Neurological Disorders In Children Research Articles

Hubungan Temperatur dan Hemoglobin dengan Kejang Demam di RSUD Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda

Febrile seizure is the most common neurological disorder in children. Several risk factors were included for febrile seizure, namely temperature and hemoglobin. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between temperature and hemoglobin with febrile seizure. This study used analytical observational method with a case-control approach. Data were taken from inpatient medical records at the Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in Samarinda from the period of 2020 – 2022 using the purposive sampling technique. Ninety-eight data were obtained from medical records, consisting of 49 patients with febrile seizure and 49 patients with fever without seizure who were hospitalized. The statistical analysis used Spearman's Correlation Test for temperature and Chi-square Test for hemoglobin, p-value<0.05 was considered significant. The results of the analysis of the relationship between temperature and febrile seizures showed p = 0.000; r = 0.374. The relationship between hemoglobin and febrile seizures showed p = 0.011; OR = 4.963. It was concluded that temperature and hemoglobin, each had a significant relationship with febrile seizure.

A Bio-Social Model during the First 1000 Days Optimizes Healthcare for Children with Developmental Disabilities.

Most children with developmental disabilities (DD) live in resource-limited countries (LMIC) or high-income country medical deserts (HICMD). A social contract between healthcare providers and families advocates for accurate diagnoses and effective interventions to treat diseases and toxic stressors. This bio-social model emphasizes reproductive health of women with trimester-specific maternal and pediatric healthcare interactions. Lifelong neuronal connectivity is more likely established across 80% of brain circuitries during the first 1000 days. Maladaptive gene-environment (G x E) interactions begin before conception later presenting as maternal-placental-fetal (MPF) triad, neonatal, or childhood neurologic disorders. Synergy between obstetrical and pediatric healthcare providers can reduce neurologic morbidities. Partnerships between healthcare providers and families should begin during the first 1000 days to address diseases more effectively to moderate maternal and childhood adverse effects. This bio-social model lowers the incidence and lessens the severity of sequalae such as DD. Access to genetic-metabolomic, neurophysiologic and neuroimaging evaluations enhances clinical decision-making for more effective interventions before full expression of neurologic dysfunction. Diagnostic accuracy facilitates developmental interventions for effective preschool planning. A description of a mother-child pair in a HIC emphasizes the time-sensitive importance for early interventions that influenced brain health throughout childhood. Partnership by her parents with healthcare providers and educators provided effective healthcare and lessened adverse effects. Effective educational interventions were later offered through her high school graduation. Healthcare disparities in LMIC and HICMD require that this bio-social model of care begin before the first 1000 days to effectively treat the most vulnerable women and children. Prioritizing family planning followed by prenatal, neonatal and child healthcare improves wellness and brain health. Familiarity with educational neuroscience for teachers applies neurologic diagnoses for effective individual educational plans. Integrating diversity and inclusion into medical and educational services cross socioeconomic, ethnic, racial, and cultural barriers with life-course benefits. Families require knowledge to recognize risks for their children and motivation to sustain relationships with providers and educators for optimal outcomes. The WHO sustainable development goals promote brain health before conception through the first 1000 days. Improved education, employment, and social engagement for all persons will have intergenerational and transgenerational benefits for communities and nations.

Prognosticators of bone health in pediatrics with epilepsy using anti-epileptic drugs

Introduction: Epilepsy is a common and long-lasting neurological disorder in children who require long-term treatment with Antiepileptic drugs (AED). Such long-term AED use may have negative effects on bone causing bone loss and osteoporosis, necessitating frequent monitoring. Data on the effect of AED on bone health in children is scarce compared to adults and hence this study was undertaken. Aim: To compare and quantify the effects of sodium valproate (SV), carbamazepine (CBZ), and levetiracetam (LEV) on bone health in children using specific bone biomarkers such as vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), and beta serum cross laps (CTx). Materials and methods: A prospective interventional study was carried out in Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, between October 2019 to March 2022. A total of 79 confirmed cases of epilepsy within the age group of 1-18 years, receiving treatment with sodium valproate (SV), carbamazepine (CBZ), and levetiracetam (LEV) monotherapy for a period of minimum one month were enrolled. Serum samples of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (PO4), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Vitamin D were analyzed at the time of initiation of study and these levels were considered as baseline levels.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of functional neurological disorders in children and adolescents treated in the child psychiatry department of Casablanca

Objectives: Functional neurological disorders (FNDs) are a common source of disability in medicine. Patients have often been misdiagnosed, correctly diagnosed after long delays, and/or subjected to misdiagnoses that lead to inadequate treatments, unnecessary costly evaluations, and poor outcomes. We sought to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents suffering from functional neurological disorders in the child and adolescent psychiatry department in CASABLANCA. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 52 children and adolescents admitted for functional neurological disorders from March 2019 to July 2021, and analyzed their clinical profiles, sociocultural, environmental and psychological characteristics. Results: In our study, nearly the threatening quarters of the patients were girls, stressor antecedents were notably reported, most often related to family stressors. Recent or distant history of abuse was of varying degrees. The neurological presentations were complex, with nearly half of the patients having multiple distinct neurological symptoms. Motor symptoms and non-epileptic seizures were the most frequent, with an acute mode of onset in the majority of the cases. The course was marked by the regression of symptoms in the majority of patients, with their persistence in the third of the cases, meanwhile a small group of the cases interrupted the follow-up. A high resource use was noted due to the participation of several specialized consultants, the conduction of many diagnostic studies, and lengthy hospital stays. Conclusion: Our data confirms previous findings in the literature and contributes to a better understanding and characterization of our population.

Molecular and spatial heterogeneity of microglia in Rasmussen encephalitis

Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare childhood neurological disease characterized by progressive unilateral loss of function, hemispheric atrophy and drug-resistant epilepsy. Affected brain tissue shows signs of infiltrating cytotoxic T-cells, microglial activation, and neuronal death, implicating an inflammatory disease process. Recent studies have identified molecular correlates of inflammation in RE, but cell-type-specific mechanisms remain unclear. We used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) to assess gene expression across multiple cell types in brain tissue resected from two children with RE. We found transcriptionally distinct microglial populations enriched in RE compared to two age-matched individuals with unaffected brain tissue and two individuals with Type I focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Specifically, microglia in RE tissues demonstrated increased expression of genes associated with cytokine signaling, interferon-mediated pathways, and T-cell activation. We extended these findings using spatial proteomic analysis of tissue from four surgical resections to examine expression profiles of microglia within their pathological context. Microglia that were spatially aggregated into nodules had increased expression of dynamic immune regulatory markers (PD-L1, CD14, CD11c), T-cell activation markers (CD40, CD80) and were physically located near distinct CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte populations. These findings help elucidate the complex immune microenvironment of RE.

Features of neurological status in children with autism spectrum disorders

The article analyzes the features of the neurological status, characterizes group differences in motor functions in children with autism spectrum disorders depending on the presence and severity of delayed psychological and speech development.Material and methods. The analysis of data on the neurological status of children with autism spectrum disorders was based on 51 patients records for the period from 2016 to 2021; 43 boys (84%) and 8 girls (16%) aged 3 to 10 years. All patients were divided into 2 groups according to the criterion of the presence or absence of a severe delay in psychological and speech development. The first group included children with severe forms of delayed psychological and speech development — 23 (45%), the second — 28 (55%) patients with mild forms or without delayed psychological and speech development.Results. The children in the first group were characterized by the predominance of diffuse muscular hypotension (96%); stereotypies manifested in movements looking like «wings» (22%), other stereotyped movements (48%); disorders such as echolalia, ataxia, pyramidal insufficiency syndrome, and strabismus were equally common in both groups.Conclusion. Analysis of the data showed the predominance of several neurological disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders who have a severe delay in psychological and speech development and made it possible to identify neurological characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders regardless of the level of psychological and speech development.

A survey of registered pharmacological clinical trials on rare neurological diseases in children in 2010-2020.

To clarify the current state of methodology of clinical trials for rare neurological diseases in children, and to provide a basis for the further optimization of the trial design. Data of clinical trials for the rare neurological diseases with childhood onset (searched through https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases and www.Orpha.net) registered on the Clinicaltrils.gov from January 2010 to June 2020 was collected. Analysis on the methodology of the clinical trials were performed, focusing on initiator of the studies, multi or single research center, study design, sample size, and the endpoint using in the trial. A total of 162 clinical trials were included, covering only 7.3% (61/835) of rare neurological diseases in children. 101 (62.3%) were initiated by pharmaceutical companies, and 61 (37.7%) by investigators. Most (95.4%) of global multicenter studies were initiated by pharmaceutical companies, whereas most (70.0%) of single-center studies were initiated by investigators (χ 2 = 61.635, P < 0.001). Of the 162 trials, 74 (45.7%) were open-label single-arm trials, 68 (42.0%) were randomized double-blind parallel controlled trials (RCT), 12 (7.4%) were randomized crossover trials. Most of RCTs (73.5%) and 54.1% of open-label single-arm trials were initiated by pharmaceutical companies. The proportion of RCTs in clinical trials for diseases with a prevalence of ≥1/10,000 (62.5%) was higher than that in diseases with prevalence ≤1/1,000,000 (12.0%) or 1/1,000,000~1/10,000 (43.1%) (χ 2 = 14.790, P = 0.001). The median expected sample size of the studies was 34 (4-500). 132 (132/162, 81.5%) studies enrolled fewer than 100 cases. Diseases with a prevalence of ≥1/10,000 had significantly larger sample sizes than other prevalence classes (P < 0.001, P = 0.003). There were few clinical trials targeting on treatment of rare neurological diseases in children. Trials on rare diseases used fewer participants, and high-quality randomized controlled trials were less common. It is necessary to conduct global multicenter recruitment and choose optimal study designs to improve the level of evidence in clinical trials on rare diseases.

Non-COVID activity in French emergency department during COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 to March 2022)

Abstract Background The COVID-19 epidemic and mitigation actions had major impacts on health and healthcare use by the French population. Since 2004, the French public health agency daily collects individual data of visits in the emergency departments (ED) OSCOUR® network (94% of national visits in 2022). We aimed to analyse the evolution of non-Covid ED visits from 2020 to March 2022, in order to identify potential indirect impact of the epidemic. Methods The main medical diagnosis (MD) coded in ICD-10 from each ED visit from 2017 to March 2022 was classified into 17 ICD-10 chapters and in 95 disjoint subgroups of pathologies. The observed numbers of ED visits by age group and by chapters/subgroups were compared to expected numbers, estimated using an overdispersed Poisson regression model based on 2017-2019 data. Results The observed numbers of ED visits for all chapters and for a large part of subgroups were significantly lower than the expected numbers during the three lockdowns in all age groups and progressively returned to the expected level in 2021. A change in the pattern of a limited list of subgroups was observed: ED visits for purpura, chronic blood diseases and neurologic disorders in children decreased during the first lockdown and remained under the expected level until March 2022. Inversely the number of ED visits for mental health and wheezing in children, for pulmonary embolism in adults and for neoplams in the elderly increased and remained over the expected values until 2022. Conclusions Syndromic ED system was a pillar of the French reactive surveillance of direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 epidemic. The changes observed for different subgroups of pathologies may reflect a negative impact of the epidemic, a positive effect of protective measures on the spread of other infectious diseases, a modification in the organization or in the use of health care in specific domains. Further studies using hospitalization data could explore these hypotheses. Key messages • Existing syndromic surveillance system implemented before the emergence of SARS-COV2 enabled to monitor non-Covid-19 visits to emergency departments and assess changes in patterns of pathologies. • An increase in the number of emergency department visits during the COVID-19 epidemic was observed for mental health in children, for pulmonary embolism in adults and for neoplams in the elderly.

Clinical Profile of Pediatric Neurology Disorders: A Study From a Semi-Urban Medical College in Northwestern India.

Neurological disorders are characterized by dysfunction in any part of the nervous system and are a major cause of disability among children and adolescentsin developing countries, just as it is in India. There is a lack of information on the prevalence of neurological disorders in developing countries due to the lack of quality health information and a lack of awareness of these disorders. This local study aims to provide an understanding of the profile and characteristics of neurological disorders in children that will aid in the development and implementation of preventive healthcare strategies. A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics. All pediatric neurology patients' data were retrieved from January 2020 to December 2020. Of the 12,782 children seen in the pediatric outpatient department (OPD), 133 (1.04%) had neurological disorders and about 65% were male. Childhood seizures 92 (69%) and developmental delay 13 (9.7%) were the most common neurological conditions, although there was an overlap of the conditions. This study provides some valuable information about common neurological disorders in children. Seizures, cerebral palsy, and developmental delay were the most common neurological disorders in children.

Spectrum of Common Pediatric Neurological Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study From Three Tertiary Care Centres Across Pakistan

BackgroundThere is dearth of information on the spectrum of neurological disorders among children less than 18 years of age. The aim of this study is to identify the commonly presenting neurological disorders among children aged ≤ 18 years in Pakistan. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study at three tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan. ResultsA total of 17,176 children were included in our study; 61.8% were boys and 38.2% females. The most commonly presenting neurological disorder was epilepsy (36%), followed by behavior disorders (16%) and cerebral palsy (10.5%). There was significant difference between children less than 5 years and greater than 5 years age groups, with less than 5 years age group showing higher prevalence for behavioral disorders (P < 0.001), cerebral palsy (P < 0.001), infections (P = 0.014), sequalae (P < 0.001), and developmental disorders (P < 0.001). Gender-wise distribution showed epilepsy to be the most common neurological disorder among both genders, with a significant difference being reported between gender and epilepsy (P = 0.009), headache disorders (P < 0.001), neuroinflammatory disorders (P = 0.025), neurocutaneous syndromes (P < 0.001), behavioral diseases (P < 0.001), cerebral palsy (P = 0.009), and movement disorders (P < 0.001). ConclusionsThe result of this analysis helps to assess the commonly presenting neurological disorders in children. This study will help health care workers in resource-poor settings within Pakistan to be mindful of the common neurological disorders while diagnosing a child with neurological symptoms in an outpatient setting. Health care providers need to be trained to identify and treat these common conditions; however, there is still a dire need for more trained neurologists across the country.

Research Progress of Febrile Seizures in Children

Febrile seizures (FS) are common neurological diseases in childhood. It is age-dependent and often occurs in children from 6 months to 5 years old. The etiology of FS is diverse and the mechanism is complex, which is not completely clear, but most children have a good prognosis. Through timely identification, symptomatic treatment and health guidance to patients’ families, we can get a good prognosis. In the treatment of FS, we should pay attention to finding the cause, and do a good job in the health education and guidance for children's families. At present, the long-term use of antiepileptic drugs is not recommended to prevent the recurrence and secondary epilepsy of FS. In the future, through the development of traditional Chinese medicine, the combination of Chinese and Western medicine can be considered in order to improve the therapeutic effect of FS. This paper reviews the relevant literature about the research progress of FS in recent years in China and abroad, to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of FS in children.

77.3 COVID-19 and Functional Neurological Disorders in Children and Adolescents

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in functional neurological disorders (FNDs) in children, adolescents, and young adults, presenting particularly as rapid-onset tics and tic-like symptoms. In the pathophysiology and phenomenology of FNDs, abnormal beliefs and expectations about illness, associated with increased attention to symptoms, are particularly important. Psychosocial stressors, typically linked to the development of FNDs, have substantially increased in this age group during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Quercetin alleviates kainic acid-induced seizure by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis pathway.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in childhood. However, classical antiepileptic drugs are linked with drug toxicity and cognitive function impairment in children. Hence, it is essential to develop a novel therapy to solve this problem. Currently, studies indicate regulating the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated ferroptosis pathway represents a potential advanced therapy for seizures. Hence, the present study aimed to explore whether quercetin, a natural polyphenol, could alleviate seizure-induced neuron death and preserve cognitive function by inhibiting Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis. Kainic acid-induced epileptic mice model, morris water maze (MWM) test, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, western blotting analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence staining, and RNA sequencing analysis were employed to explore the potential mechanisms by which quercetin exerts protective effects on seizure-induced neuron death in kainic acid-induced epileptic mice model and glutamate-induced HT22 neuronal cell death. Our findings suggested the association between the Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis pathway and seizures in a clinical setting. Quercetin pretreatment alleviates seizure-like behaviors and cognitive impairment in KA-induced epileptic mice. Additionally, in vitro, co-treatment with quercetin effectively exerts neuroprotective effects in glutamate-induced HT22 neuronal cell death. These protective effects were also closely linked to regulating the Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis pathway. Furthermore, bioinformatic profiling revealed that the SIRT1/Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway plays a crucial role in the Glu-induced HT22cell death pretreated with quercetin. These findings indicated that quercetin effectively protects against seizure-induced neuron death in vivo and in vitro and alleviates cognitive function impairment via the SIRT1/Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway.

Functional hemispherotomy for epilepsy in the very young.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in children. Among very young children, one-third are resistant to medical treatment, and lack of effective treatment may result in adverse outcomes. Although functional hemispherotomy is an established treatment for epilepsy, its outcome in the very young child has not been widely reported. In this study the authors investigated seizure and developmental results after hemispherotomy in children younger than 3 years. The authors reviewed a prospective database of all children younger than 3 years with medically intractable epilepsy who underwent functional hemispherotomy at the authors' institution during the period between 2012 and 2020. Demographic data, epilepsy history, underlying etiology, operative and transfusion details, and seizure and developmental outcomes were analyzed. Twelve patients were included in this study. The mean age (± SD) at seizure onset was 3 ± 2.6 months and at surgery was 1.3 ± 0.77 years, with a mean follow-up of 4 years. Diagnoses included hemimegalencephaly (n = 5), hemidysplasia (n = 2), hypoxic/hemorrhagic (n = 2), traumatic (n = 1), Sturge-Weber syndrome (n = 1), and mild hemispheric structural abnormality with EEG/PET correlates (n = 1). Eleven patients achieved an Engel class I outcome, and 1 patient achieved Engel class IV at last follow-up. No deaths, infections, cerebrovascular events, or unexpected long-term neurological deficits were recorded. All children progressed neurodevelopmentally following surgery, but their developmental levels remained behind their chronological age, with an overall mean composite Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale score of 58 (normal: 86-114, low: < 70). One patient required insertion of a subdural peritoneal shunt, 1 patient required dural repair for a CSF fluid leak, and 1 patient required aspiration of a pseudomeningocele. In 2 patients, both of whom weighed less than 5.7 kg, the first operation was incomplete due to blood loss. Hemispherotomy in children younger than 3 years offers excellent seizure control and an acceptable risk-to-benefit ratio in well-selected patients. Families of children weighing less than 6 kg should be counseled regarding the possibility of staged surgery. Postoperatively, children continue to make appropriate, despite delayed, developmental progress.

Pediatric headache: a narrative review.

Headache is one of the most common neurological disorders in children and adults and can cause significant distress and disability in children and their families. The spectrum of pediatric headaches is broad, and the underlying etiology is variable. The symptoms and phenotypes of headaches in children may differ slightly from those in adults. It is important to have a good understanding of headaches in children and to distinguish between primary and secondary headaches through appropriate history assessment and neurological examination. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate drug selection are helpful for effective treatment. This article reviews headaches in children and adolescents, focusing on approaches for diagnosis and management.

Comparison of Buccal Midazolam with Rectal Diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizures in children

Background : Seizure is common neurological disorder in children. It is one of the common causes of referral of child to hospital and often requires emergency intervention. Rectal diazepam is the established first line drug for this purpose, but seizure recurrence and respiratory depression are the two major side effects. Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine with anticonvulsive activity at physiologic PH, which facilitates its effects on brain tissue. Midazolam is also easy to use, and no adverse events were reported in relation to the route of administration. Objectives : To compare the efficacy and safety of buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizures in children. Methodology : This prospective randomized study was conducted in the Department of pediatrics, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC) and Mitford Hospital, from March 2018 to December 2018.Fifty (50) patients aged 3 months to12 months who were convulsing and experiencing prolonged seizure (lasted &gt;5 minutes) were included. Patients was randomly assigned to one of the two treatment arms: rectal diazepam and buccal midazolam. Primary and secondary outcome was compared between 2 treatment arms. Primary outcome was: 1. cessation of visible seizure activity within 10 minutes. 2. without recurrence of seizure in the subsequent hour. Secondary outcome included: 1. proportion with cessation of convulsion and exact time needed for cessation of convulsion within 10 minutes2. proportion of seizure recurrence in the sub sequent hours and within 24 hours after initial control and exact time of recurrence within the respective period. Also the safety and adverse effects were also compared. Results : The two groups did not differ significantly in sex, age, type of seizures, temperature, and baseline RBS, respiratory rate and blood pressure. Comparing the 2-treatment group, 13 (52%) patient experienced treatment failure who received rectal diazepam compared with 7 (28%) who received buccal midazolam (P&gt;0 .05). For initial cessation of seizures, 18 (72%) seizures terminated within 10 minutes in the diazepam group compared with 19 (76%) in the midazolam and mean time to cessation of the seizure was 4.02±1.03 minutes and 4.4 ± 1.09 minutes respectively (p&gt;0.05). Among the 18 children in whom seizure was initially controlled within 10 minutes by rectal diazepam, 6 (33.33%) of them experienced a seizure recurrence in the subsequent hour compared with 1 (5.26%) of 19 children in the buccal midazolam group (P&lt;0 .05). children who experienced a seizure recurrence within 1 hour after initial control, the mean time torecurrence was 20.0±5.0 vs 25±0.0 minutes in diazepam group and midazolam group respectively (P =0.478). Seizure recurrence after initial control during the 24 hours after treatment was 5 (41.36%)vs 6 (33.33%).The mean time to recurrence within 24 hours was114.00±39.11.53 vs 320.83±173.10 minutes which was highly significant (P&lt;0 .05) Conclusion : Buccal midazolam was as safe as and more effective with an improved efficacy over 1 hour (P&lt;0 Northern International Medical College Journal Vol. 12 No.1 July 2020, Page 493-498

Gradual improvement of motor command despite the spastic myopathy influence in the neurological disorder in children with unilateral spastic paresis

Gradual improvement of motor command despite the spastic myopathy influence in the neurological disorder in children with unilateral spastic paresis

HDAC8 is implicated in embryoid body formation via canonical Hedgehog signaling and regulates neuronal differentiation

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are associated with diverse biological phenomena via gene transcription, and histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate protein deacetylation. HDAC8 is associated with childhood neurological disorders that develop in the uterus and may contribute to neurodevelopment. In our previous studies, we found that HDAC8 regulates neuronal differentiation in P19 pluripotent embryonic carcinoma cells (P19EC cells) by regulating embryoid body (EB) formation. However, the mechanism through which HDAC8 is involved in EB formation and neuronal differentiation remains unclear. Here, we show that HDAC8 regulates EB formation and neuronal differentiation by regulating the canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in P19EC cells. We found that HDAC8 is possibly involved in regulating the expression of the Smoothened receptor (Smo), an important receptor in canonical Hh signaling, and treatment with a Smo agonist restored EB formation ability, which was reduced in HDAC8 knockout P19EC cells. Our results demonstrate that HDAC8 functions in EB formation, which is involved in the Hh signaling pathway that is important for embryonic development.

Neurological disorders and аbilitation with transcranial micropolarization in children with Down syndrome

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome is common, insufficiently well-studied genetic pathology, which leads to early disability of the childrens population. In this pathology leads neurological disorders of different severity. Currently, the methods of correction of the existing cerebral deficit in such children are actively being developed. Correction of mental function help to socialize children with Down syndrome.&#x0D; AIMS: to study the effectiveness of transcranial micropolarization in the complex therapy of neurological disorders in children with Down syndrome.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ability using the transcranial micropolarization method by N.Yu. Kozhushko allows reliably to improve the existing cerebral dysfunction in the Down syndrome.&#x0D; RESULTS: According to the results of testing on a 10-point scale for assessing speech function, 6 months after the procedures, there was a significant improvement in the indicators of expressive and impressive speech, speech attention, as well as positive dynamics in the formation and improvement of neatness skills. Undesirable effects were noted in isolated cases and were manifested by a short-term sleep disturbance or arousal after a session of transcranial micropolarization.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The method of transcranial micropolarization adapted by N.Yu. Kozhushko, can be recommended for complex habilitation for patients with Down syndrome. Timely corrected neurological symptoms can improve the quality of life of such children and their families, and contribute to their timely adaptation in society.

Prevalence, Types, and Outcomes of Cerebral Palsy at a Tertiary Center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Background: In developed countries, cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common neurological disorder in children. It is defined as a non-progressive disturbance to the developing brain leading to motor impairment that affects the child’s activity. CP is classified into three main subtypes: ataxic, spastic, and mixed. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CP and its subtypes in a single tertiary center located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Method: This retrospective record review study included 98 patients diagnosed with CP from 2004 to 2019. Data were extracted from the hospital medical record and assessed using various tools. Result: The total number of patients was 98, with an estimated CP prevalence of 1.6 per 1000 lives. Most of the patients (74.8%) had spastic CP subtype, and 54.8% had quadriplegia. The mean age of the live children was 7.45 ± 3.76 years. Moreover, gastrostomy was the most favorable feeding method. Conclusion: The prevalence of CP is almost equivalent to the national and worldwide figures. Spastic CP has the highest rates. Furthermore, the male gender has been identified as a significant risk factor for CP in the local community.