 ± 12%, and 19 ± 6% of the initial content respectively for Zn, Pb, and Cd. The median emission factors for Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Zn, and Ni were respectively 188, 86, 9.3, 8.7, 2177, and 3.5μgkg-1. The inorganic fraction of the PM emissions was dominated by K+, SO42-, and Cl- with respective EFs of 33, 28.7, and 11.2mgkg-1. Even taking into account a consumption of 40.1 million tons by 2030 in the EU, the resulting pollution in terms of heavy metal emissions remains minimal in comparison with global emissions in the EU.

A hybrid fluid-kinetic model for hydrogenic atoms in the plasma edge of tokamaks based on a micro-macro decomposition of the kinetic equation

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the full kinetic equation for the neutral particles in the plasma edge become computationally costly for reactor-relevant regimes. To accelerate the simulations, we propose a hybrid fluid-kinetic approach that is based on a micro-macro decomposition of the kinetic equation. This leads to a macro/fluid model with kinetic corrections that follow from an MC simulation of the micro/kinetic part. We distinguish three hybrid models with different underlying fluid equations: (i) a pure pressure-diffusion equation with equal neutral and ion temperatures (Tn=Ti); (ii) a continuity and parallel momentum equation with pressure-diffusion transport retained in the directions perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, with Tn=Ti; and (iii) the same model as (ii), but with a separate neutral energy equation (Tn≠Ti). To facilitate the future integration in more complete plasma edge codes, we neglect some kinetic correction terms. Hence, the hybrid model is not exactly equivalent to the full kinetic equation. We assess the hybrid performance on the basis of the reduction of the CPU time compared to an MC simulation of the full kinetic equation for the same statistical error on a certain plasma source. This is done for a high recycling slab case. Only the models with parallel momentum equation ((ii)-(iii)) are able to significantly reduce the CPU time. However, due to the incomplete kinetic corrections there is a remaining hybrid-kinetic discrepancy that mainly pops up in the ion energy source from the model with energy equation (iii).

Accurate SCC-DFTB Parametrization for Bulk Water.

The SCC-DFTB repulsion parameters based on the material science set (matsci) were redesigned to describe the structure and dynamic properties of bulk liquid water. The iterative Boltzman inversion (IBI) approach was applied by simultaneously correcting the O-H and O-O SCC-DFTB repulsion energy contribution to develop the new water-matsci and water-matsci-UFF set of parameters. The water-matsci parameters provide O-O and O-H radial distribution functions in excellent agreement with available state-of-the-art experimental data. The parametrization is applied to compute binding energies of a set of water clusters with 2-10 molecules and compared to other DFTB parameters and reference data. The self-diffusion coefficients of ambient and supercooled (254 K) water have been estimated and compared to other SCC-DFTB calculated values and experiment. The performance of the new parameters for describing the density of ambient water and reactions involving water dissociation into H3O+ and OH-, the self-diffusion coefficient, and neutralization energy were investigated. Finally, we show that the new parametrization can be reliably applied to adsorption of water on the mineral pyrite by combining the new water-matsci parameters with the available matsci set of parameters for pyrite. This opens opportunities for investigating materials and phenomena of increasing complexity involving water.

An analytical approach for modeling of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells with homo–hetero junctions

An analytical model based on charge neutrality principle and energy band diagram analysis is investigated to model a new structure of silicon heterojunction solar cell, which encompasses both homo and heterojunctions. In the analysed structure, a thin (p+)c-Si and a thin (n+)c-Si layers are used at front and back surfaces of (n)c-Si substrate respectively. The purpose of incorporating these layers is to reduce the solar cell output parameters sensitivity to a-Si:H/c-Si interface defect densities, increase the open circuit voltage (Voc) and increase the fill factor (FF). Since (n)c-Si silicon bulk becomes quasi neutral in the mentioned structure, charge neutrality equation can be separated as two independent equations for front and back surfaces. Solving charge neutrality equations, result in a-Si:H/c-Si interface potential, and subsequently charge concentration, electric field, surface recombination velocity, and open circuit voltage (Voc) calculation. Then, by adjusting doping concentration of the two additional layers, their effect on surface potential and energy band bending is studied. It is observed that when doping concentration of (p+)c-Si layer is increased from 1×1018cm−3 to 5×1019cm−3, the Voc drops by 15mV, and FF increases by 2.5%, while Voc and FF sensitivity to interface defects density is improved considerably. On the other hand, by (n+)c-Si layer insertion at back surface, in addition to decreasing sensitivity to interface defect densities in comparison to conventional SHJ silicon solar cell, Voc and FF are increased due to combination of high conductivity and enhancement of field effect passivation at back surface of solar cell. Moreover, when doping concentration of (n+)c-Si layer increases from 1×1018cm−3 to 5×1019cm−3Voc and FF increases from 680 mV and 71% to 740 mV and 82% respectively.

Convection in the Magnetosphere of Saturn During the Cassini Mission Derived From MIMI INCA and CHEMS Measurements

AbstractAn extensive analysis of Cassini Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) and Charge Energy Mass Spectrometer (CHEMS) measurements of ~6–231 keV ion anisotropies acquired during selected spin and stare periods for nearly all mission orbits has been completed. Based on this analysis, we find that the computed azimuthal speed of Saturn's magnetodisk plasma increases within the inner and middle magnetosphere. Beyond the orbit of Titan, in the magnetotail, the calculated rotation speed remains roughly constant with increasing distance from Saturn. The component of convection parallel to Saturn's spin axis is smaller and on average nearly zero. The radial speed of plasma shows distinct local time dependence and increases outward with increasing distance down the magnetotail. The magnetodisk flow remains primarily azimuthal to large distances, indicating the plasma is still under the influence of Saturn as it transits across the nightside. Tailward flows have been observed in the region near the dawn and dusk magnetotail flanks. The plasma flow in the predawn quadrant is much more disorganized than that in the premidnight quadrant. The hydrogen and oxygen hot ion temperatures increase with decreasing distance to Saturn. Some plasma evidently escapes into a dusk boundary layer at the dusk magnetotail flank, while the remaining plasma primarily moves across the magnetotail and is entrained into the flow of a boundary layer at the dawn flank of the magnetotail. When scaled to the magnetopause standoff distance and corotation fraction, the convection speed of plasma in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn is similarly organized.