Ordered Network Structure Research Articles

Simultaneous reinforcing and toughening of PTFE/glass fabric composites based on polyaniline/carbon microcapsule network

Through designing dispersed well and assembled orderly structures, a series of polyaniline (PANI)/carbon (CB) microcapsules were successfully synthesised. In the formation of the PANI/CB microcapsules, PANI/CB microcapsules were in good dispersion and ordered state, which resulted in exceptional mechanical properties and electrical conductivity for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass fabric (GF) composites. Here, the authors have developed the PTFE/GF composites that have not only tensile strength up to 21.5 MPa, but also toughness up to 17.5 MJ/m3, and surface resistivity up to 5 × 108 Ω cm, it is difficult to obtain by other methods. This was achieved by only assembled orderly and ordered arrangement for forming highly ordered network structures in an oriented direction, without introducing a third component or chemical cross-linker as in interfacial systems. More importantly, they believe that the design principles and processing strategies, which can be applied to other material systems to develop superconducting, strong and flexible materials.

СТРАТЕГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ РОЗВИТКУ СИСТЕМНИХ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКІВ У ВИСОКОТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ СЕКТОРАХ: КЛАСТЕРНО-МЕРЕЖЕВИЙ ПІДХІД

In current conditions the national security increasingly depends on the processes of development and transfer of high techno logies that affect the level of its socio-economic development and are determined by the effectiveness of identifying innovative priorities and developing an international strategy. This necessitates the development of theoretical foundations and practical recommendations on the participation of countries in the processes of development of high technologies in the global innovation system, taking into account national security and development strategy. The article is devoted to the analysis of peculiarities of high-tech sectors development and the features of innovative linkages between them. The conceptual bases of creating clusters in high-tech sectors based on the system integration approach are proposed and the main advantages of this approach are determined. An algorithm for determining the development options for certain inter-branch clusters, taking into account the international component of national security, has been developed. It is proved, that Ukraine needs to create clustered network structures in order to integrate into the world of innovation space, expand its development and attract new technologies. In this case the fundamental objectives of intersectoral clusters development of on a network basis were identified. In was shown, that the effectiveness of high-tech industries development in order to achieve international competitiveness and national security can be ensured through the use of tools for stimulating interactions (accounting and analytical support, marketing) and an evolutionary strategy, that involves the development of intersectoral relationships based on international clusters, that evolve under globalization in a virtual form for the selection of organizational and technological resources and their integration through information technology. REFERENCES Bartenev V.I. Svjazka “bezopasnost’-razvitie” v sovremennyh zapadnyh issledovanijah: ot dekonstrukcii k kontekstualizacii. Mezhdunarodnye processy. 2015. T. 13. No. 3 (42): 78—97 [in Russian]. Ursul A.D., Romanovich A.L. Bezopasnost’ cherez ustojchivoe razvitie. URL: http://spkurdyumov.ru/economy/bezopasnostcherez-ustojchivoe-razvitie/ [in Russian]. Bartosh A.A. Strategija vzaimodejstvija modelej obespechenija mezhdunarodnoj i nacional’noj bezopasnosti. 2017. URL: http://nic-pnb.ru/vojny-konflikty-voennoe-stroitelstvo/strategiya-vzaimodejstviya-modelej-obespecheniyamezhdunarodnoj-i-natsionalnoj-bezopasnosti/ [in Russian]. Hanova A.A., Hortonen A.S., Paramzina L.V. Sistemnye vzaimosvjazi strategicheskogo upravlenija i modelirovanija social’no-jekonomicheskih sistem na osnove sbalansirovannoj sistemy pokazatelej. Vestn. Astrahan. gos. tehn. un-ta. Ser. upravlenie, vychisl. tehn. inform. 2014. No. 2: 109—116 [in Russian]. Sheresheva M.Ju. Formy setevogo vzaimodejstvija kompanij. M.: Izdatel’skij dom VShJe, 2010 [in Russian]. Prokopenko O.V., Omelianenko V.A. Mizhnarodnyi faktor zabezpechennia tekhnolohichnoi bezpeky derzhavy. V kn.: Ekonomichna bezpeka derzhavy: mizhdystsyplinarnyi pidkhid: kolektyvna monohrafiia. Za nauk. red. d-ra ekon. nauk, prof. Ye.V. Khlobystova. Cherkasy, 2013 [in Ukrainian]. Omelyanenko V.A. General framework for strategical aspect of national innovation security analytics. Managing economic growth: marketing, management, and innovations. 1st ed. Eds. Illiashenko, S.M., Strielkowski W. Prague Institute for Qualification Enhancement: Prague, 2016. Omelyanenko V.A., Volodin D.V. Basics of technological systems analysis based on neural networks. Economic Processes Management: International Scientific E-Journal. 2017. № 2. URL: http://epm.fem.sumdu.edu.ua/download/2017_2/epm2017_2_4.pdf Omelyanenko V. Innovation priorities optimization in the context of national technological security ensuring. Marketing and management of innovations. 2016. № 4: 226—234. Omelianenko V.A. Mizhnarodnyi transfer vysokykh tekhnolohii ta natsionalna bezpeka: tendentsii, vyklyky, perspektyvy: monohrafiia. Sumy: Trytoriia, 2017 [in Ukrainian]. Omelianenko V. A. Stratehichni aspekty zabezpechennia synerhii innovatsiinykh priorytetiv. Stratehiia ekonomichnoho rozvytku Ukrainy. 2017. No. 40: 58—67 [in Ukrainian].

Enzymolysis and glycosylation synergistic modified ovalbumin: functional and structural characteristics

ABSTRACTThe functional and structural properties of enzymatic hydrolysis and glycosylation synergistic modified ovalbumin (OVA) were investigated. The results showed that hydrolysis and glycosylation had synergetic effects on emulsifying and foaming properties, water and oil-binding capacity of OVA. And hydrolysis and glycosylation also could improve gel strength and thermal properties of OVA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis implied that the formation of 20.1 kDa ~ 29 kDa Maillard reaction products (MRPs). UV absorption and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed that enzymatic hydrolysis and glycosylation could change the secondary structure of OVA. Moreover, hydrolysis and glycosylation could produce OVA with compact and orderly network structure.

Why are some plant-pollinator networks more nested than others?

Empirical studies have found that the mutualistic interactions forming the structure of plant-pollinator networks are typically more nested than expected by chance alone. Additionally, theoretical studies have shown a positive association between the nested structure of mutualistic networks and community persistence. Yet, it has been shown that some plant-pollinator networks may be more nested than others, raising the interesting question of which factors are responsible for such enhanced nested structure. It has been argued that ordered network structures may increase the persistence of ecological communities under less predictable environments. This suggests that nested structures of plant-pollinator networks could be more advantageous under highly seasonal environments. While several studies have investigated the link between nestedness and various environmental variables, unfortunately, there has been no unified answer to validate these predictions. Here, we move from the problem of describing network structures to the problem of comparing network structures. We develop comparative statistics, and apply them to investigate the association between the nested structure of 59 plant-pollinator networks and the temperature seasonality present in their locations. We demonstrate that higher levels of nestedness are associated with a higher temperature seasonality. We show that the previous lack of agreement came from an extended practice of using standardized measures of nestedness that cannot be compared across different networks. Importantly, our observations complement theory showing that more nested network structures can increase the range of environmental conditions compatible with species coexistence in mutualistic systems, also known as structural stability. This increase in nestedness should be more advantageous and occur more often in locations subject to random environmental perturbations, which could be driven by highly changing or seasonal environments. This synthesis of theory and observations could prove relevant for a better understanding of the ecological processes driving the assembly and persistence of ecological communities.

Fabrication of thermal sensitive folic acid based supramolecular hybrid gels for injectable drug release gels

Thermal sensitive supramolecular hybrid gels for injectable drug release were prepared by adding different amounts of agar into folic acid (FA) gelator. The gelation temperature was modulated in order to form injectable gel with body temperature (37°C). Such kind of folic acid-agar (FAG) hybrid gel makes it possible to use supramolecular gel as injectable drug loaded gels for drug release. FT-IR and UV–vis spectra indicate that agar macromolecules involve in the self-assembly process through intermolecular H-bonding and π-π stacking interactions with FA molecules. The SEM and TEM images demonstrate that the fiber diameter of FAG hybrid gel is about 20nm, much smaller than that of FA gel (40nm). However, FAG hybrid has a denser nano-fibrous network structure than FA gels. Moreover, FAG hybrid gel is endowed with a more ordered network structure and a little better crystallization capability by adding agar. FAG hybrid gel also shows a shear-thinning behavior but the shear viscosity is about 2 times higher than that of FA gel. Compared with FA gel, the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli of the FAG gel are higher, which implies an enhanced gel strength. At the same time, both FA and FAG gels are facilely affected by some external factors such as acid, base and salts. In acidic or basic conditions, the strength became weak and the gelation temperature (Tg) decreased. While, within certain concentrations, the salt (NaCl) increased the gel strength and Tg. FAG gel suffered lower mass loss and owned better stability in different pH solutions compared with pure FA gel. The release behavior of the FA and injectable FAG gels was investigated by using Rhodamine B as a mimic model drug. FAG hybrid gel shows a long release profile and the release time is 3 times longer than that of FA gel, up to 30h, and the accumulative release amount reaches about 86%. So it is a potential injectable gel for sustained release drug delivery system.

Network Design Model with Evacuation Constraints Under Uncertainty

Abstract: Nepal earthquake, have shown the need for quick response evacuation and assistance routes. Evacuation routes are, mostly, based on the capacities of the roads network. However, in extreme cases, such as earthquakes, roads network infrastructure may adversely affected, and may not supply their required capacities. If for various situations, the potential damage for critical roads can be identify in advance, it is possible to develop an evacuation model, that can be used in various situations to plan the network structure in order to provide fast and safe evacuation. This paper focuses on the development of a model for the design of an optimal evacuation network which simultaneously minimizes construction costs and evacuation time. The model takes into consideration infrastructures vulnerability (as a stochastic function which is dependent on the event location and magnitude), road network, transportation demand and evacuation areas. The paper presents a mathematic model for the presented problem. However, since an optimal solution cannot be found within a reasonable timeframe, a heuristic model is presented as well. The heuristic model is based on evolutionary algorithms, which also provides a mechanism for solving the problem as a stochastic and multi-objective problem.

Classifying Twitter Topic-Networks Using Social Network Analysis

As users interact via social media spaces, like Twitter, they form connections that emerge into complex social network structures. These connections are indicators of content sharing, and network structures reflect patterns of information flow. This article proposes a conceptual and practical model for the classification of topical Twitter networks, based on their network-level structures. As current literature focuses on the classification of users to key positions, this study utilizes the overall network structures in order to classify Twitter conversation based on their patterns of information flow. Four network-level metrics, which have established as indicators of information flow characteristics—density, modularity, centralization, and the fraction of isolated users—are utilized in a three-step classification model. This process led us to suggest six structures of information flow: divided, unified, fragmented, clustered, in and out hub-and-spoke networks. We demonstrate the value of these network structures by segmenting 60 Twitter topical social media network datasets into these six distinct patterns of collective connections, illustrating how different topics of conversations exhibit different patterns of information flow. We discuss conceptual and practical implications for each structure.

Large-Scale Online Multitask Learning and Decision Making for Flexible Manufacturing

Large-scale machine coordination is a primary approach for flexible manufacturing, enabling large-scale autonomous machines to dynamically coordinate their actions in pursuit of a custom task. One of the key challenges for such large-scale systems is finding high-dimensional coordination decision-making policies. Multitask policy gradient algorithms can be used in search of high-dimensional policies, particularly in collaborative decision support systems and distributed control systems. However, it is difficult for these algorithms to learn online high-dimensional coordination control policies (CCP) from large-scale custom manufacturing tasks. This paper proposes a large-scale online multitask learning and decision-making approach, which can consecutively learn high-dimensional CCP in order to quickly coordinate machine actions online for large-scale custom manufacturing task. A large-scale online multitask leaning algorithm is developed, which is able to learn large-scale high-dimensional CCP in a flexible manufacturing scenario. An online stochastic planning algorithm is proposed, which online optimizes the Markov network structure in order to avoid expensive global search for the optimal policy. Experiments have been undertaken using a professional flexible manufacturing testbed deployed within a smart factory of Weichai Power in China. Results show the proposed approach to be more efficient when compared with previous works.

The 2015 Nepal M8.1 earthquake and the prediction for M ≥ 8 earthquakes in West China

According to the statistical analysis, a total of 25 M ≥ 8 earthquakes occurred in Mainland China and neighborhood from 1300 to 2015. The seismic activity of M ≥ 8 earthquakes has shown an obvious commensurability and self-organized orderliness. It should be remarked especially that the Nepal great earthquakes have a significant relationship with the M ≥ 8 earthquakes in West China. Within such a short 100 years from 1902 to 2001, three ordered pairs of M ≥ 8 earthquakes took place in West China: 1902–1906, 1927–1931, and 1997–2001, each pair of two earthquakes had a time interval of 4 years, which is a quite unique and rare example in the earthquake history of China and the whole world. Based on the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, this paper focuses on the summary of the ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 earthquakes, supplements new information of three M ≥ 8 earthquakes occurred in Nepal: M8 in 1833, M8.1 in 1934, and M8.1 in 2015, hence constructs and further optimizes the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 earthquakes to make prediction research. The results show that the occurrence of the 2015 Nepal M8.1 earthquake indicates the beginning of another M ≥ 8 earthquake cycle in West China. The great or strong earthquakes will probably happen in the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau area and gradually migrate from the south to the north for decades. A new ordered pair of M ≥ 8 earthquakes will probably occur around 2022 and 2026 in West China, as well as a single event around 2029.

The Ordered Network Structure and Prediction Summary for M≥7 Earthquakes in Xinjiang Region of China

Abstract M ≥7 earthquakes have showed an obvious commensurability and orderliness in Xinjiang of China and its adjacent region since 1800. The main orderly values are 30 a × k (k = 1,2,3), 11 ~ 12 a, 41 ~ 43 a, 18 ~ 19 a, and 5 ~ 6 a. In the guidance of the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, based on previous research results, combining ordered network structure analysis with complex network technology, we focus on the prediction summary of M ≥ 7 earthquakes by using the ordered network structure, and add new information to further optimize network, hence construct the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure of M ≥ 7 earthquakes. In this paper, the network structure revealed fully the regularity of seismic activity of M ≥ 7 earthquakes in the study region during the past 210 years. Based on this, the Karakorum M7.1 earthquake in 1996, the M7.9 earthquake on the frontier of Russia, Mongol, and China in 2003, and two Yutian M7.3 earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 were predicted successfully. At the same time, a new prediction opinion is presented that the future two M ≥ 7 earthquakes will probably occur around 2019 - 2020 and 2025 - 2026 in this region. The results show that large earthquake occurred in defined region can be predicted. The method of ordered network structure analysis produces satisfactory results for the mid-and-long term prediction of M ≥ 7 earthquakes.

The Ordered Network Structure of M≥8 Earthquakes and its Prediction for the Ordered Pair Great Earthquakes in Mainland China

According to the statistical data, a total of 23 M ≥ 8 earthquakes occurred in Mainland China from 1303 to 2012. The seismic activity of M ≥ 8 earthquakes has showed an obvious self-organized orderliness. It should be remarked especially that there were three ordered pairs of M ≥8 earthquakes occurred in West China during 1902 - 2001, of which the time interval in each pair of two earthquakes was four years. This is a unique and rare earthquake example in earthquake history of China and the world. In the guidance of the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, based on previous research results, combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, this paper focuses on the summary of the ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 earthquakes, supplements new information, constructs and further optimizes the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 earthquakes to make prediction research. At last, a new prediction opinion is presented that the future ordered pair of great earthquakes will probably occur around 2022 and 2026 in Mainland China.

The Ordered Network Structure and its Prediction for the Big Floods of the Changjiang River Basins

According to the latest statistical data of hydrology, a total of 21 floods took place over the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basins from 1827 to 2012 and showed an obvious commensurable orderliness. In the guidance of the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, based on previous research results, combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, we focus on the summary of the ordered network structure of the Changjiang floods, supplement new information, further optimize networks, construct the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure and make prediction research. Predictions show that the future big deluges will probably occur over the Changjiang River Basin around 2013 - 2014, 2020 - 2021, 2030, 2036, 2051, and 2058.

Predicting phishing websites based on self-structuring neural network

Internet has become an essential component of our everyday social and financial activities. Nevertheless, internet users may be vulnerable to different types of web threats, which may cause financial damages, identity theft, loss of private information, brand reputation damage and loss of customer’s confidence in e-commerce and online banking. Phishing is considered as a form of web threats that is defined as the art of impersonating a website of an honest enterprise aiming to obtain confidential information such as usernames, passwords and social security number. So far, there is no single solution that can capture every phishing attack. In this article, we proposed an intelligent model for predicting phishing attacks based on artificial neural network particularly self-structuring neural networks. Phishing is a continuous problem where features significant in determining the type of web pages are constantly changing. Thus, we need to constantly improve the network structure in order to cope with these changes. Our model solves this problem by automating the process of structuring the network and shows high acceptance for noisy data, fault tolerance and high prediction accuracy. Several experiments were conducted in our research, and the number of epochs differs in each experiment. From the results, we find that all produced structures have high generalization ability.

Liquid crystalline thermosets based on anisotropic phases of cellulose nanocrystals

A new class of liquid crystalline thermosets (LCTs) was successfully produced containing lyotropic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the primary mesogenic component (up to 72 wt%) by the addition of non-mesogenic epoxy monomers. Cellulose-based LCTs were produced by totally aqueous processing methods and ultimately cured at elevated temperatures to produce ordered networks of ‘frozen’ liquid crystalline (LC) phases. Various degrees of birefringence were obtained via self-assembly of CNCs into oriented phases as observed by polarized optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction measurements highlighted the effects of texture of CNCs within LCT films compared to lyophilized CNCs. Cellulose-based LCT films uniquely exhibited thermo-mechanical properties of both traditional LCTs and LC elastomers, such as high elastic modulus (~1 GPa) under ambient conditions and low glass transition temperature (~−25 °C), respectively. The development of LCTs based on CNCs and aqueous processing methods provides a renewable pathway for designing high performance composites with ordered network structures and unique optical properties.

Thermal conductivity of liquid crystalline epoxy/BN filler composites having ordered network structure

BN filler was added to a liquid crystalline (LC) epoxy resin to obtain a high thermal conductive material. The LC epoxy/BN composites, which were cured at different temperatures, formed an isotropic or LC polydomain phase structure. The relationship between the network orientation containing mesogenic groups and the dispersibility of the BN filler was discussed. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the LC polydomain system was drastically enhanced even at a relatively low volume fraction of BN (30vol%), regardless of the fact that both the LC and isotropic phase systems consisted of the same resin and filler content combination. This result is due to the formation of thermal conductive paths by the BN filler by exclusion of the BN filler from the LC domain formed during the curing process in the composite having the LC polydomain matrix.

The Ordered Network Structure of M ≥ 6 Strong Earthquakes and Its Prediction in the Jiangsu–South Yellow Sea Region

The the Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea region is one of the key seismic monitoring defence areas in the eastern part of China. Since 1846, M ≥ 6 strong earthquakes have showed an obvious commensurability and orderliness in this region. The main orderly values are 74∼75 a, 57∼58 a, 11∼12 a, and 5∼6 a, wherein 74∼75 a and 57∼58 a with an outstanding predictive role. According to the information prediction theory of Wen-Bo Weng, we conceived the M ≥ 6 strong earthquake ordered network structure in the South Yellow Sea and the whole region. Based on this, we analyzed and discussed the variation of seismicity in detail and also made a trend prediction of M ≥ 6 strong earthquakes in the future. The results showed that since 1998 it has entered into a new quiet episode which may continue until about 2042; and the first M ≥ 6 strong earthquake in the next active episode will probably occur in 2053 pre and post, with the location likely in the sea area of the South Yellow Sea; also, the second and the third ones or strong earthquake swarm in the future will probably occur in 2058 and 2070 pre and post.

Cyber-hindutva: Hindu nationalism, the diaspora and the Web

Hindu nationalists defend the advent of a Hindu state in India, while projecting the universal appeal of their ideology. Their very territorialized yet universal claims have been finding particular resonance among migrant populations, particularly in North America. This study strives to go beyond content analyses that foreground voices to focus on the network structure in order to highlight the new transnational practices of nationalism. Two main points emerge from this in-depth scrutiny. On the one hand, Hindu nationalist organizations have transferred their online activities mainly to the USA, where the Indian diaspora is 3.2 million strong, and constitute therefore a prime example of long-distance transnational nationalism. On the other hand, the morphological discrepancies between the online and the offline networks point to new strategies of discretion developed to evade the gaze of authorities in countries of residence. The recourse to cartography thus becomes crucial not only in understanding what sectarian or illegal movements do and show but also what they seek to hide.

The Ordered Network Structure of M≥8 Great Earthquakes and their Prediction in Mainland China

China is one of the countries which have the most earthquake disasters in the world. A total of 23 M ≥ 8 earthquakes occurred in Mainland China from 1303 to 2010. The seismic activity of M ≥ 8 earthquakes has had an obvious self-organized orderliness. The main ordered values are 252~258 a, 108~112 a, 94~98 a, 44~47 a, 24~25 a, 16~19 a, and 11~14 a. According to the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng and combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, we build an informational ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 great earthquakes in Mainland China and try to explore the practical method for M ≥ 8 great earthquake prediction with Chinese characteristics. In this paper, we have summarized the prediction research on two great earthquakes (the 2001 Kunlunshan M8.1 and the 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake) during the beginning of the 21st century in western Mainland China. At last, with the method of ordered network structure, we present a new prediction opinion: the future M ≥ 8 great earthquakes will happen in 2026 and 2065 pre and post in Mainland China. The results show that a M ≥ 8 great earthquake could be predicted and the network feature is the formation mechanism of great earthquakes. The ordered network method has a unique effect on moderate term and long term prediction for M ≥ 8 great earthquakes.

Research on Prediction of Three Great Earthquakes During the Beginning of the 21st Century in the Northern Xizang Plateau

The northern Xizang Plateau is a main seismic zone inWest China. Since 1700, M ≥ 7 earthquakes have had an obvious commensurability and orderliness in this region. The main ordered values are 106∼107a, 77∼78a, 53∼54a, 26∼27a, 11∼12a, and 3∼4a. According to the information forecasting theory ofWen-BoWeng (W. B.Weng, Fundamentals of Forecasting Theory. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing 1984 (in Chinese)), combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, we try to explore the practical method for M ≥ 7 earthquake prediction with Chinese characteristics, and build a informational ordered network structure of M ≥7 earthquakes in the northern Xizang Plateau. In this paper, we study the prediction of three great earthquakes (the 2001 Kunlunshan M8.1, the 2008Wenchuan M8.0, and the 2010 M7.1 Yushu earthquake) during the beginning of the 21st century based on the method of ordered network structure, and give many famous earthquake examples in China and abroad. Meanwhile, the cause of formation about the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquake has been discussed primarily. At last, we present some new prediction opinions: the future M ≥7 earthquakes will happen in 2014 - 2015, 2026 - 2027, and 2030 pre and post in this region. The results show that this method has a unique effect on moderate term and long term prediction for great earthquakes.

Changing network structure in the organization of knowledge: the innovation platform in the evidence of the automobile system in Turin

This paper borrows from complexity theory insights into the transformation of network structure in order to explain the changes in how economic actors and their organizations acquire and coordinate innovative and productive capabilities. Through the illustrative evidence of organizational change that had occurred in the automobile industry in the area of Turin over the last 40 years, this paper describes how transformations in the structure of interactions between firms are steered by the modification in the pattern of specialization and differentiation in the capabilities and technological skills of economic actors. The automobile system in Turin is characterized by the emergence of a distributed innovation platform, which is seen as a major innovation in the organization of innovation and technological knowledge in the system.