Types Of Neurosecretory Cells Research Articles

Ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the brain of diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (l)

The ultrastructure of seven different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) found in the medial and lateral areas of the brain of diapausing Manduca sexta is described. The five different types of NSC in the medial area have characteristic differences in their shape, size, neurosecretory granules (NSG), and the morphology of their organelles. The cell types of the medial area accumulated the NSG, but did not appear to be synthesizing and packaging new NSG, whereas the NSC in the lateral region were synthesizing and packaging NSG during diapause. The possible significance of the relationship between the lateral and medial cells is discussed.

Morphological and Morphometric Studies on the Terminal Boutons on the Neurosecretory Cells of the Rat Paraventricular Nucleus

Ultrathin sections of the male rat hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus prepared by perfusion fixation, were observed with a transmission electron microscope. The neurosecretory cells were classified into four types based on the difference in the structures of cell organelles and in the number and appearance of secretory granules present. This was reported elsewhere (Yukitake et al. Cell Tis. Res. 177: 1-8, 1977). Morphological and morphometric analyses on the terminal boutons abutting on the surface of the neursecretory cells were performed. The boutons were classified into three types: first type, having only small clear vesicles; second type, having large cored vesicles; and third type, having closely packed small vesicles. The incidence of the occurrence of each type of terminal bouton as well as the ratios of the surface of the perikarya of the neurosecretory cells covered by the terminal boutons were almost constant in all types of neurosecretory cells. As the stage of the secretory cycle proceeded, the numerical densities of the small synaptic vesicles in the terminal boutons clearly decreased. These results were consistent with the idea that each type of neurosecretory cell represented a different stage in the cell specific secretory cycle rather than a difference in neuron grouping, and that the terminal boutons probably transmitted some information regulating the secretory function of the cells.

Ultrastructure of the protocerebral neurosecretory cells of larval Galleria mellonella, in situ and after culture of the brain in vitro

Three major groups of neurosecretory cells are described in the larval brain of Galleria mellonella at two different times during the last larval instar and in larval brains after 72 hr of culture in vitro. The medial group in vivo consists of four distinct neurosecretory cell types, based on characteristic size and morphology, while the posterior and lateral groups each contain a single distinct type of neurosecretory cell. Morphological differences between the same neurosecretory cells at the different times during the last instar are most apparent in the lateral L-1 cells and in the medial M-2 cells, where pleiomorphism is particularly evident in the size, density and accumulations of neurosecretory granules. The only neurosecretory cells in which apparent synthesis of neurosecretory granules is still observed after culture of the brain in vitro are the medial M-2 cells. The other neurosecretory cell types show no accumulation of neurosecretory granules nor new synthesis of neurosecretory material, but are similar to neurosecretory cells in the brain in vivo in all other respects. The morphology of the neurosecretory cells in the larval brain in vivo and in vitro is discussed in relation to their appearance at the light microscopic level and to a known neurohormonal function of the brain which is maintained during 72 hr in vitro.

Localisation et cytologie des cellules neurosécrétrices protocérébrales chez Lithobius forficatus L. (Myriapode Chilopode)

In L. forficatus (Chilopoda), various types of protocerebral neurosecretory cells and pathways of secretory products were studied. Light microscopy data include the transverse distribution, the localization of two cell types (types 1 and 2) and their arborizations. The ultrastructural study permits characterization of three cell types (A, B and C), which differ mainly in the size, number and electron opacity of their granules; variations are related to the secretory cycle. Results obtained with light and electron microscopes are compared.

The anatomy of neurosecretory neurones in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).

The anatomy of three neurosecretory cell types in the central nervous system (c.n.s.) of the gastropod mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)- the Dark Green Cells, Yellow Cells and Yellow-green Cells-has been studied by using bright and dark field illumination of material stained for neurosecretion by the Alcian Blue-Alcian Yellow technique. The neuronal geometry of single and groups of neurosecretory cells of the various types has been reconstructed from serial sections, and the likely destination of most of their processes has been determined. Dark Green Cells are monopolar, occur exclusively within the central nervous system (c.n.s.), have few or no branches terminating in neuropile, and send axons to the surface of the pleuro-parietal and pleuro-cerebral connectives. The majority of Dark Green Cell axons however (80-85%), project down nerves which innervate ventral and anterior parts of the head-foot, the neck and the mantle. Dark Green Cell axons can be found in small nerves throughout these areas, and may terminate in a find plexus of axons on the surfaces of the nerves. Since previous experimental work has shown that the Dark Green Cells are involved in osmotic or ionic regulation, these results suggest that the target organ of the Dark Green Cells may be the skin. Yellow Cells occur both within and outside the c.n.s. They are usually monopolar, but can be bipolar. They have several axons which normally arise separately from a single pole of the cell body, or close to it. One or more processes leave the cell proximal to the point where separate axons arise, and may run unbranched for some distance through neuropile before terminating in fine brances and blobs of various sizes. These branches may release hormone inside the c.n.s. Yellow-green Cells are mono-, bi- or multi-polar, and like the Yellow Cells are found both within and outside the c.n.s. Some Yellow-green Cells, though not all, have projections which terminate in neuropile in fine branches and blobs. Yellow-green Cell bodies which occur in nerves can project back along the nerve into the c.n.s. The axons of Yellow Cells and Yellow-green Cells project to release sites in various ways. Some project into the connective tissue shealth of the c.n.s., which serves as a neurohaemal organ, either directly through the surface of a ganglion, or from the pleuro-cerebral or pleuro-parietal connectives. Other axons leave the c.n.s. via nerves leaving the left and right parietal and visceral ganglia; projections into the intestinal, anal, and internal right parietal nerves being most numerous. Axons which may be from either, or both Yellow Cells and Yellow-green Cells, can be found along the entire unbranched lengths of these nerves, and in subsequent branches which innervate organs lying in the anterior turn of the shell. All of these orgnas are closely associated with the lung cavity...

Neurosecretory cell types in the eyestalk of the freshwater prawn Palaemon paucidens: an electron microscopic study.

In the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGX) of the eyestalk of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens, six peptidergic neurosecretory cell types (A-, B-, C-, D-, E-, and F-cells) are distinguishable on the basis of the different morphology of their elementary granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). All of these cell types seem to correspond to Type-IIIa cells or dispersing Type-IV cells, that have previously been differentiated at the light microscopic level (Hisano, 1974), as judged from the dimensions of their cell bodies and nuclei. Two other peptidergic neurosecretory cell types that are apparently comparable to the Type-II and Type-IIIb cells (Hisano, 1974), respectively, are recognized in parts of the optic ganglia other than MTGX, and these are now designated as G- and H-cells, respectively. All the remaining cell types, designated as Type-I, cluster-forming Type-IV, Type-V and Type-VI cells in our previous light microscopic study, have small cored-vesicles in their cytoplasm. It remains undecided whether these, possibly aminergic, neurons are neurosecretory or not.

Possible role of neurosecretory cells: Type A in response of Morimus funereus larvae to the effect of temperature

1. 1:The effect of three constant temperatures (−1,8 and 23°C) on winter larvae of Morinus funereus during 15 days has been studied. 2. 2.This effect has been examined at different levels of biological organization: organism (body weight). cell (neurosecretory cell—type A of the suboesophageal ganglion) and enzyme (midgut protease and amylase). Changes in the activity of neurosecretory cells and in that of digestive enzymes were observed 6h after exposure to the effect of temperatures. A parallelism in the activity of neurosecretory cells and proteolytic activity was demostrated (6h, 15 days). A compensatory reaction in larvae at −1°C at the level of neurosecretory cell (increase in size, numerous tiny neurosecretory granules) and at the level of protease (increase in proteolytic activity) was shown. In larvae maintained at 23°C the accumulation of neurosecretory material in large aglomerations and decrease in proteolytic activity were observed. The adaptive importance of these changes was discussed.

Evidence from X-ray microanalysis of sulphur-rich protein in insect neurosecretion: A new approach to the estimation of neurosecretory activity

The distribution of sulphur in one ultrastructural type of neurosecretory cell (NSC) from the brain of the bug Rhodnius prolixus is investigated by X-ray microanalysis. In NSC in a storage phase, sulphur is concentrated in neurosecretory granules to about 17 times its level in adjacent neurons. However, the sulphur content of the cytoplasm of the NSC is considerably lower than that of adjacent neurons, so that the overall sulphur content of the NSC is only about four times that of adjacent neurons. Under these conditions the sulphur metabolism of the NSC is apparently more heavily devoted to the secretory function of the cell than comparison with other neurons would suggest. The high sulphur content of granules is attributed primarily to the presence of sulphur-rich protein. It is suggested that this protein may be analogous to vertebrate neurophysin. Analysis of the quantity and distribution of sulphur-containing compounds within NSC by X-ray microanalysis is suggested as the basis of a method for estimating relative rates of synthesis of neurosecretory products.

The Cerebral Neurosecretory System, Secretory End-Foot System and Infracerebral Gland-a Probable Neuroendocrine Complex inNephtys(Annelida; Polychaeta)

The brain of Nephtys contains four neurosecretory cell types with distinctive cytoplasmic inclusions, a cells are located uniquely in a single pair of ganglionic nuclei and b cells are represented by a single pair of cells, whereas c cells and d cells have a scattered distribution. Their axons form two types of secretory release structure. First, possible axon collaterals synapse upon slender “dentritic twigs” in the core of the brain. Secondly, two tracts descend to the brain floor to form a “neurosecretory neuropile” (or storage and release complex) in contact with the inner surface of the brain capsule. Other neurosecretory fibres penetrate through the capsule, branch extensively, and terminate in contact with its ventral surface in close association with the “infracerebral gland”. The gland is derived from the pericapsular epithelium and exhibits signs of specialization for glandular function. In contrast to certain other polychaetes, it does not contain secretory neuron perikarya. The secretory end-foot system is poorly developed. Its terminals are located adjacent to the neurosecretory neuropile, which they encircle. The cell bodies are probably represented by four e cells which, like the terminals, contain many mitochondria.

The structure and cytochemistry of the neurosecretory cells of Fasciola gigantica Cobbold and Fasciola hepatica L.

Histochemical studies of the nervous system of Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica were undertaken. Neurosecretory cells were detected by Gomori's aldehydefuchsin, Bargmann's chrome hematoxylin-phloxin, Mallory's triple stain, periodic acid-Schiff, Heidenhain's Azan and alcian blue after potassium permanganate oxidation. Two types of neurosecretory cells were recognized and designated as "A" and "B". Type "A" cells occurred in small numbers in the brain and subesophageal mass and type "B" cells ubiquitous in distribution. The reactions of these cells to the standard stains for neurosecretory substance generally, were less intense than the neurosecretory cells of other animals such as crustaceans and insects. The structure, organisation, distribution and cytochemistry of neurosecretory cells in Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica is discussed.

Modification of neuron properties by electrotonic synapses. II. Burst formation by electrotonic synapses.

Modification of neuron properties by electrotonic synapses. II. Burst formation by electrotonic synapses.P A Getting, and A O WillowsP A Getting, and A O WillowsPublished Online:01 Sep 1974https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1974.37.5.858MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByElectrical coupling between Aplysia bag cell neurons: characterization and role in synchronous firingZahra Dargaei*, Phillip L. W. Colmers*, Heather M. Hodgson, and Neil S. Magoski1 December 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 112, No. 11Revisiting the reticulum: feedforward and feedback contributions to motor program parameters in the crab cardiac ganglion microcircuitKeyla García-Crescioni, and Mark W. Miller1 October 2011 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 106, No. 4Heterogeneous Electrotonic Coupling and Synchronization of Rhythmic Bursting Activity in Mouse Hb9 InterneuronsJ. M. Wilson, A. I. Cowan, and R. M. Brownstone1 October 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 98, No. 4Cerebral neurons underlying prey capture movements in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacinaJournal of Comparative Physiology A, Vol. 172, No. 2The role of pacemaker properties and synaptic input in generation and modulation of spiking activity in a pair of electrically coupled peptidergic neuronsBrain Research, Vol. 556, No. 2Age-related changes in junctional and non-junctional conductances in two electrically coupled peptidergic neurons of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalisBrain Research, Vol. 547, No. 1Computer simulations indicate that electrical field effects contribute to the shape of the epileptiform field potentialNeuroscience, Vol. 15, No. 4Electrotonic coupling and afterdischarges in the light green cells: A comparison with two other cerebral ganglia neurosecretory cell types in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalisComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 77, No. 1The pharmacology of molluscan neuronsProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 23, No. 1-2Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons—3. Evidence for electrotonic couplingNeuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 2Dye-coupling between pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus in vivoBrain Research, Vol. 238, No. 1Transegmental electrical coupling between adjacent intersegemental muscles in the tobacco hawkmoth (Manduca sexta)Journal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 27, No. 10Electrotonic coupling within a cluster of neurosecretory endogenous oscillators in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 68, No. 2Role of pedal ganglia motor neurons in pedal wave generation in AplysiaBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 2Burst generation by electrically coupled network in the snail Helisoma: Analysis using computer simulationBrain Research, Vol. 159, No. 2Centrally programmed feeding in helisoma: Identification and characteristics of an electrically coupled premotor neuron networkBrain Research, Vol. 146, No. 1Electrotonic coupling between frog spinal motoneurons. An electrophysiological and morphological studyBrain Research, Vol. 138, No. 2Laboratory culture of the Nudibranch Tritonia diomedea bergh (Tritoniidae: Opisthobranchia) and some aspects of its behavioral developmentJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Vol. 30, No. 3The integrative properties of electrotonic synapsesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 57, No. 3Neuronal events underlying rhythmic behaviors in invertebratesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 57, No. 2Electrotonic coupling between cercal afferents and giant interneurons in the American cockroachJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 1The stomatogastric nervous system: Structure and function of a small neural networkProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 7Tritonia swimming: triggering of a fixed action patternBrain Research, Vol. 96, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 37Issue 5September 1974Pages 858-68 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1974.37.5.858PubMed4370203History Published online 1 September 1974 Published in print 1 September 1974 Metrics

Neurosecretory system of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: lxodidae). I. Diversity of cell types.

An arbitrary classification scheme is presented for the thirteen distinct types of secretory cells distinguished within the central nervous system of Dermacentor variabilis by several specific and general neurosecretory staining techniques. Comparisons to classic arthropod neurosecretory cell types are made and the histochemical implications of the chromophilic response of various secretory products are discussed. Dermacentor cells of Types I, VII, IX and X may be considered neurosecretory on the basis of intracellular elaboration and discharge of secretory product. Type II, III, IV, V, VI, XI and XII cells are considered as putative neurosecretory cells although secretory products were detected only within the perikarya. The large Type XII cells are also similar to motor neurones reported from other arachnids. Cells of Types VIII and XIII appear to be glial elements. The secretory products of Type XIIIA are distributed within trabecular processes in the subperineurium. These products may play a trophic role or they may have some endocrine function as a form of "gliosecretion".

Secretory factors in the retrocerebral endocrine-aortal complex of the water-bug, Sphaerodema annulatum (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)

A histological study of the retrocerebral endocrine-aortal complex of Sphaerodema annulatum, employing conventional neurosecretory stains, reveals the presence of three qualitatively different secretory factors—one present in the corpora cardiaca (CC) and the other two distributed in the corpora allata (CA), aorta wall and nerves going to the pericardial cells. For reasons discussed in the paper, the factor present in the CC is regarded as an indigenous secretion produced by their own intrinsic secretory cells, and the remaining two as cerebral in origin, produced by two tinctorially different neurosecretory cell types.

Ultrastructural evidence for the existence of two types of neurosecretory cells in the abdominal ganglia of the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus.

Evidence suggesting the existence of two types of neurosecretory cells in each abdominal ganglion of Limulus polyphemus has been obtained by light and electron microscopy. After Helly fixation the two cell types are readily distinguished from other neurons by the Azan method, but they react weakly when stained by paraldehyde fuchsin. Type I cells are larger, more regular in shape, and found more anteriorly in each ganglion. They contain apparently cylindrical secretory granules, many dictyosomes, and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. Type II cells produce spherical granules, contain fewer dictyosomes, have less conspicuous cytoplasmic vesiculation and possess more prominent parallel arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Granules similar to those found in both cell types are present in the neuropile and certain nerves, but the specific pathways of the axons of these cells have not yet been determined.

Correlation between neurosecretion and some physiological functions of the scorpionHeterometrus swammerdami

The diverse types of neurosecretory cells located in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the scorpionHeterometrus have shown morphological evidence of activity in relation to diverse physiological functions. Some of the functions investigated were the process of delivery of the young, apolysis, ecdysis, growth, maturation, water relations, diurnal rhythms of locomotor activity and temperature adaptation. Continuous light and continuous darkness reflected change in the activity of specific groups of neurosecretory cells. In this Arachnid also, neurosecretion seems to play a central role in the regulation of many physiological activities as in insects and other organisms.

Morphology and histology of the endocrine glands of Zootermopsis angusticollis Hagen (Isoptera)

The morphology and histology of the endocrine glands of the various castes of Zootermopsis angmticollis were examined. Six types of median neurosecretory cells are distinguishable by size and stain affinity. No differences in the relative numbers of these cell types among castes can be seen. It is postulated that they may be different forms of the same cell during its synthetic and secretory cycle. Lateral neurosecretory cells can be identified consistently only in mature primary reproductives of both sexes. In the corpora cardiaca two types of cells occur; the fuchsinophilic cells are distributed generally whereas the cells that take up counterstain are restricted to the center of the gland. Intercellular neurosecretory cell product is found throughout the gland. No histological changes associated with the formation of particular castes were observed. The corpora allata (CA) vary in size and histological appearance according to caste but not sex. The CA of reproductives (primary and supplementary) and presoldiers are larger than those of juveniles of the same instar; those of soldiers are about the same size as those of the corresponding juvenile stage. These size increases are due mainly to changes in the ratio cytoplasmic diameter: nuclear diameter of the constituent cells and not to an increase in cell number. The H-shaped molt glands, which, as in other pterygote insects, disappear within a few days of the imaginal molt, are composed of a large prothoracic portion and a smaller cephalic ('ventral gland') portion extending anteriorly and dorsally. Histologically the two components are indistinguishable. Running through the glands are thin strands of muscle.

ON THE NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM OFRIVULOGAMMARUS SYRIACUSCHEVREUX

1. The different types of neurosecretory cells occurring in the central nervous system of the freshwater amphipod, Rivulogammarus syriacus, their distribution, neurosecretory activity, and the mode of discharge of the neurosecretory substances were studied.2. There are six types of neurosecretory cells designated as A, B, B, C, D and E which show definite localization in the central nervous system. The B cells are found only in the medio-dorsal region.3. These cells can be divided into two groups on the basis of their secretory activities.(a) The first group of cells (A, C and E types) have dense granulated cytoplasm marked by small granular bodies. These bodies aggregate into larger and darker stained ones and are finally discharged either through the cell membrane into the tissue fluid or into the axons.(b) The second group of cells (B, B and D types) have neurosecretory granules in the form of a ring outside the Nissl zone. The granules aggregate to form large masses which disappear through the cell an...

Neuroendocrine involvement in osmoregulation in a freshwater mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis

Physiological information on osmoregulation in molluscs has been provided for many species. However, neuroendocrine control of osmoregulation has hardly been studied and cannot, therefore, be dealt with from a comparative point of view. This is mainly due to the fragmentary nature of the histological information on the neuroendocrine system. The freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis is one of the few molluscs in which both the physiology of osmoregulation and the structure of the neuroendocrine system have been studied. This favored the study of neuroendocrine control of osmoregulation. Quantitative analysis at the ultrastructural level indicated that two types of neurosecretory cells are involved. In snails exposed to deionized water, a condition stimulating water elimination and retention and/or uptake of ions, the release of secretory material from the axons of these types was observed. In animals exposed to hypertonic saline, known to reduce water elimination and ion uptake, the release activity declines and an enhanced accumulation of secretory granules occurs. The axons of one type not only end in the main neurohemal zones around the central nervous system but also form a network around the ureter, similar to that found around water and ion transporting epithelia in insects. After evaluation of physiological data on osmoregulation it is suggested that one type activates water elimination, while the other type stimulates ion-uptake mechanisms. Possible modes of neuroendocrine engagement in osmoregulation are discussed.

Ultrastructural evidence for the presence of nerve cells in the gastrodermis of Hydra.

Two types of nerve cells, namely, neurosensory and neurosecretory cells have been identified and described in the gastrodermis of Hydra pseudoligactis. The morphological criteria used for the identification of gastrodermal nerves are based on those presented previously for epidermal nerves. The third type of nerve cell in the epidermis, ganglionic cells, was not observed in these studies. The distribution, function and origin of gastrodermal nerve cells are discussed briefly.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Neuroendocrine Apparatus of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera)

Abstract In Oncopeltus fasciatus, the A‐cells of the pars intercerebralis and their tracts are stainable in situ with the performic acid‐victoria blue (PAVB) method. The axons from these cells, after traversing the corpus cardiacum, terminate in the anterior part of the aorta which thus serves as the neurohemal organ. Ultrastructurally, four types of secretory neurons are distinguishable in the pars intercerebralis region: pic‐I with granules measuring 1000–3000 Å in diameter; pic‐II with granules of irregular size and shape, the elongate ones showing mean dimensions of 2400 × 1400 Å; pic‐III with less electron‐dense granules measuring 1000–2700 Å in diameter; pic‐IV, present not only in the pars intercerebralis but also in adjacent regions of the brain, with variable proportions of granules measuring 700–1800 A and dense‐cored vesicles measuring 1000–2400 Å. The nervi corporis cardiaci contain at least three types of neurosecretory axons, based on granule content, presumably representing pic‐I, pic‐II and pic‐III neurons. The wall of the aorta contains endings of at least three distinct types, again representing pic‐I, pic‐II and pic‐III neurons, and thus provides the neurohemal site for these three types of protocerebral neurosecretory cells. Axons of pic‐IV neurons appear to enter the cerebral neuropil. The corpus cardiacum is composed of two types of parenchymal secretory cells, with electron‐dense granules measuring 1300–3000 Å and 1000–2300 Å in diameter, respectively. The corpus cardiacum also contains interstitial cells and some axons of extrinsic origin, with and without granules. The corpus allatum may be paired or median, and receives a small number of at least two types of axons. The corpora allata of some reproducing females show a large number of PAVB‐stainable inclusions which appear to be modified cytoplasmic organelles, but are definitely not neurosecretory material. The hypocerebral ganglion is composed of two types of secretory‐appearing neurons and glial cells. The two neuronal types contain secretory granules, 1000–3000 Å and 900–2100 Å in diameter, respectively. Axons of the recurrent nerve also may contain occasional granules. In this heteropteran insect, the two principal functions of the corpus cardiacum appear to be spatially separated: the neurohemal function is subserved by the aortic wall, which permits release of material into both the aortic lumen and the hemocoel, and the intrinsic endocrine function is possessed by the parenchymal cells.