Neodymium Ions Research Articles

Manipulating photoluminescence properties of neodymium-doped fluorites through local structure regulation

The long upper level lifetimes are highly advantageous for laser diode pumped high energy laser systems. However, lifetimes of the rare earth neodymium ions, one of the most important active ions in 1 μm, are generally around 300 μs or less, which limits the development of laser diode pumped high energy lasers on neodymium gains. In this work, Nd:CaF2 and Nd:SrF2 were chosen and introduced with appropriate codopants to adjust the local structures, thereby modulating the coupling of active ions with the crystal fields. The transition rate was slowed down and a long lifetime nearly 600 μs was obtained. Neodymium-doped fluorites with broad emission bandwidths and high thermal conductivities are potential laser gains for generation of high repetition rate high power lasers.

Growth of YAG:Nd laser crystals by Horizontal Directional Crystallization in Protective Carbon‐Containing Atmosphere

AbstractLaser‐quality yttrium‐aluminum garnet single crystals doped with neodymium (YAG:Nd) of a concentration up to 1 at. % is grown by the method of horizontal directional crystallization from a molybdenum crucible in the protective reducing atmosphere based on argon, СО, and hydrogen. It is found that the content of carbon impurity in the grown crystals does not exceed 5·10−3 wt %, the content of molybdenum being on the level of 1.5·10−3 wt %. The optical quality of the crystals depends on the composition of the growth atmosphere and annealing. It is shown that, besides the bands of neodymium ion absorption, the crystals are characterized by the intense absorption in the UV edge of the spectrum at 370 nm wavelength, and by the wide absorption band with a maximum at 580 nm caused by formation of F and F+‐centers. The absorption at 370 and 580 nm can be eliminated by annealing. The structure perfection of the crystals is characterized by the rocking curve half‐width (β) which value varies within the limits of 10–14 arc. sec for (001) plane. Laser testing demonstrates the parameters comparable with those of YAG:Nd crystals grown by the Czochralski method from iridium crucible.

Development of an ionic liquid-based microextraction system (ILBME) for sensitive spectrophotometric analysis of neodymium(III) ions in environmental samples

ABSTRACT Introducing a precise, sensitive and simple system for determining neodymium(III) ions in aquatic samples could enhance the capabilities of routine instruments, particularly in terms of detection limits. Coupling a powerful preconcentration system, such as ionic liquid-based microextraction (ILBME), with a spectrophotometer can successfully achieve this goal. A sensitive and simple microextraction method based on a task-specific ionic liquid, designated [PDmim][Cl2], is described, in which the imidazolium-based ionic liquid served dual roles as both the chelating agent and the extraction phase. The ionic liquid was synthesized and characterized before being applied in microextraction procedure. The optimized microextraction results indicate that neodymium concentrations up to 5.10 µg L−1 can be successfully determined. The method characteristics, including the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs), preconcentration factor (PF), enrichment factor (EF) and linear dynamic range (LDR), were found to be 1.53 µg L−1, 5.10 µg L−1, 3.83%, 4.44%, 123, 111.1 and 5.0–125.0 µg L−1, respectively. For method validation, the standard addition method using standard reference material (SRM) was employed, and the recovery range from real samples analyses was between 99.3% and 101.0%.

Effect of substitution of aluminium and neodymium on structural and magnetic properties of yttrium iron garnet studied using 57Fe internal field NMR

The structural and magnetic properties of non-magnetic aluminium and magnetic neodymium substituted yttrium iron garnet samples (Y3-xAlxFe5O12 and Y3-nNdnFe5O12) were investigated. Powder samples were synthesized using auto combustion route. The Rietveld refinement analysis of the samples confirmed the presence of the garnet phase and showed presence of minimal impurity phases, specifically perovskite and hematite. Substitution on Y3Fe5O12 with Al resulted in a linear decrease in saturation magnetization, while Nd substitution showed a non-linear change. In accordance with this the Internal Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (IFNMR) spectrum exhibited a downward shift in peak frequency when Al was substituted, and a significant reduction in intensity with Nd substitution in yttrium iron garnet samples. Aluminium ions take up either tetrahedral or octahedral positions in the lattice, apart from the dodecahedral site, because of their smaller ionic radii. This causes a decrease in the hyperfine field that originates from Fe3+ ions in tetrahedral and octahedral sites. On the other hand, neodymium ions occupy dodecahedral sites and are expected not to affect Fe ions. Concurrently, an observable peak shift was not observed in the IFNMR spectrum for Nd substitution. However, Nd substitution introduced strain in the lattice due to their larger ionic radii compared to yttrium, which they replace. This strain causes disorder in tetrahedral and octahedral sites and affects 57Fe signal intensity. The magnetic properties observed from VSM analysis is also interpreted in view of observed changes in the 57Fe IFNMR spectrum. X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed mainly to explore spin orbit splitting of Fe 2p state in the samples.

Relativistic calculations for total energies, ionization energies, and one-electron binding energies for Neodymium ions Nd I to Nd[formula omitted]

We present the results of calculations for the total energies, ionization energies, and one-electron binding energies for ground-state configurations of neodymium ions Nd I to Nd59+. These calculations are based on the Dirac–Fock approximation taking the Breit and quantum electrodynamics corrections into account. The configuration interaction method, taking into account all relativistic configurations corresponding to the non-relativistic one, is used to obtain total energies and wave functions in the intermediate coupling scheme. Comparison is given with other available data.

Optical properties investigation and multicolor behavior of neodymium (Nd3+)-doped oxyfluoride silicate glasses SiO2-PbO-PbF2.

The aim of this research is to investigate novel compositions of oxyfluoride glasses doped with Neodymium (Nd3+) rare earth ions in the visible spectrum. This area has not been extensively studied in the existing literature, so it is vital to understand the favorable photoluminescence characteristics within this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, we synthesized and characterized SiO2-PbO-PbF2 (SPF) doped with 1% neodymium (Nd3+) ions glasses. Spectroscopic analyses, based on Judd-Ofelt theory, were conducted on absorption spectra. These analyses enabled to determine absorption cross-sections, transition probabilities, and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6 for the different transition. Additionally, we calculated various radiative properties, such as branching ratios, integrated cross-sections, radiative lifetimes, emission cross-section, optical gain, and the multicolor behavior (chromaticity coordinates, CIE diagram) under different excitation wavelengths. The results suggest promising prospects for using these oxyfluoride silicate glasses doped with Nd3+ as a fluorophore, potentially for lasing materials around 630-nm emission and in other photonic applications.

Room temperature optical coupling of neodymium ions to photonic crystal L3 cavity in gallium nitride semiconductor

We demonstrate the optical coupling of implanted neodymium (Nd) ions in a photonic crystal (PhC)-L3 cavity on GaN at RT. The structure of the PhC-L3 cavity is designed by the electromagnetic field simulation to enhance the 4 F 3/2–4 I 9/2 and 4 F 3/2–4 I 11/2 transitions (916 and 1107 nm) in Nd3+. The highest enhancement ratio of 20-fold is achieved under our measurement conditions by the enhancement of spontaneous emission rate due to the Purcell effect in addition to the improvement of light collection efficiency. These results pave the way for the development of Ln-doped GaN based quantum light–matter interface and nanophotonics.

Photoluminescence of CaGa2S4: Nd, Yb compound at room temperature

In this paper, CaGa2S4:3%Nd,5%Yb; CaGa2S4:5%Yb; CaGa2S4:3%Nd compounds were synthesized, and their photoluminescence (PL) spectra, PL excitation (PLE) spectra and PL decay properties were studied at room temperature under one-photon and multi-photon excitation in a wide range of excitation intensities. The synthesis of the CaGa2S4 compound was carried out by a solid-phase reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of CaS and Ga2S3 powders in a quartz ampoule. Yb and Nd doping was carried out during the synthesis process using YbF3 and NdF3. PLE spectra were studied in the wavelength range from 250 to 850 nm, and PL spectra in the range of 400–1500 nm. It has been shown that after introducing Yb3+ ions into thiogallate crystals with Nd3+ ions, a new band near 488 nm is formed and the PL intensity increases by 1–2 orders of magnitude. The anti-Stokes PL spectra of CaGa2S4: Nd, Yb crystals in the visible region of the spectrum (400–700 nm) were studied when excited by continuous wave laser radiation with a wavelength of 975 nm. The kinetics of PL decay of all types of compounds at different wavelengths of single- and multi-photon excitation were determined. Depending on the PLE conditions, wavelength and intensity of the exciting radiation, monoexponential and non-monoexponential decay kinetics were observed with decay times in the range of 20–90 μs. Possible mechanisms of PLE and PL of CaGa2S4 crystals doped with neodymium and ytterbium ions are discussed.

Rare earth (Nd3+) mediated structural, magnetic, ferroelectric properties of cobalt ferrite nanomaterials for its varied applications

The current work related to effects of neodymium ion on the structural, magnetic, optical, electronic, and ferroelectric properties of cobalt ferrite nanomaterials prepared using lemon juice as fuel. Thermal analysis shows that prepared nanomaterial is thermally stable till temperature of 500°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the single-phase Fd3m structure with a cubic-spinal phase. Williamson-Hall plot was used to compute the crystallite size which reveals with the addition of Nd3+ ions there is a decrease in size from 57 to 30 nm. Raman analysis was performed to confirm the presence of the RE Ortho phase, and with appearance of a new peak was confirmed. Grain size and surface measurement were examined using Transmission electron microscope (TEM), which revealed spherical and cuboid forms. The band gap was found to increase with the substitution of Nd-ion from 1.80 eV to 2.21 eV and 2.08 eV–2.96 eV, for indirect and direct bandgap respectively. Zeta measurements were used to assess the stability of the material in biomedical applications and show stability found to increase with substitution. Magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization was found to decrease from (51.26 emu/g – 30.51 emu/g) and similarly coercivity from 1326 Oe- 525 Oe with the addition of a Nd ion. The ferroelectric study also supports the change in structural parameters with Nd-ion substitution and thus the prepared materials show multifunctional characteristics. Therefore, the improved optoelectronic, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of Nd3+ substituted cobalt ferrite highlight the new prospects for this technologically significant material obtained using lemon juice as fuel.

Influence of Fluoride Ions on Electrochemical Behavior of Lanthanum and Neodymium Ions in Molten LiCl

Influence of Fluoride Ions on Electrochemical Behavior of Lanthanum and Neodymium Ions in Molten LiCl

Design of 1000-1100nm fiber laser based on neodymium ion

Design of 1000-1100nm fiber laser based on neodymium ion

Adsorption of the rare earth elements cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium onto ZSM-5 zeolite: A statistical physics approach

The recovery of rare earth elements (REE) is essential to meet the growing demand for these resources and promote the reuse of available resources. This study investigated the potential of ZSM-5 zeolite in the recovery of trivalent ions of cerium, lanthanum and neodymium under conditions of pH 6 and temperatures between 298 and 328 K. REE equilibrium isotherms were analyzed using five statistical physics models. The results indicate that removing all REE occurs predominantly in monolayers, as these models showed better prediction performance (coefficient of determination > 0.97 and mean squared error < 18.0). The best model determined that lanthanum and neodymium have one adsorption energy, while cerium has two adsorption energies involved in the process. The predominant functional groups are those containing silicon. Increasing temperature causes an increase in the number of REE ions captured per functional group, which reduces the adsorption space available on the surface. The model parameters indicate that the adsorption of these ions implies a multi-ionic mechanism (number of ions adsorbed per site greater than 1) and is an exothermic process. Based on the calculated adsorption capacities at saturation, the order of preference in adsorption can be established: neodymium > cerium > lanthanum. The adsorption energies indicate that the process occurred mainly due to physical forces since all energy values are below 40 kJ mol−1. The study’s results led to the proposal of a mechanism for the adsorption of REE on ZSM-5 zeolite, which highlights the predominance of electrostatic interactions and complex formation, which result in the formation of a monolayer on the adsorbent’s surface.

Precipitation and Flotation Preconcentration of Neodymium, Erbium, and Thulium Ions by Alkylbenzenesulfonic Acid

Precipitation and Flotation Preconcentration of Neodymium, Erbium, and Thulium Ions by Alkylbenzenesulfonic Acid

Hybrid upconverting/paramagnetic Fe3O4/Gd2O3:Er3+, Yb3+, Mg2+, Nd3+ nanoparticles – synthesis, characterisation and biological applications

The goals of this work are to design and develop a technology for fabrication and study of multifunctional properties of core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) as magnetic/luminescent markers. The new hybrid core/shell Fe3O4/Gd2O3:1% Er3+, 18% Yb3+, 2.5% Mg2+, x% Nd3+ NPs doped with different concentrations of neodymium ions, where x = 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 4%, were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The NPs were characterised using XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, confocal microscopy and photoluminescence. Fe3O4 (core) consists of several 13&amp;nbsp;nm NPs. The core/shell NPs have sizes from 220&amp;nbsp;nm to 641&amp;nbsp;nm. In this latter case, the shell thicknesses were 72, 80, and 121&amp;nbsp;nm. The upconversion efficiency properties and magnetic properties of the hybrid NPs were investigated. In the core/shell NPs, the addition of Nd3+ quenches the luminescence. The magnetic response of core/shell samples is rather paramagnetic and does not differ significantly from that registered for the shell material alone. For Gd2O3:1% Er3+, 18% Yb3+ and Fe3O4/Gd2O3:1% Er3+, 18% Yb3+, 2.5% Mg2+, 0.5% Nd3+, at 300&amp;nbsp;K, the values of the magnetization registered at ~ 40&amp;nbsp;kOe are similar and equal to ~ 5.3&amp;nbsp;emu·g−1. The survivability of the HeLa tumor cells with the presence of the core/shell NPs was investigated for 24&amp;nbsp;h. The NPs are non-toxic up to a concentration of 1000&amp;nbsp;µg·ml−1 and penetrate cells in the process of endocytosis which has been confirmed by confocal microscope studies.

Local ligand distortion broadens the near-infrared emission of Kramers neodymium ions by partially replacing La with Gd in NaLa(WO4)2 crystals

A series of x at% Gd3+: NaLa0.975-xNd0.025Gdx(WO4)2 mixed crystals were grown by means of the Czochralski method. The mixed crystals are formed by replacing La3+ ions in a part of NaLa(WO4)2 host with Gd3+ ions, and the first principle proves that doping Gd3+ improves the disorder and activity of NaLa(WO4)2 crystals. For NaLa0.915Nd0.025Gd0.06(WO4)2 mixed crystals, the physical and thermal properties were characterized by using structural refinement, infrared spectrum and thermal expansion coefficient. The results show that the grown crystal belongs to the space group Ι41/a with high phase purity, and has excellent thermal stability and anisotropy. Compared with NaLa0.975Nd0.025(WO4)2 single crystal, with the introduction of Gd3+, the local distortion electric field is generated, the original degenerate state of Nd3+ is changed, and the intensity of Nd3+ emission peak at 1062 nm and 1332 nm is increased by 2.34 and 1.89 times, respectively. The spectral bands of absorption and emission spectra are broadened by about 4 nm. The broadening of spectral band is discussed in detail by using the theory of uniform and non-uniform broadening. For uniform band broadening, the density functional theory is used to calculate the phonon state density and vibration mode of the mixed crystal, and the Raman spectrum proves that the spectral band broadening is caused by the introduction of Gd3+, which generates a new vibrational level and increases the electron-phonon coupling, thus widening the band. For the non-uniform broadening of the spectral band, combined with the variation of the dipole moment caused by the electric field distortion, the spectral band is proved. Finally, the J-O theoretical parameters, absorption and emission cross-sections of mixed crystals are calculated. The experimental results show that NaLa0.915Nd0.025Gd0.06(WO4)2 mixed crystals are excellent laser crystal materials, which can improve the utilization of laser pump light and improve the efficiency of laser.

Structural Properties, Energy Interaction, and Applications of CdS Nanomaterial Doped with Rare‐Earth Ions

AbstractSpectroscopic analysis of trivalent praseodymium (Pr+3) and neodymium (Nd+3) ions have received very much interest and reveals good fluorescence efficiency in visible and near IR (NIR) region. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanomaterial sample doped with Pr+3 and Nd+3 ions are synthesized at room temperature by simple chemical precipitation method. The synthesized sample has been characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectra. Absorption spectra of CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles have been recorded at room temperature. Various parameters such as interplanar spacing, micro strain, dislocation density, distortion parameter, and particle size of nanomaterial are computed. TEM and XRD analysis reveal the spherical structure of the CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles in the prepared samples. Energy interaction parameters of the CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles are computed using UV‐visible absorption spectrum. Actually, CdS nanoparticle amplifies the luminescence intensity of Pr+3, Nd+3 ions by up conversion processes. So energy transfer can be observed from CdS nanoparticles doped with Pr+3, Nd+3 ions. Therefore, the use of pump sources and diode lasers in the UV range can be used to excite these samples to work as lasers. CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles find potential application as a window material for hetero‐junction solar cell, light emitting diodes (LED), biological sensors, address decoders, gas detectors, opto‐electronic devices, etc. CdS nanomaterials are also used as pigment in paints and in engineered plastic due to their good thermal stability.

Mechanism insight of sorption of Er(III) and Nd(III) ions onto Aluminium barium tungstate synthesized via streamlined sol–gel technique: Time-transient study

Aluminium barium tungstate powder (ABT) was chemically synthesized via streamlined sol–gel technique and exploited as a sorbent material for sorption of erbium and neodymium ions from aqueous solutions under simulated conditions using batch technique. The pH influence, time and temperature factors have been studied. The sorption of neodymium ions was found to be marginally higher than that of erbium ions and the apparent sorption capacity has a progressive influence with temperature. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy change (ΔG◦), enthalpy change (ΔH◦) and entropy change (ΔS◦) were calculated. The negative ΔG◦ values declines with an increase in temperature value, demonstrating that the sorption reaction for both studied ions was spontaneous and more promising at greater temperature. The positive ΔH◦ values affirm that the nature of the sorption processes is endothermic. The comparison of different time transient models applied to the sorption data was assessed for the pseudo first-order (PFO), the pseudo second-order, (PSO) and homogeneous particle diffusion (HPD) models. The results revealed that both PSO and HPD models were found to best correlate the experimental sorption rate data and a monolayer model was adopted as the best suitable model to explore the sorption mechanism for both studied ions. The attained particle diffusion coefficients and rate constant values were acquired from the graphical illustration of the anticipated models. Activation energy change (Ea) and activation entropy change (ΔS±) were also calculated from the linearized Arrhenius model and indicated that the binding process between the sorbent and the studied ions occurred through chemisorption and the sorption of both ions onto synthetic sorbent took place through associative mechanism.

Features of cluster ion treatment of the surface of KGd(WO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:Nd single crystal

The features of the surface treatment of single crystals of potassium gadolinium tungstate doped with neodymium ions with low- and high-energy cluster argon ions are considered. Two radically different treatment modes were used: low-energy for more efficient surface smoothing and high-energy for more efficient target etching. Using atomic force microscopy, the topography of the target surface was analyzed before and after cluster ion treatment. Treatment in a low-energy mode was shown to smooth out irregularities on the target surface formed by chemical-mechanical polishing at an etching depth of less than 100 nm. The root-mean-square roughness and maximum height difference of the initial and treated surfaces of potassium gadolinium tungstate doped with neodymium ions were compared. Survey X-ray photoelectron spectra of the initial surface of a KGd(WO4)2:Nd single crystal and after the cluster ion treatment in different modes are presented. The intensities of the potassium and gadolinium peaks were shown to decrease after cluster ion treatment in both modes. A significant decrease in the concentration of potassium atoms in the subsurface layer of the target is explained by the predominant sputtering of potassium as a lighter chemical element. The mutual decrease in the concentrations of gadolinium and potassium atoms can be explained by the weak bonds of these atoms in the lattice of the KGd(WO4)2:Nd single crystal.

Lanthanide-Assisted Nanozyme Performs Optical and Magnetic Resonance Dual-Modality Logical Signal for In Vitro Diagnosis.

The iron nanozyme-based colorimetric method, which is widely applied for biosubstrate detection in in vitro diagnosis (IVD), faces some limitations. The optimal catalytic conditions of iron nanozymes necessitate a strong acidic environment, high temperature, and other restrictive factors; additionally, the colorimetric results are highly influenced by optical interferences. To address these challenges, iron nanozymes doped with various transition elements were efficiently prepared in this study, and notably, the manganese-modified one displayed a high catalytic activity owing to its electron transfer property. Furthermore, the introduction of lanthanide ions into the catalytic reactions, specifically the neodymium ion, significantly boosted the generation efficiency of hydroxyl radicals; importantly, this enhancement extended to a wide range of pH levels and temperatures, amplifying the detection signal. Moreover, the nanozyme's superparamagnetic characteristic was also employed to perform a logical optical and magnetic resonance dual-modality detection for substrates, effectively eliminating background optical interference and ensuring a reliable verification of the signal's authenticity. Based on this magnetic signal, the integration of natural glucose oxidase with the nanozyme resulted in a notable 61.5% increase in detection sensitivity, surpassing the capabilities of the traditional colorimetric approach. Consequently, the incorporation of lanthanide ions into the magnetic nanozyme enables the effective identification of physiological biomarkers through the dual-modality signal. This not only guarantees enhanced sensitivity but also demonstrates significant potential for future applications.

Isothermal compressibility, internal pressure studies of aqueous rare earth nitrate solutions at 298.15 K: An attempt to estimate ionic radii and understand inner– and outer–sphere exchange water structural interactions

In this communication, we report our analysis and results concerning the determination of ionic radii in aqueous solution phase for Lanthanum (La+3), Neodymium (Nd+3), Erbium (Er+3) and Ytterbium (Yb+3) ions in presence of nitrate (NO3-) anion at 298.15 K. The literature data for density, adiabatic compressibility, and specific heat capacity of solutions at constant pressure have been used to compute isothermal compressibility, internal pressure of solutions in limiting concentration range. The apparent molar isothermal compressibility of electrolytes and hydration numbers have been obtained. The electrostriction for rare earth cations and intrinsic volumes have been calculated using thermodynamic equations. The ionic radii of cations have been obtained using the ionic partial molar volume data of NO3- ions and the results are compared with those obtained for rare earth chlorides. The two series affect is also observed for ionic radii and internal pressure. The results have been explained on the basis of water structural effects due to electrostatic field and water dipole interaction between the inner– and outer–sphere water exchange reaction.