Networks In Turkey Research Articles

Erna Eckstein-Schlossmann’s exile years in Turkey, 1935–1950: a biographical and gendered approach to migration history

ABSTRACT Erna Eckstein-Schlossmann (1895–1998) and Albert Eckstein (1891–1950), a pediatrician couple from Düsseldorf, had to hand in their official resignations after being declared as ‘Jews’ according to the laws of 1933 and 1935. Albert Eckstein accepted the offer of the Turkish government to become the head of the pediatric clinic of Ankara Hospital. Relying on a biographical approach and utilizing ego-documents, such as memoirs, letters, and travelogues at the Eckstein family archives, together with Turkish state archives, and Erna Eckstein-Schlossmann’s research publications, this paper conceptualizes Erna’s exile years in Turkey along gendered lines and provides an intersectional interpretation of migration. This microhistorical reconstruction acknowledges her agency and subjectivity as a high-skilled migrant woman; intertwines her life story with the larger dynamics of the migrant networks in Turkey; and brings it into dialogue with macro-level structural factors with regards to the war, the mass murder and the global movement of European Jews.

A Research on Economic Problem Focused Social Help Networks in Turkey

Bu araştırmada, Türkiye'de ekonomik odaklı sosyal yardım ağlarının nasıl şekillendiği ve hangi sosyal yardım ağlarının tercih edildiği değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmaya toplamda 440 katılımcı çevrimiçi formlar aracılığıyla katılmış ve görüşlerini bildirmiştir. Katılımcılar ekonomik yardımlaşmayı vicdani bir sorumluluk olarak gördüklerini belirtirken (%87), yardım davranışında bulunurken ailenin etkisinde kaldıklarını aktarmıştır (%30). Katılımcılar paraya ihtiyaçları olduğunda ilk önce ailelerine başvuracaklarını belirtmiş (%66), benzer şekilde ilk önce ailesine yardım edeceğini aktarmıştır (%78). Çalışmada dini kurum ve gruplara ekonomik yardım yapacağını (%7,7) ve bu topluluklardan yardım alacağını belirten katılımcı oranı (%0.9) oldukça düşüktür. 
 Bu çalışma, Türkiye toplumunda ekonomik yardım ağlarının aile merkezli şekillendiğini ve dini kurumların ekonomik yardım ağları bağlamında tercih edilmediğini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler ve sınırlılıklar tartışılmıştır. 
 Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekonomik Yardım, Yardım Ağları, Aile, Yardım Etme
 JEL Sınıflandırması: I31, I32, I38

S-400s, Disinformation, and Anti-American Sentiment in Turkey

As social and political discourse in most countries becomes more polarized, anti-Americanism hasrisen not only in the Middle East and Latin America but also among the U.S. allies in Europe. Social media isone platform used to disseminate anti-American views in NATO countries, and its effectiveness can bemagnified when mass media, public officials, and popular figures adopt these views. Disinformation, inparticular, has gained recognition as a cybersecurity issue from 2016 onward, but disinformation can bemanufactured domestically in addition to being part of a foreign influence campaign. In this paper, we analyzeTurkish tweets using sentiment analysis techniques and compare the model's results to the manualinvestigation based on qualitative research. We investigate institutional conditions, social and mass mediacontrol, and the state of political discourse in Turkey and focus on narratives pertaining to the purchase of S-400 missiles from Russia by Turkey, as well as the actors spreading these narratives, analyzing for popularity,narrative type, and bot-like behavior. Our findings suggest that although anti-American sentiment has heldrelatively steady in Turkey since 2003, the tightening of control over mass media networks in Turkey and theadoption of conspiratorial rhetoric by President Erdogan and his allies in the AKP from 2014 onward amplifiedanti-American sentiment and exacerbated negative sentiment on social media by pitting users against oneanother. This study and its findings are important because they highlight the importance of social andpsychological components of cybersecurity. The ease by which disinformation efforts, influence operations,and other “softer” forms of cyber- and information warfare can be carried out means that they will only growmore common.

Examining the ICT Level of Projects Done by Teachers on Social Networks in Turkey in Terms of Different Variables Example of eTwinning Activity

Examining the ICT Level of Projects Done by Teachers on Social Networks in Turkey in Terms of Different Variables Example of eTwinning Activity

The Use of Celebrity Influence Model in Pandemic Communication: Examining Micro-Celebrities’ Instagram Accounts

Communicating during a pandemic is as difficult as fighting it. Social media influencers have become role models in the pandemic due to the guiding nature of social media. The aim of this study is to analyze how micro-celebrities on Instagram, one of the most preferred social networks in Turkey, carry out their COVID-19-related content and how they communicate through Instagram during the pandemic. The conceptual framework of based on “Celebrity Influence Model”, the top 10 micro-celebrities posts were examined. Results show that 68.4% of the posts are related to COVID-19; their sponsored posts were decreased; they mostly preferred a “humorous” tone in their messages, they preferred their posts as “indoors”, and the most shared topic is “lifestyle”. “Fun” is the most used value by micro-influencers. The primary role they assumed was “entertainer”. It has been observed that micro-celebrities aim to inform, warn, direct and even develop positive behavioral changes by raising awareness on issues, such as staying at home, complying with social distance rules and wearing masks.

Solidarity under lockdown: Political participation practices of alternative solidarity networks in Turkey

In Turkey, the crackdown on dissident voices following Gezi protests in 2013 and the lack of trust towards the mainstream media highlighted the need for alternative networks of information and organization. This research examines the solidarity networks that were built to address this need during the COVID-19 pandemic in five different districts of İstanbul through eleven semi-structured interviews to gain a better understanding of the current political climate of the country by examining the roots of these solidarity networks, their organization practices and the challenges that are presented to them by inner conflicts and the political economy of the country.

Reasons for entrepreneurs to participate in ınter organizational social networks in Turkey

Reasons for entrepreneurs to participate in ınter organizational social networks in Turkey

A consistent and high-quality M4+ earthquake catalogue for Turkey 2007–2016 from two independent catalogues

SUMMARYWe describe the process of pairing M4+ earthquakes reported in the routine catalogues of two seismic networks in Turkey and present the resulting products: (i) hypocentre locations and magnitudes and (ii) minimum 1-D velocity model with station delays for the combined station network. The two networks are the Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) and the National Earthquake Department (AFAD) and the data cover the decade 2007–2016. The seismic stations of these two networks spatially overlap within Turkey, and with their average station spacing of about 60 km, they potentially detect all events of magnitude ≥4 independently. We first obtain separate AFAD and KOERI catalogues using a series of joint hypocentre inversions that allow us to detect outliers and problematic events. We establish separate minimum 1-D velocity models and station delays for each catalogue and reduce the average inversion residuals by 75 per cent compared to our first joint hypocentre inversion using the original catalogue event locations. We then pair M4+ events from AFAD (1219) and KOERI (1271) catalogues using a spatiotemporal window and test if the combined observations indeed belong to the same event. In these tests, we compare the hypocentre location residuals of the combined observations to those of the two individual events, apply epicentral distance limits between the individual and the paired events and assess qualitatively a simple probabilistic solution of the events. As a result, we get 1145 paired events. We finally obtain a minimum 1-D velocity model with delays for all seismic stations of AFAD and KOERI combined and relocate the entire set of events. These include all paired events plus M4+ earthquakes reported by AFAD or KOERI that could not be paired (500). The velocity model has a well-defined Moho at a depth of 32 km. The station delays for both networks regionally correspond very well and exhibit some correlation with the regional subsurface temperature field. The well-locatable hypocentres of the new M4+ catalogue have an epicentre uncertainty of 3 km and a depth uncertainty of 4 km. We ascribe to each paired earthquake a magnitude equal to the average of the reported magnitudes by AFAD and KOERI. The new magnitude frequency distribution is similar to those of AFAD and KOERI for M4+ events. Except for events of magnitude larger than 5.5, there is no systematic bias in the magnitudes reported by AFAD and by KOERI, and the standard deviation is 0.3.

Location and capacity decisions for electric bus charging stations considering waiting times

This research proposes a mixed integer-linear mathematical model for location and capacity decisions of electric bus charging stations in order to ensure the connectivity of the road network throughout a certain region. The routes followed by electric buses in a country, demand in each route and driving ranges of electric buses are considered so as to determine the locations and capacities of charging stations under limited waiting time constraints. We implement the model on a case study for intercity bus networks in Turkey and use the actual data of coach companies. The results provide optimal locations and capacities of charging stations with minimum cost. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is performed to analyze the effects of different parameters on the results. It is observed that driving ranges have the highest importance in the efficient use of electric buses, and charging durations, number of trips and service rates significantly affect capacities of stations.

Change in political party strategy and organization in Turkey: the Republican People’s Party in government and in opposition

ABSTRACT Political parties rely heavily on clientelistic networks in Turkey. However, parties may change and pursue alternative strategies while appealing to voters. The goal of this study is to explain why political parties change their strategies from clientelistic to programmatic or vice versa. Therefore, the key question is: under what conditions do parties adopt a clientelistic strategy or a programmatic strategy? Based on field research in Istanbul, Turkey, concerning party-voter linkages, I argue that parties’ access to state resources affects the changes in party strategy. When a party is involved in a governing coalition, the party is more likely to pursue a clientelistic strategy; conversely, when a party becomes the opposition, it is more likely to pursue a programmatic strategy. In order to support my arguments, this research observes government (1991–1995) and opposition (2002–2015) periods of the Republican People’s Party (CHP, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi). In this context, the CHP’s electoral strategy and local organizations are observed in the more developed Kadıköy and less developed Esenler districts in Istanbul.

Discussion networks in Turkey: a social capital approach to informal social relations

ABSTRACTThe present study inquires into the informal social network underpinnings of generalized trust in Turkey. For this purpose, it utilizes survey data on Turkish discussion networks. The findings show that informal social relations in Turkey are mostly composed of non-kinship relations, which serve as an important bridge across diverse social groups. The socio-economic cleavages of age and education, however, are found to be important filters through which both kinship and non-kinship relations influence generalized trust. Overall, the analysis affirms the relationship between individuals’ socialization experiences and generalized trust. However, the influence of diverse social relations is not uniform and is much more complicated than is hypothesized in the social capital literature.

Determining Optimum Tilt Angles of Photovoltaic Panels by Using Artificial Neural Networks in Turkey

Determining Optimum Tilt Angles of Photovoltaic Panels by Using Artificial Neural Networks in Turkey

Biological Treatment of a Synthetic Musk in a Raw Hospital Wastewater Under Different Sludge Retention Times

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are the problem of our age and hospital wastewaters are one of the main sources of PPCPs having a concentration range of ng L-1 to µg L-1 Hospital wastewaters are almost untreated before being discharged into municipal/urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) via wastewater networks in Turkey. These WWTPs are not designed to remove complex compounds such as PPCPs, however, a sizeable amount is released into the environment. Some of the PPCPs present a considerable threat for aquatic organisms even at very low concentrations. This study presents the biological treatability of a synthetic musk namely musk tonalide (AHMT) from a raw hospital wastewater under different sludge retention times (SRTs). The treatability of this PPCP was investigated using an anaerobic UASB/aerobic CSTR sequential biological reactor system in laboratory conditions for the first time in Turkey. Effect of different sludge retention times (5; 30; 45 and 55 days) on the removal of AHMT was researched at mesophilic temperature conditions for the biological reactors. COD, SCOD and AHMT yields were determined. Methane gas (CH4) productions and VFA concentrations were also monitored in anaerobic UASB reactor. pH changes, dissolved oxygen (DO) variations and redox potentials (ORPs) were monitored in anaerobic UASB and aerobic CSTR reactors. As a result of the study, increasing of the SRT has a positive effect on COD (94.1%) and SCOD (91.1%) yields at 55 days of SRT in the biological reactor system. Also, biodegradation (in the supernatant) and adsorption (onto biological sludge) removal efficiencies of AHMT were increased at higher SRTs. AHMT was removed 42.3% with biodegradation from the supernatant while adsorption removal efficiency reached 57.5% in the biological sludge at 55 days of SRT for the anaerobic UASB/aerobic CSTR sequential biological reactor system. Keywords: Biological treatment; Musk tonalide; Raw hospital wastewater; Sludge retention time

Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey

Sosyal aglarin genclerin istihdam kosullarini olumlu etkiledigine yonelik bulgularin sayisi fazladir. Bu yorumlar olumlu etkilerin genellikle orta siniflar ile sinirli olacagi kanisindadir. Ancak bu calismada, sosyal sermayeyi, bagimsiz bir kaynak olarak alt sinif stratejilerinin bir parcasi olarak kabul edilecektir. Turkiye’de ucretli olarak istihdam edilen gencleri kapsayan hane halki isgucu verileri, sosyal aglarin etkisine yonelik iki hipotezi test etmek icin kullanilacaktir. Birincisi, Turkiye’de sosyal aglarin isgucu piyasasinda, alt sinif gencler tarafindan yogun kullanildigini; buna karsin orta sinif genclerin kulturel sermaye kaynaklarina odaklandigini ileri surecektir. Ikinci hipotezde ise ortaya atilacak iddia, sosyal aglar uzerinden istihdam edilen genclerin daha cok ozel sektorde imalat endustrisinde faaliyet gosteren buyuk olcekli firmalar yoluyla isgucu piyasasi firsatlarina erisim sagladigi; buna karsin orta sinif genclerin yonetici olarak istihdam edilmek uzerinden firsatlara eristigidir. Arastirma sonucunda her iki hipotezi destekleyici bulgular ile karsilasilmistir.

Management of Water Losses in Water Supply and Distribution Networks in Turkey

Water losses in water supply and distribution systems have been a serious problem in Turkey and all over the world causing economic costs and environmental drawbacks. Total water losses is the summation of real (physical) and apparent (commercial) losses. Main activities to reduce water losses include digitizing the components of network using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), dividing large water distribution networks (WDNs) into District Metered Areas (DMAs), monitoring, carrying out yearly water balance, hydraulic modelling, pressure management, active leakage control, recording water consumption of the users, reducing meter errors and illegal water consumption. The Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs in Turkey issued a new regulation for water losses reduction in 2014 based on the methods used to determine and reduce the losses. This is followed by issuing practical description of the technical procedure to reduce the losses in 2015. The new legislation aims to reduce total water losses in all water authorities below 25% within certain time periods. All the water authorities are required to carry out yearly water balance and report them to the ministry together with forms to follow up the efforts towards water losses reduction. In order to apply the prescribed techniques in a successful way, first of all water losses problem should be understood well, technical and human resource capacity should be improved, and sufficient financial resources should be allocated. Also, the water utilities should have a strategic plan and a strong commitment to reduce water losses.

Türkiye’de Gravite ve Nivelman Ağları ile Jeoidin Depremsel Deformasyonu

Türkiye’de Gravite ve Nivelman Ağları ile Jeoidin Depremsel Deformasyonu

Information passing in healthcare social networks

In recent years, social networks have become one of the most influential developments in our lives. In this paper, we investigate trust relationships and information passing in online social networks that focus on health. Our results are based on a social network called doktorsitesi.com which is the one of the largest online social networks in Turkey about healthcare that is managed by professionals. We show that there is a connection among patients in terms of information passing in doktorlarsitesi.com and quantify this information passing. Our findings implicate that healthcare interactions are embedded in social networks, and the results on the existence of information passing on other types of e-commerce social networks also apply to healthcare social networks.

Competition analysis of consumer electronics retailing networks in Turkey

The competition in retail market structure has changed considerably in recent years with the effect of internet and online selling as well as changes in consumer needs & expectations. Although physical retail stores still have important place in the economy, online selling has grown up geometrically. The aim of this research is to identify the main actors and analyze the competition for consumer electronics in Turkey from a network perspective. So network connections are analyzed to see the big picture in competition for both traditional and online retailers. In the study, open source code program “Graphcommons (graphcommons.com)” will be used to prepare the network mapping and analyze five technology superstores and seven online retailers operating in the consumer electronics market in Turkey. The relations for both retail stores and e-commerce companies will be presented. Keywords : Competition, consumer electronics, network mapping, marketing, networks JEL Classification: M31, L81, L14

Revealing information and equipment redundancies in air pollution monitoring networks in Turkey

Air pollution monitoring networks are the primary tools for measuring, managing and assessing air quality. However, these networks need considerable financial resources due to expensive devices and analyses, as well as such issues as the likely redundancy in the number of samples. The primary objective of this study was to identify possible information and equipment redundancies in Turkish monitoring networks. Thus, it is expected that the results of this study may help reduce air pollution monitoring expenses and increase monitoring efficiency. For this purpose, the Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm and time series analyses were used. This study has two novelties. First, this is the first study to be conducted for this purpose in Turkey. Further, Dickey–Fuller test statistics and model parameters have not been used as clustering variables before. Thus, it is expected that both stochastic behavior and concentration levels of PM10 time series will be reflected simultaneously, and similarities among monitoring stations will be better identified.

Judges and their Allies: The Synergy between the Constitutional Court and Judicial Support Networks in Turkey

Authoritarian regimes create and empower courts in anticipation of various regime-supporting functions of courts such as sidelining political opponents and establishing legitimacy for the government. Recently, however, many courts in authoritarian regimes around the globe have defied their expected roles as regime-supporting pawns, and instead began to challenge the interests of their creators. The Constitutional Court of Turkey (CCT) testifies to such trend. As Turkey gradually evolved to an authoritarian state under Erdoğan’s rule, the CCT has been on the front line in the battle against the Erdoğan government in moderating state power, especially from 2010 to 2014 when the government threatened individual rights and independence of the judiciary. However, the battle between the Court and the government was short-lived when the Court suddenly changed its behavior and remained acquiescent to the government since 2015. What can explain the changes in behavior of the CCT in recent years? What are the sources and conditions that enabled the Court to be active from 2010 to 2014 but passive since 2015? Collecting evidence through academic publications, civil society reports, court cases, and online news articles, this paper finds that the ability of an apex court to engage in conflict with an authoritarian regime depends largely on the mobilization of “judicial support networks,” which are composed of opposition parties, legal professionals and civil society organizations.