The relationship between menopause-related hormonal changes and disease outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis (WwMS) is still debated. We investigated whether natural estrogen exposure during reproductive years and its decrease at menopause correlate with disease outcomes in WwMS. Thirty-two perimenopausal WwMS participated in a two-phase study. In the first cross-sectional phase, we calculated the cumulative lifetime estrogen exposure (CLEE) and examined its associations with physical and cognitive disability, as well as optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging metrics, comparing individuals with long versus short CLEE. In the second longitudinal phase, 21 WwMS returned for follow-up at 6, 12 and 18months. The cohort was divided into menopause-positive (M+) and menopause-negative (M-) groups, and group differences were analyzed. WwMS with longer CLEE had lower baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale scores (p=0.03), a thicker optic nerve head (p=0.04), and a thicker macular retinal nerve fiber layer (p=0.03). They also performed better on the 9-Hole Peg Test (p=0.018) and scored lower on the MS Impact Scale-29 (p=0.002). After 12months, longer CLEE correlated inversely with loss of the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (r=-0.532, p=0.04). Additionally, M+ WwMS experienced greater brain volume loss compared with M- WwMS (p=0.029). A longer duration of CLEE is associated with better outcomes in WwMS, while menopause appears to be linked to increased brain atrophy. Larger clinical studies are warranted to further explore these findings and clarify the relationships between CLEE, menopause and MS outcomes.

We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of peripapillary retinal folds (RFs) and peripapillary wrinkling (PPW) in distinguishing papilledema (PE) from pseudopapilledema (PPE) in pediatric patients using spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT). We also identified diagnostic threshold values for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and optic nerve head volume (ONHV). Single-center, hospital and clinic-based, retrospective, cross-sectional study. We included 84 eyes from 42 pediatric patients with PE and 92 eyes from 46 pediatric patients with PPE. Two masked ophthalmologists (H.V. and D.R.) independently reviewed transverse and en face SD-OCT images to assess for RF and PPW. We manually segmented retinal layers and measured RNFL thickness and ONHV. We performed receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis with area under the curve (AUC) to determine optimal diagnostic thresholds. We assessed inter-rater reliability using Cohen's kappa. Sensitivity and specificity for RF and PPW; optimal diagnostic thresholds for RNFL and ONHV in distinguishing PE from PPE in pediatric patients. We observed RFs or PPW in 90.2% of PE eyes and 38.6% of PPE eyes (P < 0.0001). Retinal folds demonstrated higher sensitivity (79.2%) but lower specificity (67.4%), whereas PPW showed higher specificity (92.9%) and lower sensitivity (43.5%) in distinguishing PE from PPE in pediatric patients. Transverse OCT had the highest probability of detecting RFs as a marker for PE, whereas en face OCT was more reliable at detecting PPW. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified optimal PE screening thresholds of ≥163 μm for RNFL (AUC = 0.908) with 78% sensitivity and 93% specificity and a threshold of ≥5.43 mm3 for ONHV (AUC = 0.855) with 73% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Inter-rater agreement was higher for RF on transverse OCT (κ = 0.61) and higher for PPW on en face OCT (κ = 0.54). Peripapillary wrinkling is specific to PE in pediatric patients and an excellent rule-in tool. Transverse SD-OCT reliably detects Paton's folds, particularly RF. However, the limited specificity of RF and higher inter-rater variability of rare, subtle findings underscore the importance of incorporating quantitative OCT metrics. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and ONHV offer strong discriminative power and objective thresholds to support clinical decision-making. In borderline cases, clinicians can improve diagnostic confidence by integrating fold detection with RNFL and ONHV analysis, additional ancillary testing, and clinical history with exam to create a more accurate, noninvasive approach to distinguish PE from PPE in children. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Evaluation of the relationship between clinical parameters and retinal microvascular structures in children with atopic dermatitis: An optical coherence tomography angiography study.

To quantify ocular microcirculation by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and peripheral microcirculation by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), to compare OCTA/optical coherence tomography (OCT) metrics with healthy controls, and to explore NVC-ocular relationships. In this single-center, cross-sectional case-control study, 32 SLE patients and 34 controls were evaluated at one visit. NVC was scored semi-quantitatively (EULAR-standardized) in SLE. OCTA provided macular superficial/deep plexus and optic nerve head/peripapillary radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density metrics; structural OCT measured peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Multiple testing was controlled with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR). Exploratory ROC analysis and age/BMI-adjusted logistic regression were performed for inside-disc RPC vessel density (RPCID). RPCID was lower in SLE than controls (50.6 [43.4-55.7] vs 55.3 [44.3-59.7]; FDR-adjusted p < 0.001) and showed good in-sample discrimination (AUC = 0.804). Higher RPCID was associated with lower odds of SLE after adjustment (OR = 0.737; 95% CI 0.625-0.869; p < 0.001). Within SLE, higher NVC dilation scores correlated with lower macular vessel density (deep superior sector: r = - 0.384; FDR p = 0.041), and higher composite NVC morphology correlated with greater mean RNFL thickness (r = 0.505; FDR p < 0.05). Optic nerve head/peripapillary microcirculation is reduced in SLE, and RPCID showed the largest between-group difference and promising in-sample discrimination of case-control status. NVC-ocular associations are exploratory and warrant longitudinal, multicenter validation. Key Points • Analysis of this cross-sectional case-control sample demonstrated that inside-disc RPC (RPCID) vessel density was significantly lower in SLE (50.6 [43.4-55.7] vs 55.3 [44.3-59.7]; FDR-adjusted p < 0.001), indicating reduced peripapillary microcirculation. • RPCID had the biggest difference between groups. Our analysis also showed good discrimination, with an AUC of 0.804. • NVC indicators had significant correlations with certain OCTA/OCT metrics, such as DS (r = - 0.384) and RNFL (r = 0.505). Since this was a cross-sectional study, these findings are preliminary and should be confirmed by future longitudinal research.

To evaluate the retinal, peripapillary, and choroidal microvascular structures in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by sustained thrombocytosis and an increased risk of thrombotic events, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). This prospective, cross-sectional study included 20 ET patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent spectral-domain OCTA to assess vessel density (VD) in the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP), radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network, and choriocapillaris (CC). Structural parameters, including central macular thickness (CMT), macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ), were also evaluated. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests based on data distribution. Patients with ET exhibited significantly increased CMT compared with controls ( P = 0.019), whereas RNFL and mGCC thicknesses showed no significant differences. Peripapillary whole image VD and RPC VD in the nasal-inferior quadrant were significantly reduced in the ET group ( P = 0.042 and P = 0.039, respectively). Most notably, DCP VD was significantly decreased in both parafoveal ( P = 0.004) and perifoveal ( P = 0.010) regions across all quadrants. No significant differences were observed in SCP VD, FAZ metrics, or CC flow parameters ( P > 0.05 for all). Patients with ET demonstrate subclinical retinal microvascular alterations predominantly affecting the DCP and peripapillary circulation, whereas superficial retinal and choroidal vasculature remains relatively preserved. OCTA may serve as a sensitive, noninvasive tool for detecting early retinal involvement in ET.

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and timing of unexplained intraocular pressure (IOP) increase over time following the administration of various intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents for macular diseases. This retrospective study included 2611 eyes treated multiple times with one or more different anti-VEGF agents between 2016 and 2022. An IOP increase of ≥ 25 mmHg was classified as pathological. We analyzed the incidence rates, the timing of the IOP increase during the administered therapy and the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layer over two years in eyes with IOP increase. A total of 50 eyes (1.9%) from 48 patients experienced an increase in IOP during anti-VEGF therapy. In 15 eyes, the increase was attributable to other ocular diseases (such as neovascular glaucoma, uveitis, or endophthalmitis), and these eyes were therefore excluded from further analysis. In contrast, 35 eyes (1.3%) from 33 patients with an average age of 68.4 ± 10,0 years, developed an unexplained increase in IOP up to an average of 27 [25-45] mmHg, typically after 12 [1-35] weeks. 97% of the affected eyes had no history of glaucoma. The baseline IOP was 16 [12-20] mmHg. In 24 eyes (68%), short-term topical therapy led to adequate IOP regulation. For 10 eyes (29%) with persistently elevated IOP, continued topical antiglaucoma therapy was required, while 2 eyes required surgical intervention. The average thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer and the ganglion cell layer did not change significantly over two years. An increased IOP can occur during the course of anti-VEGF therapy in normotensive eyes. This phenomenon can be conservatively controlled in 94% of cases.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, where timely and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables non-invasive evaluation of retinal changes that may serve as biomarkers for MS. Unlike other ophthalmologic diseases, raw cross-sectional OCT images in MS show subtle alterations often indistinguishable from healthy controls (HCs). Consequently, retinal layer thickness and boundary-derived surface features offer greater discriminatory power. We investigated three categories of artificial intelligence (AI) models: (1) feature extraction with auto-encoder (AE) and shallow networks, (2) custom-designed deep networks, and (3) fine-tuned pre-trained networks. Retinal layer thickness and surface maps derived from OCT were analyzed to determine the most informative features, with channel-wise combination and mosaicing applied for feature integration. Model interpretability was assessed using occlusion sensitivity and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualizations. The dataset included 38 HC and 78 MS eyes obtained from independent public and local sources. Patient-wise partitioning was implemented to prevent data leakage. The proposed deep network using channel-wise combined thickness maps of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), and inner nuclear layer (INL) layers achieved balanced accuracy of 97.3% (SD=4.16; 95% CI: 92.3-100%), specificity of 97.3% (SD=5.59; 95% CI: 92.6-100%), sensitivity of 97.4% (SD=3.54; 95% CI: 92.6-100%), g-mean of 97.3% (SD=4.18; 95% CI: 92.24-100%), F1-score of 98.0% (SD=3.86; 95% CI: 92.6-100%), and an AUC of 0.96 (SD=0.08; 95% CI: 0.95-1.00). Notably, the high performance observed in internal cross-validation was achieved when public and local datasets were combined. However, performance decreased substantially in cross-dataset evaluations, where models were trained on one dataset and tested on the other, indicating limited external generalizability, particularly when trained on public data and applied to local clinical data. AI-based analysis of OCT-derived retinal layer features enables accurate and interpretable classification of MS, supporting its potential as a valuable clinical biomarker.

Structural alterations in the retina and choroid of keratoconus patients detected by optical coherence tomography: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness as a biomarker of uveitis activity: A systematic review.

To study ocular fundus morphology and its relation to growth in adolescents born moderate-to-late preterm (MLP) and full term. This prospective and population-based cohort study included 50 MLP adolescents (26 girls, mean age 16.5 years) and 50 full-term controls (30 girls, mean age 16.7 years). Optical coherence tomography measurements were studied in relation to gestational age, auxological data, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). The MLP group showed an increased central macular retinal thickness (MRT) compared with controls in right eye (RE) (249.7 ± 21.0 vs. 239.9 ± 16.4 μm, p = 0.019). Moreover, the MLP group showed a thinner total peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (ppRNFL) thickness in RE (104.3 ± 8.5 vs. 109.1 ± 8.3, p = 0.0011). Nasal ppRNFL thickness was thinner in both RE (79.4 ± 13.2 vs. 85.0 ± 10.8, p = 0.0012) and left eye (LE) (77.0 ± 13.8 vs. 81.7 ± 13.4, p = 0.025) compared with controls. A weak association between total ppRNFL thickness and IGF-I levels was found (RE, r = 0.28, p = 0.032; LE, r = 0.27, p = 0.048), as well as between central MRT and a ratio between IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels (RE, r = 0.30, p = 0.022). Additionally, there was a correlation between optic cup/disc area ratio and birth weight (RE: r = -0.44, p = 0.0006; LE: r = -0.30, p = 0.026). The present study suggests that growth and MLP birth may impact ocular fundus morphology. The MLP adolescents were shown to have thinner ppRNFL thickness and greater MRT, compared with full-term controls. Furthermore, a weak association between these structures and growth factors was found. In addition, the current study proposes that birth weight may impact optic disc parameters.

Abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of systemic arterial hypertension in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters and to investigate whether an association exists between nondipper patterns confirmed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and OCTA measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five healthy control patients without hypertension and 90 newly diagnosed hypertension patients were divided into two groups as dipper group (&gt;10% nocturnal blood pressure [BP] fall) and nondipper group (≤10% nocturnal BP fall) according to their nocturnal BP reduction were included to the study. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmological examinations. Retinal and optic disc OCTA findings and ABPM data were obtained prospectively. The vessel density (VD) of the retinal superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus, foveal retinal thickness, radial peripapillary capillary, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The superior quadrant RNFL thickness was significantly lower in both the nondipper and dipper groups than in the control group ( P = 0.014). However, the nondipper group showed a statistically significant increase in optic disc peripapillary capillary VD compared to the dipper and control groups ( P = 0.018). SCP whole and perifoveal VD were significantly lower in the dipper and nondipper groups than in the control group ( P = 0.011 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest an association between nondipper BP pattern and increased optic disc peripapillary VD, as well as lower levels of superior quadrant RNFL thickness. OCTA may be a useful marker for identifying retinal microvascular changes in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients.

To investigate the effects of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) on the iridocorneal angle, anterior chamber, and iris in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) and to evaluate the relationship between these structural changes and intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction. Thirty-two eyes of 32 PEXG patients were included in the study. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images were obtained using the MS-39 combined Placido disk/AS-OCT system (Phoenix version 4.1.1.5) before SLT and at 1 week and 1 month after SLT. Anterior chamber angle (ACA), angle opening distance at 250 μm, 500 μm, and 750 μm (AOD250, AOD500, and AOD750), and trabecular-iris space area at 250 μm, 500 μm, and 750 μm (TISA250, TISA500, and TISA750) were measured from these images. In addition, iris thickness was assessed at 1000 μm, 2000 μm, and 3000 μm from the pupillary margin. The mean IOP decreased significantly from 23.47±3.56 mmHg at baseline to 17.81±2.62 mmHg at 1 week and 16.12±2.57 mmHg at 1 month after SLT (p<0.001). At both 1 week and 1 month after SLT, temporal and nasal ACA values were significantly greater compared to baseline (all p<0.05). At 1 month, significant increases were observed in all temporal AOD and TISA values, as well as in the nasal AOD, TISA500, and TISA750 values (all p<0.05). No significant change in iris thickness was observed (p>0.05). Changes in IOP showed no significant correlation with baseline visual field parameters, baseline peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, ACA, AOD, or TISA values (all p>0.05). In patients with PEXG, SLT effectively reduces IOP and leads to widening of iridocorneal angle parameters. However, the absence of a correlation between changes in angle parameters and IOP reduction strengthens the notion that the primary effect of SLT is related to cellular and biochemical mechanisms rather than a purely mechanical widening of the angle.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of estradiol changes occurring during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle on retinal ganglion cell function, retinal and optic nerve vascularity and structure in healthy adults using pattern electroretinography (PERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The study included 26 healthy subjects with a visual acuity of 1.0. Serum hormone levels, intraocular pressure (IOP), cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), PERG, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and OCTA measurements were evaluated. PERG tests were performed using the Metrovision Monpack system. Spectral-domain OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); OCTA (Optovue, Inc, Fremont, CA) devices were used. All tests were conducted on the 1st and 14th days of the menstrual cycle, and the results were compared. The mean serum estradiol values on days 1 and 14 were 51 ± 19ng/L and 304 ± 50ng/L, respectively. PERG revealed no statistically significant differences in the amplitude or latency of the P50 and N95 waves between days 1 and 14. RNFL thickness did not differ significantly in the mean, superior, or inferior quadrants (p = 0.90, p = 0.85, and p = 0.39, respectively). OCTA analysis showed that peripapillary and macular vascular density values were similar between days 1 and 14 (p > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between electrophysiological parameters, RNFL thickness measurements, and retinal vascular densities (p > 0.05). In healthy women, no significant functional, vascular, or structural differences were observed in PERG, OCT, or OCTA parameters between low and high estradiol levels on days 1 and 14 of the menstrual cycle. Unlike the persistently low estradiol levels seen in menopause, physiological estradiol fluctuations during a healthy menstrual cycle do not cause functional, structural, or vascular changes in the optic nerve or retina.

Vitamin B intake is associated with lower incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam Study.

ABSTRACT Purpose Our objective was to assess the outcomes of endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and to compare outcomes in cases where the StealthStation™ S8 surgical navigation was utilized versus those without navigation assistance. Methods We reviewed endoscopic orbital decompressions carried out for Graves’ ophthalmopathy in the Royal Victoria Eye & Ear Hospital between 2004 and 2024. Outcomes assessed were pre- and postoperative measurements of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), exophthalmometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), color vision, and optical coherence tomography findings. Results were evaluated by repeated measures analysis of variance. An anonymized survey with 5-point Likert scale questions was also performed to assess surgeons’ perspective on image guided navigation (IGS). Results A total of 67 orbits in 37 patients underwent endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves’ ophthalmopathy in the time period, 30 orbits with IGS versus 37 without navigation (non-IGS). Overall, BCVA, proptosis, IOP, and color vision all were significantly improved at 3-month follow-up (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in nerve fiber layer or ganglion cell layer thickness at 3-month (p > 0.05). BCVA was significantly better at 1- and 3-month post-op (p < 0.05) in the IGS cohort. Ten patients required squint surgery. Survey results indicated surgeon’s found IGS made orbital surgery easier and safer to perform Conclusions Endoscopic orbital decompression offers an effective, safe, and minimally invasive treatment for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. There is a trend toward continued improvement in outcomes over the course of 3 months post-operatively with visual outcomes being significantly better in cases where surgical navigation was used.

Objective To determine whether birth weight influences retinal development in children born preterm, we analyzed the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), fovea centralis, and choroid. Methods Participants born preterm were categorized as extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g), very low birth weight (VLBW, 1000–1500 g), and low birth weight (LBW, 1500–2500 g). RNFL thickness, fovea centralis thickness (macular center), and subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations between OCT parameters and birth weight. Results Of the 54 preterm-born children included, 34 were diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (stage 1: 7; stage 2: 19; stage 3: 7), with 5 receiving laser treatment. Inferior and global mean RNFL thicknesses were lower in the ROP cohort than in the non-ROP cohort (p = 0.0012 and p = 0.003, respectively). Fovea centralis thickness and choroidal thickness did not differ between the ROP and non-ROP cohorts (p = 0.16 and p = 0.97, respectively). In adjusted regression models, birth weight was associated with inferior RNFL thickness (β 0.09; 95% CI 0.01–0.11; p = 0.001), nasal RNFL thickness (β 0.06; 95% CI 0.01–0.10; p = 0.001), and fovea centralis thickness (β 0.04; 95% CI 0.01–0.08; p < 0.001). Conclusion In children born preterm, lower birth weight is associated with thinner inferior and nasal RNFL. OCT-derived RNFL measurements may help inform long-term monitoring of retinal development in preterm-born children, particularly those with low birth weight and/or ROP history.

To assess inter-eye differences of circumpapillary vessel density (cpVD) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and elucidate factors implicated in glaucomatous vascular pathology. POAG subjects and controls underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging in both eyes. Inter-eye differences of OCT, OCTA, visual field (VF) and other ophthalmic parameters were assessed. Seventy-two POAG subjects and 53 controls were similar in age, gender, and visual acuity (P ≥ 0.28 for all). POAG subjects had greater retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) asymmetry than controls (10 ± 10 µm vs. 5 ± 5 µm, P < 0.001). POAG patients also demonstrated significantly asymmetric mean deviation (MD) between the worse (-5.2 ± 4.0 dB) and better eye (-1.5 ± 2.6 dB, P < 0.001). However, POAG subjects had similar inter-eye cpVD asymmetry compared to controls (3.5% ± 2.6% vs. 3.1% ± 1.9%, respectively; P = 0.32). In a multivariable regression, MD asymmetry was associated with greater RNFL asymmetry (β = 0.540; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.249-0.830; P < 0.001), whereas treated systemic hypertension (β = -0.415; 95% CI, -0.679 to -0.151; P < 0.001) was associated with decreased cpVD asymmetry in POAG subjects. POAG subjects demonstrated greater inter-eye RNFL asymmetry than controls, but similar cpVD asymmetry. Although RNFL asymmetry was associated with difference in VF, inter-eye difference of circumpapillary microvasculature was minimized by systemic hypertension treatment, supporting systemic determinants of glaucomatous vascular pathology. Our findings highlight a discordance in vascular pathology and structural RNFL damage between eyes in POAG, suggesting a systemic predisposition of vascular pathology in POAG.

Purpose To investigate regional choroidal and retinal alterations in multiple sclerosis (MS) by simultaneously evaluating subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal vascularity index (CVI) together with peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in unilateral optic neuritis (ON) patients. Methods This prospective study included 31 MS patients with unilateral ON within the previous 12 months (clinically stable for ≥3 months), and 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) provided subfoveal and peripapillary scans. CVI was quantified using a standardized Niblack-based ImageJ binarization protocol, and peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured on optic disk-centered circular scans. Two masked observers measured CVI, and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Group comparisons were performed among ON-affected (ON+), unaffected fellow (ON–), and control eyes using age- and sex-adjusted generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results Subfoveal CVI differed among groups (p < 0.001) and was higher in both ON+ and ON– eyes than controls (p < 0.001 for both), with no difference between MS subgroups (p = 1.000). Peripapillary CVI did not differ in any quadrant (all p > 0.05). Global RNFL thickness was reduced in both ON+ and ON– eyes compared with controls (p < 0.001). Temporal RNFL was thinner in both MS subgroups than controls (p < 0.001 for both). Superior, inferior, and nasal RNFL values were lowest in ON+ eyes (p ≤ 0.001 vs ON–; p < 0.001 vs controls), while ON– and controls did not differ in the nasal quadrant (p = 0.168). Interobserver reproducibility was excellent (ICC 0.90–0.94). Conclusions Subfoveal CVI was higher within the standardized 3–12-month post-ON period, whereas peripapillary CVI remained comparable across groups despite marked RNFL thinning. Combined assessment of CVI and RNFL may provide complementary structural information regarding neurovascular changes in MS.

Inflammatory Stability Index Correlates with Retinal Nerve FiberLayer Reduction in Glaucoma

Serial analysis of macular and circumpapillary structures in glaucomatous eyes with peripapillary retinoschisis.