Network Mapping Research Articles

Remission of alcohol use disorder following traumatic brain injury with focal orbitofrontal cortex hemorrhage: case report and network mapping

BackgroundThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its role in the regulation of urges/compulsion has been identified as a critical component of circuit-based addiction models. Building on such models, it was recently shown that brain lesions disrupting addictive behavior can be mapped to a common brain circuit.MethodsWe present a case of a 42-year-old woman with chronic treatment-refractory alcohol use disorder who experienced early remission following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) with focal left OFC intracerebral hemorrhage. Using a network mapping approach (normative connectome, n = 1000), functional connectivity was computed from the traced OFC lesion across all brain voxels.ResultsThe case lesion map topography converges on a brain lesion map previously described as disrupting addictive behavior, but with an inverse connectivity profile (spatial correlation r = −0.59). This spatial correlation is more negative than what would be expected by chance (permutation test 1-sided, p = 0.04) or by random lesion cases (1-sided, p < 0.001).ConclusionsBased on these results, we suggest that potentially just disrupting this brain network, regardless of the directionality, could facilitate remission. However, this case report cannot control for multiple psychosocial factors potentially impacting alcohol remission and caution is also needed for considering TBI as a mechanism for generating an isolated focal lesion. Overall, this case contributes to our understanding of circuit-based models of addictive behavior and could be useful in generating hypotheses for neuromodulatory treatment strategies.

Coordinate Network Mapping of Focal Brain Volume Differences in ADHD Reveals Common Patterns That Lack Specificity: A Systematic Review

Coordinate Network Mapping of Focal Brain Volume Differences in ADHD Reveals Common Patterns That Lack Specificity: A Systematic Review

Prognostic application of lesion network mapping to epilepsy surgery outcomes in pediatric tuberous sclerosis complex.

Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-related epilepsy often have drug-refractory epilepsy and numerous potential epileptogenic tubers. Current clinical methods target tubers for resection, but prediction of resulting seizure relief is difficult. This study describes implementation of lesion network mapping in TSC patients undergoing epilepsy surgery to associate resection zone with seizure outcomes. Thirty-nine consecutive patients with TSC who underwent invasive electroencephalography (EEG) and resection or ablation of the seizure onset zone were included. After preprocessing, each resection zone was delineated as the region of interest. Lesion network mapping was performed to determine the association between cortical networks connected to the resection zone and postoperative outcome using a multiple regression, iterative model that included demographic and other variables obtained from analysis of invasive EEG. Of 39 patients, 20 (51%) had a good International League Against Epilepsy outcome (1-3). Resection regions connected to the default mode network and motor network were associated with better seizure outcome. Regions connected to the bilateral insula, visual associative regions, and putamen were associated with poor seizure outcome. This study provides methodology for lesion network mapping in TSC-related epilepsy. The results suggest a tendency for better outcomes when the resection zone is connected to certain networks, including the default mode and motor networks, that may support sustainment of seizures.

SRSF3 and hnRNP A1-mediated m6A-modified circCDK14 regulates intramuscular fat deposition by acting as miR-4492-z sponge

The intramuscular fat (IMF) content of yak beef is critical for determining its quality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of endogenous non-coding RNAs that have emerged as important factors in the regulation of IMF deposition. However, the molecular mechanisms through which circRNAs regulate IMF deposition, particularly in yaks, remain unclear. In the present study, a novel circRNA, circCDK14 (originating from the yak’s CDK14 gene), was identified by sequencing and RNase R treatment. In our previous study, we successfully established a ceRNA network map and identified miR-4492-z, which interacts with circCDK14. Furthermore, using methylation prediction software, we predicted two genes, SRSF3 and hnRNP A1, that have a strong binding relationship with circCDK14; existing research has confirmed their close association with m6A methylation modifications. On the basis of these findings, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of circCDK14, miR-4492-z, SRSF3 and hnRNP A1 on the proliferation and differentiation of yak intramuscular pre-adipocytes using EdU, CCK-8, BODIPY, Oil Red O and qRT-PCR analyses. Mechanistically, the interaction between circCDK14 and miR-4492-z was validated using a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and rescue experiments. RIP assays revealed the binding interaction of circCDK14 with SRSF3 and hnRNP A1. The MeRIP experiments showed modification of circCDK14 methylation, with SRSF3 and hnRNP A1 promoting the methylation and translocation of circCDK14 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In summary, our results suggest that m6A-modified circCDK14 plays a crucial role as an miR-4492-z sponge in regulating IMF deposition in yaks and that the nuclear export of circCDK14 correlates with the expression levels of SRSF3 and hnRNP A1. This study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of yak meat quality and promotes the development of molecular yak breeding.

A bibliometric analysis of the main databases of the Way of St. James (1997–2023)

The Camino de Santiago is one of the most important pilgrimage routes and representative of the world of Christianity, and the first European Cultural Route that leads to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Cazaux in Tour Int Interdiscip J 3(1):353–367, 2011; Mróz et al. in Int J Relig Tour Pilgr 7(5):56–71, 2019; Roszak in J Relig Health, 62:2734–2745, 2023; Zhang et al. in J Relig Health, 63(1):89–108, 2024; Roszak and Mróz in J Relig Health 63(6):4861–4875, 2024).This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications related to the Camino de Santiago from 1934 to 2023, using the Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. The data collected in the Scopus database was analyzed using the VOSviewer tool. This tool enabled the generation of thematic network maps, which were derived from the analysis of keyword occurrences, documents, and countries with the highest number of publications. Additionally, it was used to identify journals with the highest number of publications and the most productive authors. 685 studies were identified, of which 317 met the inclusion criteria, after filtering for duplicates, accessibility, and relevance. The main findings reveal that 27.1% of the research has been conducted in arts and humanities, 24.4% in social sciences, 15.2% in tourism, and 13.8% in business, management and accounting. A limited number of comprehensive research projects into the Camino were found. Several studies were inaccessible or didn’t have detailed abstracts. To date, only two bibliometric analyses of the Camino de Santiago have been identified. This research is distinguished by its extended time frame, diverse methodological approaches and use of multiple databases, providing a more nuanced understanding of the scholarly landscape surrounding the Camino de Santiago. The findings underscore the need for more accessible and detailed research to fully capture the multifaceted nature of this historic pilgrimage route.

Research hotspots and trends of the SLC26A4 gene-related hearing loss from the perspective of knowledge graph

This article aims to identify research hotspots and trends in research on SLC26A4 gene-related hearing loss through bibliometric and visual analyses, providing a reference and direction for future research. Publications on SLC26A4 gene research in hearing loss from 1994 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Bibliometrix 4.0.0 R package, CiteSpace 6.2.R6 software, and VOSviewer 1.6.20. The analysis encompassed journals, authors, keywords, institutions, countries, and references. Based on the analysis results, network maps were generated to evaluate collaborations among authors, countries, institutions, keyword co-occurrences, and co-citation references. This study identified 1,308 publications from 62 countries. Annual publication numbers have increased with fluctuations, showing rapid growth since 2011. The USA emerged as the leading contributor in this field based on scientific production, citations, and cooperation networks. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology had the highest number of publications, while Laryngoscope was the most cited journal. Harvard University was the most productive institution. Key researchers included Dai Pu, Griffith Andrew J., and Usami Shin-Ichi. There have been active collaborations between countries, authors, and institutions. The primary research topics focused on genotype-phenotype correlations, genetic screening, diagnostic advancements, and exploration of pathogenic mechanisms. Research on SLC26A4 gene-related hearing loss has notably increased since 2011, with ongoing clinical investigations and basic research efforts. Future studies may further explore disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions related to the SLC26A4 gene.

Comprehensive Performance-Oriented Multi-Objective Optimization of Hemispherical Resonator Structural Parameters

The hemispherical resonant gyroscope is the highest-precision solid-state vibration gyroscope, widely applied in aviation, aerospace, marine, and other navigation fields. As the core component of the hemispherical resonant gyroscope, the design of its structural parameters directly influences the key performance parameters of the resonator—specifically, the thermoelastic damping quality factor and the minimum frequency difference from interference modes—affecting the operational accuracy and lifespan of the gyroscope. However, existing research, both domestic and international, has not clarified the effect of structural parameters on performance laws. Thus, studying the mapping relationship between the resonator’s performance and structural parameters is essential for optimization. In this study, a hemispherical resonator with a midplane radius of 10 mm serves as the research object. Based on a high-precision finite element simulation model of an ideal hemispherical resonator, the mechanism of thermoelastic damping and the influence of structural parameters on performance are analyzed. A PSO-BP neural network mapping model is then developed to relate the resonator’s structural and performance parameters. Subsequently, the NSGA-II algorithm is applied to perform multi-objective mapping of these parameters, achieving an optimized resonator with a 4.61% increase in the minimum frequency difference from interference modes and a substantial improvement in thermoelastic damping of approximately 70.41%. The comprehensive, performance-oriented multi-objective optimization method for the structural parameters of hemispherical resonators proposed in this paper offers a cost-effective approach to high-performance design and optimization, and it can also be applied to other manufacturing processes under specific conditions.

A Novel Reformulation of LRRM Calibration Algorithm Using the Pseudo Cascading Relationship

In this paper, by combining the error network mapping model with the pseudo cascading relationship, the line-reflect-reflect-match (LRRM) calibration of a vector network analyzer (VNA) is reformulated in a novel and simple way. Based on the error network mapping model in the hybrid parameter representation, the raw measured waves are mapped to the equivalent voltages and currents at the test ports. To describe the mapping relationship, the hybrid parameter matrix is constructed by measurement of the thru standard, and only three calibration coefficients, namely x, y, and z, are required to be solved for the VNA calibration. Meanwhile, when measuring the double one-port standard, the pseudo cascading relationship is defined and used to establish the calibration equation in the form of matrix multiplication. By this means, an eigenvalue problem similar to that in thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration is derived after a series of simple matrix operations. Solving the eigenvalue problem enables the calibration coefficients x and y to be calculated in a convenient manner. Then, by utilizing the lumped models of partial calibration standards, the last calibration coefficient z is determined. Once all three calibration coefficients are obtained, the LRRM calibration is completed. Finally, on-wafer experiments are performed to verify the formulated LRRM calibration.

Bibliometric analysis on the research trends in neurotrophic factors

Objective: This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the research progress of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) in recent 10 years, in which, we delineated the productivity of authors, institutions, and countries, identifying influential journals, and uncovering research hotspots and leading trends. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection using the keyword “neurotrophic growth factor”. After refining search criteria, 2,510 publications, including 1,953 articles and 557 reviews, were analyzed. Meanwhile, tools such as VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel were employed for data visualization, network mapping, and trend analysis. Results: The analysis revealed a relatively stable publication trend from 2014 to 2019, followed by a gradual decline after 2019. The United States led in research output (705 publications), followed by China (550 publications), with China showing significant growth in recent years. Institutional contributions were dominated by Chinese universities, such as Sun Yat-sen University, while Western institutions, such as the University of British Columbia and University of California, Los Angeles, demonstrated higher citation impacts. Among authors, Margaret Fahnestock and Ronald S. Duman emerged as highly influential based on citation metrics, despite fewer publications compared to other prolific authors. Keyword analysis highlighted emerging research themes, such as NTF-based therapies and innovative delivery systems. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of NTF research over the past decade, highlighting trends in productivity, impact, and collaboration. While Chinese institutions and authors contributed significantly to the field's volume, Western counterparts produced more impactful studies. These findings underscore the evolving landscape of NTF research and offer insights to guide future studies and clinical applications.

Mapping of prostate cancer microvascular patterns using super-resolution ultrasound imaging

BackgroundSuper-resolution ultrasound imaging (SRUI) is a rapidly expanding field with the potential to impact cancer management. Image processing algorithms applied to contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) video data can track the path of the contrast agent and produce high-resolution maps of vascular networks. Our aim was to develop SRUI for mapping prostate vascular dynamics and to assess the feasibility of identifying vascular patterns associated with prostate cancer.MethodsTracking algorithms for SRUI were developed using in silico data and validated in pre-clinical CEUS video collected from the sheep ovary. Algorithm performance was then assessed in a retrospective study of 54 image planes within 14 human prostates. CEUS data was collected for each plane, and regions of suspected cancer in each were identified from biopsy data.ResultsOf three algorithms assessed, utilising vascular knowledge was found to be the most robust method. Regions of suspected cancer were associated with increased blood flow volume and speed while avascular regions were also identified. Ten scan planes had confirmed Gleason 7 cancer; of these 10 planes, 7 had distinct regions of fast and high-volume flow, while 6 had both avascular and high flow regions. The cancer-free planes had more consistent, low blood flow values across the plane.ConclusionSRUI can be used to identify imaging biomarkers associated with vascular architecture and dynamics. These multiparameter biomarkers may be useful in pinpointing regions of significant prostate cancer.Relevance statementSuper-resolution ultrasound imaging can generate microvascular maps of the prostate, revealing tissue patterns and presenting significant potential for the identification of multiple biomarkers associated with the localisation of prostate cancer.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered NCT02831920, date 5/7/2016 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02831920.Key PointsAn algorithm was developed and tested in synthetic pre-clinical and clinical data.Maps of blood vessels were created using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging.Specific presentations of vasculature at regions of prostate cancer have been identified.Graphical

Proteomics Reveals That Vitamin D Deficiency Leads to Immunoglobulin Abnormalities and Immune Dysregulation in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition.

Vitamin D (VD) levels are closely related to the occurrence of post-COVID-19 conditions (PCCs), but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Here, a total of 50 PCC patient serum samples were divided into the VD sufficient group (VD ≥ 30 ng/mL), the VD insufficient group (20 ng/mL ≤ VD < 30 ng/mL), and the VD deficiency group (VD < 20 ng/mL) and then subjected to proteomic analysis. We identified 15 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) between the VD sufficient and VD insufficient groups, including 5 immunoglobulin proteins (JCHAJN, IGHV4-28, GHV4-34, IGHM, and IGLV2-11), which were significantly negatively correlated with VD levels in PCC patients. These DAPs were primarily enriched in immune-related pathways such as the TNF signaling pathway and the B cell receptor signaling pathway. Compared with the VD insufficient group, VD deficiency resulted in 4 proteins being upregulated and 8 proteins being downregulated. The declined abundance of IGLV1-47 negatively correlated with serum VD levels. Albumin (ALB) was in the center of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network map of all DAPs and was negatively correlated with serum VD levels. In conclusion, VD insufficiency/deficiency leads to abnormalities in immunoglobulin heavy, light, and J chains, resulting in PCC syndrome. VD supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate the symptoms of PCC.

Lesion Network Mapping - A Novel Tool for Neurologists in Localizing Single Cases with Unusual Clinical Presentations.

Lesion Network Mapping - A Novel Tool for Neurologists in Localizing Single Cases with Unusual Clinical Presentations.

Trends, Issues, and Future Directions of Decentralization in Unitary State Research: Bibliometric Analyses from 1975-2024

This study presents the overall bibliometric analysis for the period 1975-2024 of research into decentralization in unitary states. This research was conductede to cover the voids existing in this field, such as the systematic examination of the evolution in themes, key contributors, and mapping of collaborative networks. These documents were analyzed using the Bibliometrix package in R Studio. The main findings of the study show a significant increase in publications over the years, culminating in 2016. From the thematic breakdown, a shift from foundational concepts to practical implications, such as public management and accountability. The study further identifies emerging trends, including how decentralization is being influenced by global challenges like COVID-19, making the need for resilient local governance systems, and bridging the role of decentralized structures in managing public health crises. This paper contributes to an overview of the research landscape, guiding future research directions and informing policy. It underscores the dynamism and interdisciplinarity of research in decentralization up a notch higher to be relevant to improving governance in unitary states.

Investigating the Aβ and tau pathology in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease: insights from hybrid PET/MRI and network mapping

BackgroundAutosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD) offers a distinct framework to study the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), due to its predictable symptom onset and high penetrance of causative mutations. The study aims to examine the spatial distribution and temporal progression of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau pathologies, along with mapping the pathology-functional connectivity network, in asymptomatic ADAD mutation carriers using hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI).MethodsParticipants were recruited from the Chinese Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Network, comprising 14 asymptomatic ADAD mutation carriers and 20 cognitively normal healthy controls (CN). Aβ deposition was evaluated using 11C-PIB PET, while tau aggregation was assessed via 18F-MK6240 PET imaging. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) was analyzed to investigate relationships between pathological burden and neural network changes. Through qualitative analysis, ADAD carriers with marked 18F-MK6240 uptake in intracranial regions were categorized into Group 2, while others were designated as Group 1.ResultsAsymptomatic ADAD carriers demonstrated a significantly greater Aβ burden across the cortex and striatum compared to CN, although tau PET binding did not differ significantly between the groups. Group 2 participants exhibited elevated 11C-PIB uptake in the neocortex and striatum, and increased 18F-MK6240-PET uptake in the medial temporal and other cortical regions. Compared with Group 1, network mapping of rsFC in Group 2 indicated increased connectivity associated with tau deposition in limbic, posterior cortical, and bilateral temporal regions, overlapping with the default mode network, suggesting potential compensatory mechanisms. Additionally, reduced connectivity in the left medial inferior temporal cortex and fusiform gyrus aligned with findings in sporadic AD cases.ConclusionsThis study shows the spatiotemporal progression of Aβ and tau pathologies in preclinical ADAD, supporting the hypothesis that Aβ deposition precedes tau pathology. The rsFC alterations observed associate with tau deposition in asymptomatic carriers indicate early network disruptions. Tau network mapping presents a valuable approach for assessing individualized brain connectivity changes in preclinical AD, mitigating single-subject variability and advancing precision assessment in early-stage AD diagnosis.

Social Relations of Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities from a Life Course Perspective.

Research has yet to seek a more complete understanding of how people aging with intellectual disabilities experience their social relations, and how their earlier life experiences impact the development of their social relations. This study investigated the experiences of older adults with intellectual disabilities with their social relations from a life course perspective. A process of paired recruitment generated a sample of 12 adults with intellectual disabilities age 50 and over with at least one key support person each. Data collection consisted of in-depth qualitative life history interviews with the participants and their key support persons using lifelines. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts demonstrated that the participants' social relations facilitated positive experiences in the first parts of their lives. The participants felt their lives were disrupted by several transitions as they reached young and middle adulthood such as moving out of the family home, parental divorce and the deaths of parents. Challenging social encounters such as abuse, bullying and conflicts caused distress and negatively impacted the participants' well-being at various points in their lives. Finally, participants simultaneously expressed feelings of belonging and longing as central to their social well-being in late life. Study findings highlight complex experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities with their social relations across their lives. They promote further development of strategies for person centered planning such as social network mapping and life story work to better support adults with intellectual disabilities as they age.

Synaptic connectivity mapping among thousands of neurons via parallelized intracellular recording with a microhole electrode array.

The massive parallelization of neuronal intracellular recording, which enables the measurement of synaptic signals across a neuronal network, and thus the mapping and characterization of synaptic connections, is an open challenge, with the state of the art being limited to the mapping of about 300 synaptic connections. Here we report a 4,096 platinum/platinum-black microhole electrode array fabricated on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor chip for parallel intracellular recording and thus for synaptic-connectivity mapping. The microhole-neuron interface, together with current-clamp electronics in the underlying semiconductor chip, allowed a 90% average intracellular coupling rate in rat neuronal cultures, generating network-wide intracellular-recording data with abundant synaptic signals. From these data, we extracted more than 70,000 plausible synaptic connections among more than 2,000 neurons and catalogued them into electrical synaptic connections and into inhibitory, weak/uneventful excitatory and strong/eventful excitatory chemical synaptic connections, with an estimated overall error rate of about 5%. This scale of synaptic-connectivity mapping and the ability to characterize synaptic connections is a step towards the functional connectivity mapping of large-scale neuronal networks.

Analysis of keyword networks of electronic scientific journal

Information science faces challenges in addressing the ever-growing, deterritorialized, and increasingly complex digital environment. New methodological approaches are needed to effectively analyze the diversity of contemporary networks and information systems. This study employed bibliometric and network analysis to examine trends and highlight frequent keywords within a scholarly electronic journal, Informação &amp; Informação. The analysis quantitatively and visually mapped the relationships between keyword frequency and co-occurrence within the journal’s corpus. Data, spanning four decades, were grouped and analyzed using keyword network maps. While “information science” emerged as a prominent keyword, its relevance in published research became particularly pronounced in the first decade of the 21st century. The analysis also revealed a considerable expansion of research themes over time, with “knowledge organization,” “knowledge management,” “information management,” and “scientific communication” appearing as particularly relevant topics.

The Mobile Social Network Ecology: Migrant Voices, Organizational Perspectives, and Unveiling Public Mobility in Qualitative Social Network Analysis

Livelihoods are becoming increasingly defined by one’s (in)ability for and agency over movement, that is, mobility, especially on the transnational scale. Simultaneously, the relational turn of public relations scholarship has emphasized a network perspective, examining how a set of relations among social actors comprise, maintain, and/or disrupt society. Yet the development of the network perspective in public relations has not been without its limitations, notably the absence of public perspectives, actions, and realities—all of which impact the communicative interactions that produce the public’s social networks. Through a qualitative approach to social network analysis (SNA) that integrates ethnographic observations and visual network mapping alongside interviews with recent Afghan refugees and representatives from migrant-serving/advocacy organizations, this research incorporates public and organizational perspectives to highlight mobility as an increasingly important dimension to public formation and relationship dynamics. This monograph proposes the mobile social network ecology, a concept that integrates social network analysis and experiences of public mobility, to better consider mobility’s impacts on key public relationships, inclusive of distinct migrant publics, the civil society organizations (CSOs) that seek to serve them, and their linkages to civil societies on a transnational scale.

Lesion network mapping of REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder.

Lesion network mapping of REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder.

Insights into Molecular Mechanism of Secondary Xylem Rapid Growth in Salix psammophila.

Salix psammophila C. Wang & C. Y. Yang is an important windbreak and sand-fixing shrub species in Northwest China, with excellent characteristics such as resistance to drought, wind, and sand. S. psammophila needs to be stubbed flat after several years of growth to continue to grow, otherwise, its growth rate will slow down and even begin to die. To understand the genetic regulatory mechanism of secondary growth in S. psammophila, cell structure and transcriptome analysis were performed on the secondary xylem and secondary phloem of stems. The results showed that the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem of S. psammophila were well developed at 1, 2, and 3-year-old stages, and the secondary growth changes mainly occurred in the secondary xylem at the 2 to 3-year-old stage, with a faster growth rate. The CSE2 and CSE1 genes that regulate CSE (caffeoyl shikimate esterase) have high sequence similarity (92% and 93%) with the CSE2 and CSE1 genes of the genus Populus, respectively, and regulate lignin biosynthesis. Notably, the expression levels of these two genes decreased in the secondary xylem of 3-year-old S. psammophila, indicating that the rapid growth of S. psammophila may be related to lignin biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to screen candidate TFs and genes involved in the secondary growth processes of S. psammophila, which were categorized into six co-expression modules. A total of 79 genes were selected from these co-expression modules, and co-expression network maps of the genes were constructed. The results indicate that the secondary growth of S. psammophila was regulated by a TF regulatory network. Interestingly, PLATZ TFs were involved in the rapid secondary growth and stress tolerance in S. psammophila. This hints that S. psammophila may promote secondary growth by increasing stress tolerance.