NEO Personality Inventory Research Articles

Chronic feelings of emptiness in a large undergraduate sample: Starting to fill the void.

Chronic emptiness in borderline personality disorder (BPD) has received little empirical attention. We sought to examine basic properties of a single chronic emptiness item, including prevalence, reliability, validity, the relation of the emptiness item to other BPD criteria, and measures of personality. Undergraduates enrolled in psychology courses over 12 years' time completed the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) (N = 22,217). Subsets of participants completed the International Personality Disorder Examination-Screening Questionnaire (IPDE-SQ) (N = 2732), The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Anxiety, Angry Hostility, Depression, Positive Emotions [reversed], and Impulsivity facets) (N = 10,506), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) (N = 1110) as validity indicators; 10.0% of respondents endorsed emptiness. Reliability indices suggested moderate levels of reliability between two emptiness items (r(2730) = 0.61, p < 0.001). Among BPD criteria, emptiness and identity disturbance correlated most strongly (r(22,215) = 0.81, p < 0.001). MSI emptiness was more correlated with depression on the NEO (r(10,504) = 0.43, p < 0.001) and DASS (r(1108) = 0.51, p < 0.001) than other facets of negative affect. Emptiness was more correlated with greater borderline pathology than any other MSI-BPD item (Sample 1, rtet = 0.87; Sample 2, rtet = 0.86). This criterion warrants further study and attention, especially related to assessment of BPD.

Effects of Leader-Follower Extraversion Congruence and Sectoral Difference on Leader-Member Exchange: A Cross-Sectional Study

PurposeDrawing upon self-categorization theory and the comparative literature on public and private sectors, the purpose of this study is to examine whether leader-follower extraversion congruence is positively related to leader-member exchange (LMX) and whether congruence at high levels of extraversion results in higher LMX than congruence at low levels. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the moderating role of sectoral difference in the relationship between extraversion fit and LMX.MethodsParticipants were 320 leader-follower dyads (53 leaders and 320 followers) from various public and private sectors in the Chinese cultural context. The extraversion part of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and leader-member exchange multidimensional measure (LMX-MDM) were used to measure extraversion and LMX, respectively. Hypotheses were tested using cross-level moderated polynomial regression and response surface analysis.ResultsLeader-follower extraversion congruence was not significantly associated with LMX, and there was no significant difference in LMX between congruence at high levels of extraversion and congruence at low levels. However, sectoral difference moderated the relationship between extraversion fit and LMX. Specifically, in the public sector, leader-follower extraversion congruence was positively related to LMX, and LMX was higher when leader and follower extraversion were both at a high level compared to when they were at a low level. In the private sector, this fit effect vanished.Practical ImplicationsThe results suggest that, in the public sector, when organizations deal with the deployment of staff, taking leader-follower extraversion fit into account may mitigate possible later relationship conflicts. However, in the private sector, by not emphasizing extraversion fit, organizations can focus resources on more crucial factors.Originality/ValueBy considering sectoral difference as the boundary condition of leader-follower extraversion fit, this study extends the comparative literature on public and private sectors and supports self-categorization theory.

Personality and psychopathology in Ménière's disease

Introduction and ObjectivesPsychological factors in vertigo patients have been extensively studied but the role of anxiety and personality traits in the clinical course of Ménière's disease (MD) is unknown. The objectives of this study are to identify and characterize psychopathology in MD and to find risk factors for an increased rate and intensity of crisis and chronic symptoms. Materials and MethodsWe performed a transversal study in all patients diagnosed with definite MD in our department during a 5-year period. Sample subjects were interviewed in 3 steps: first, an otorhinolaryngologist collected information about clinical and pharmacological background of MD; second, a psychiatrist screened for mood, anxiety and personality disorders; in a third stage, the patient completed the DHI (Dizziness Handicap Inventory), STAI-Y (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), NEO-PI-R (Neo Personality Inventory Reviewed) and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) for vertigo and dizziness. Statistical analysis was performed to search for risk factors for multiple and intense crisis and chronic symptoms. ResultsThirty-four patients completed all 3 phases of the study. A predominant dysfunctional personality trait was identified in 80% of patients (predominantly cluster C type), 35% were being treated with psychiatric medication and 34.4% had a considerable mood or anxiety disorder. All patients scored high (>7) in VAS during crisis. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between crisis rate and STAI, anxiety-subscale (N1) in NEO-PI-R, VAS and DHI scores (p<.044). Crises were more common in bilateral MD (p=.041). DHI scores were higher with higher STAI and N1 (p=.001). Disease duration and pure tone average were found to have a positive moderate correlation (p=.017). ConclusionsThe positive correlations between crisis rate, chronic dizziness and anxiety-related personality traits reveal a bidirectional and intimate relationship between personality, anxiety and MD, affecting these patients’ quality of life. These results support the relevance of prospecting adjuvant psychological and psychiatric approaches to these patients.

Associations between personality traits and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with personality disorders

IntroductionPeople with personality disorders (PDs) have an elevated suicide risk. However, correlates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) remain largely unknown in this population. A growing body of literature highlights the contribution of the Big Five personality traits in suicide-outcomes. Therefore, the present study investigates the association between the Big Five personality traits and SI and SA in people with PDs while applying the ideation-to-action framework. MethodData were obtained from 105 treatment-seeking individuals diagnosed with PDs participating in the Trauma tO Personality Spectrum Study (TOPSS). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the three category suicide-outcome: non-suicidal, SI, and SA. ResultsAfter controlling for age, gender, a comorbid depressive disorder, the severity of borderline manifestations, and other personality traits from the Big Five taxonomy, significantly lower levels of extraversion were observed in participants with SI compared to non-suicidal participants (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.10–0.72) but not in SA participants. In contrast, higher levels of extraversion were associated with SA when compared to SI (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.33–9.32). Other Big Five traits were not independently associated with suicide-outcomes. ConclusionsOf the Big Five traits, the introversion-extraversion dimension most clearly distinguishes individuals with SI from non-suicidal individuals, as well as those with a SA in the past from those with SI only. Prospective studies are required to investigate if this personality trait can predict the progression from being non-suicidal to having SI and from having SI to performing an attempt.

A Study Of Personality Traits And Attachment In Romantic Relationships Among Normal Weight, Overweight And Obese Adults

Introduction: Obesity has significant physical and psychological implications along with severe impacts on social and interpersonal relationships of individuals. The present work is a comparative study between normal weight, overweight and obese individuals with respect to their personality traits and attachment in romantic relationships, it also aims to explore the relationship of body mass index with the variables chosen.&#x0D; Material And Method: The total sample size was 90. The study was conducted upon three groups-the three groups consisted of 30 normal weight participants, 30 overweight participants and 30 obese participants each. Participants were grouped on the basis of their Body Mass Index (BMI)- which was calculated from self-reported measures of height and weight. All participants were administered the NEO-Five Factor Inventory and the Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised Questionnaire. On the basis of the obtained data, an Independent Samples t-test was done to see if there existed any significant difference between the groups. A Pearson’s coefficient correlation was performed for the total sample and a Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to see if any of the variables were significant predictors of BMI for the present sample.&#x0D; Results: Significant differences existed between the groups in case of neuroticism, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness. The BMI of adults in the present sample has a significant positive correlation with openness and anxious attachment in romantic relationships and a significant negative correlation with extraversion and conscientiousness. Openness and conscientiousness were also significant predictors of BMI for the present sample.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study adds significant findings to the interaction of obesity with the big five personality traits and sheds light on how attachment in romantic relationships is often affected by the weight stigma.

Personality changes in patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy after surgical treatment: a 1-year follow-up study

ObjectiveTo determine changes in dimensions of personality in a sample of patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy at the 1-year follow-up following surgery, compared to non-surgically treated controls. MethodsWe conducted a prospective comparative controlled study, including drug-resistant epilepsy surgery candidates. Demographic, psychiatric, neurological, and psychological data were recorded. Presurgical and 12-months follow-up evaluations were performed. Personality dimensions were measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Revised version (NEO-FFI-R), anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: HADA-Anxiety and HADD-Depression), psychiatric evaluations were performed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) Axis-I disorders classification. Statistical analysis consisted of comparative tests, correlation analysis, and the stepwise multiple regression test (ANOVA). ResultsA 1-year follow-up was completed by 70 out of 80 patients. Through the study, the surgical group decreased in neuroticism and increased in agreeableness. The controls increased in consciousness, and these changes were predicted by the earlier age of epilepsy onset and lesser score in HADD at the baseline. No personality changes were associated with seizure frequency. The presurgical evaluation concluded that both groups had no differences in demographic, psychiatric, or neurological variables with the only exception being for the number of seizures per month, which was higher in the surgical group. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients was associated with their higher degree of neuroticism and agreeableness at the baseline.Comparing control and surgical groups at the one-year follow-up, the agreeableness personality variable was higher in the surgical group, and as expected, HADS scores were higher in the control group, and seizure frequency was also higher in the control group. SignificanceHigher agreeableness was the most relevant difference in personality dimensions in patients who underwent surgical treatment compared with the non-surgical treatment group. After surgery patients decreased in neuroticism and increased in agreeableness scores.

Prediction of Mental Health in Infertile Females based on Personality Traits and Time Perspective

Background: Infertility cannot be considered as a disorder of organ function, but other aspects of it are also important, and it is necessary to pay attention to it. Objectives: The present study conducted to the prediction mental health based on personality traits and time perspective in infertility women. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consists of all Infertility Women (20-40 years) and applied to Infertility therapy in Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences located in Tehran City in seasons of autumn of 2019. 300 Infertility Women by convenience sample selected. The research tools were Zimbardo Time Perspective Questionnaire (1991), Revised NEO personality inventory (NEI. PI - R) Costa & McCrae (2007) & GHQ questionnaire Goldberg & Hiller (2012). The statistical method of the study was step by step multivariate regression by spss.22. Results: The results showed that neuroticism (Beta = -0.12, p < .001), extraversion (Beta = 0.16, p < .002), openness to experience (Beta = 0.38, p= .003), agreeableness (Beta = 0.45, p= .002), conscientiousness (Beta = -0.32, p= .001) were significant predictors. Past-Negative (Beta = -0.19, p= .001), Past-Positive (Beta = 0.16, p= .001), Present-Hedonistic (Beta = 0.92, p= .002), Present-Fatalistic (Beta = 0.92, p= .001) and future (Beta = 0.43, p= .002).Conclusion: It is concluded that Personality Traits as well as Time Perspective to some extent, can predict the rate of mental health in Infertility Women, and they could be faced with such issues is better.

Cognitive remediation for women during the menopausal transition: a pilot study

The menopausal transition is associated with physical and emotional symptoms as well as subjective perceptions of cognitive difficulty that is generally not borne out on objective cognitive measures. This discrepancy suggests that a psychological rather than biological mechanism likely mediates the cognitive concerns of women in menopause. The current study assessed the feasibility of a cognitive remediation intervention (consisting of psychoeducation, cognitive compensatory strategies, and lifestyle modification) with the goal of reducing subjective perceptions of cognitive difficulty during the menopause. Participants (N=27, M age=53.74, SD=4.14) completed a five-week group-based intervention (with a one-month post-group booster) consisting of 2-hour weekly sessions. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention measures capturing subjective cognitive ability, mood, anxiety, stress, personality, and a comprehensive battery of objective cognitive tests. The primary variable of interest was self-reported cognitive confidence measured by the Memory and Cognitive Confidence Scale (MACCS). All but one MACCS subscale decreased over the course of treatment (with lower scores associated with higher confidence) and effect sizes ranged from small to large (d=-.39 to -.91) with gains maintained at one-month follow-up. Interestingly, no change in objective cognitive test performance was observed, indicating increases in subjective cognitive confidence in the absence of objective cognitive improvement. There was also no change in mood, anxiety, or stress scores. Two-level HLM analyses revealed that those with higher baseline neuroticism, as measured by the NEO Personality Inventory, had smaller decreases in post-group MACCS High Standards subscale relative to those with lower baseline neuroticism (p=.027, d=-.45). Further, those with higher baseline depression scores on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) had a smaller decrease in post-intervention MACCS Total Score relative to those with lower ratings of depression. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in targeting perceptions of cognitive impairment and associated functional difficulties during menopause. This intervention holds the promise of improving quality of life for women in menopause that might also translate to reduced healthcare burden, as many women worry that perceived cognitive changes may signal the onset of dementia rather than reflect normal hormonal changes.

The relationship of nursing students’ personality traits with their perceived stress in clinical environment

Background: Clinical education is the most stressful part of education for nursing students. This study investigated the relationship of nursing students’ personality traits with their perceived stress in clinical environment. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the relationship of nursing students’ personality traits with their perceived stress in clinical environment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2020 on 215 nursing students. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling from Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Data collection instruments were a demographic questionnaire, the NEO Personality Inventory short form, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Data analysis was done through the independent-samples t-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. Results: The mean score of perceived stress was 43.74±10.25 out of 56, implying high level of stress. Neuroticism personality trait had significant positive correlation with perceived stress (P < 0.001), whereas extraversion and agreeableness personality traits had significant negative correlations with perceived stress (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Healthcare authorities need to employ strategies to identify nursing students who are at risk for stress and improve their psychological readiness for attending clinical environment.

High neuroticism is associated with reduced negative affect following sleep deprivation

The aim was to investigate how neuroticism moderates the affective consequences of personalized mild-moderate partial sleep deprivation. A total of 52 healthy subjects aged 18–35 years completed the NEO PI-3 at baseline, before they completed an 11-day study protocol. After maintaining habitual sleep for seven days, the participants were asked to sleep 2 h less than their average sleep duration, the last three nights of the study protocol. Sleep patterns were observed using actigraphs and sleep diaries. The participants completed the PANAS questionnaire measuring positive and negative affect at 9 am (±90 min) at day 1, 4, 8 (habitual sleep), 9 and 11 (partial sleep deprived). We found that participants with higher scores on neuroticism experienced a decrease in negative affect following sleep deprivation. Participants with lower scores on neuroticism experienced an increase in negative affect after sleep deprivation. Positive affect was reduced following sleep deprivation, regardless of scores on neuroticism.

Associations Between Openness Facets, Prejudice, and Tolerance: A Scoping Review With Meta-Analysis.

The personality factor of openness to experience, which encompasses curiosity, imagination, and a desire for new experiences, has been associated negatively with prejudice and positively with the closely related value of tolerance. While these relationships have been reviewed at the factor level, there has been no review of research at the lower facet level. This review aims to uncover the relationships between the facets of openness and the constructs of prejudice and tolerance. We conducted a preregistered scoping review with meta-analysis following the recommended guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute. A total of 2,349 articles were reviewed, with 16 primary research articles (or 17 studies) meeting the criteria for inclusion. Aggregated effect sizes via random-effect meta-analysis revealed that all revised neuroticism-extraversion-openness personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and international personality item pool (IPIP)-based facets of openness significantly predicted prejudice and tolerance. Out of the three measures [i.e., NEO-PI-R, IPIP-NEO, and honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience personality inventory (HEXACO-PI), and the facets of openness examined], the NEO-PI-R facet of value was most strongly associated with prejudice. In contrast, the NEO-PI-R facet of aesthetics was the facet most strongly associated with tolerance. However, these results should be treated as preliminary in light of the small number of meta-analyzed studies and more primary research studies are needed to confirm the trends found in this review. This review represents the first step in the systematic investigation of the link between the facets of openness and components of prejudice and tolerance and contributes toward explaining prejudice and tolerance.

Analiza korelacji pomiędzy nasileniem cech osobowości a strategiami uczenia się leksyki na przykładzie polskich uczących się języka niemieckiego na trzecim etapie edukacyjnym

Developing learners' lexical subsystem is one of the most important tasks of foreign language didactics. The observable turn towards vocabulary (,,Wortschatzwende’’) has contributed to an in-depth reflection on learners' lexical competence, including their strategic competence. The aim of this article is to present results of a correlational research concerning the influence of personality variables (understood according to the Five-Factor Model) on the range and frequency of strategies used by Polish high-school students to learn German vocabulary. The research project described in this article was conducted in April 2021. The polish adaptation of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory was applied to examine the learners’ personality traits. The Polish version of Schmitt's Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire (VLSQ) was used to investigate students’ preferred strategies for learning German vocabulary. Based on the conclusions from the research, an attempt was made to formulate practical guidelines for foreign language teachers concerning the possibilities of developing learners' lexical competence. The report is complemented by a list of open research questions and problems in this field.

Psychological assessment of individuals with Mal de Débarquement Syndrome.

To report on the psychological, personality, and behavioral profiles of individuals with persistent Mal de Débarquement Syndrome (MdDS). Individuals with MdDS who participated in neuromodulation clinical trials between May 2013 and June 2019 completed a series of standardized psychological questionnaires and underwent the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) for specific psychiatric diagnoses. All data reported are from baseline assessments prior to any study interventions. Scores were compared to population norms for adult women. Complete datasets were available for 55 women. Mean age of onset of MdDS was 49.0 ± 11.9 years (range 22-69years) and median duration of illness of 22months (6months-20years). SCID results were as follows: healthy (48.1%), any lifetime Major Depressive Disorder (35.2%, 7.4% current); any lifetime history of anxiety disorder (11.1%); any lifetime substance use disorders (18.5%, 0% current). Compared to population norms, the MdDS group scored significantly higher on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) anxiety scale, but only the GAD-7 correlated with symptom severity. The NEO-Five Factor Inventory for personality, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scale, and the Empathy Quotient metrics did not correlate with duration of illness. Disability assessed by the 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 was 25.7 ± 6.7, comparable to reports for concussion. Disability correlated with severity of depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and affect but not to severity of MdDS. Psychological profiles of MdDS relate to disability but not to duration of illness.

The relationship between the chronotypes and personality traits of adolescent males and females in Slovakia

ABSTRACT The main aim of this piece of research was to evaluate the relationship between chronotypes and the ‘big five‘ personality traits of adolescent males and females in Slovakia. The cross-sectional study reported on below employed standardized self-reported tools (Composite Scale of Mornings (CSM) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory) to evaluate the chronotype and personality traits of n = 466 Slovaks (male = 168, age = 17.1 ± 1.2 years and female = 298, age = 17.1 ± 1.3 years). The chronotypes of adolescent male and female Slovaks were primarily I-type, followed in frequency by M-type and E-type. The reported chronotype in males show no significant differences with regard to personality traits, whereas the characteristics of neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness show significant differences in the Chronotype of females. Furthermore, neuroticism is correlated with CSM scores in both males and females, though the size of correlation coefficients was not large. Extraversion correlated significantly with CSM scores only in females, but not in males.

Stressful life events and openness to experience: Relevance to depression

BackgroundStressful life events are known as risk factors for depression, though there is considerable heterogeneity in how people respond to stress. Previous studies have found an association between experience of stressful life events and the personality trait of openness to experience, which itself has been associated with intelligence, creativity, risk-taking, and other clinically relevant behaviors. In this study we explore the association between stressful life events and openness to experience as a potential developmental pathway to depression in the Amish and Mennonites, rural populations with high degree of social and environmental homogeneity. MethodsParticipants in the Amish Connectome Project (n=531) were assessed with the NEO personality inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Maryland Trait and State Depression scales, a Life Stressors Inventory, and cognitive tests. ResultsWe found that stressful life events were significantly associated with openness to experience; that participants with a history of depression exhibited higher levels of openness; and that openness to experience was related to overall intelligence but not processing speed or working memory. We found evidence that openness to experience partially mediates the relationship between stressful life events and depression. LimitationsThis was a cross-sectional study, limiting interpretation of causal pathways. High levels of inter-relatedness among participants may have led to exaggerated effects compared to the general population. ConclusionsTogether these findings indicate a complex developmental influence of major stressful life events, which paradoxically by enhancing openness may be associated with both greater intellectual engagement as well as psychopathology.

Personality Associations With Amyloid and Tau: Results From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and Meta-analysis

BackgroundHigher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness are risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, but the underlying neuropathological correlates remain unclear. Our aim was to examine whether personality traits are associated with amyloid and tau neuropathology in a new sample and meta-analyses. MethodsParticipants from the BLSA (Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging) completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and underwent amyloid (11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B) and tau (18F-flortaucipir) positron emission tomography. ResultsAmong cognitively normal BLSA participants, neuroticism was associated with higher cortical amyloid burden (odds ratio 1.68, 95% CI 1.20–2.34), and conscientiousness was associated with lower cortical amyloid burden (odds ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.44–0.86). These associations remained significant after accounting for age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, hippocampal volume, and APOE ε4. Similar associations were found with tau in the entorhinal cortex. Random-effects meta-analyses of 12 studies found that higher neuroticism (N = 3015, r = 0.07, p = .008) and lower conscientiousness (N = 2990, r = −0.11, p < .001) were associated with more amyloid deposition. Meta-analyses of 8 studies found that higher neuroticism (N = 2231, r = 0.15, p < .001) and lower conscientiousness (N = 2206, r = −0.14, p < .001) were associated with more tau pathology. The associations were moderated by cognitive status, with stronger effects in cognitively normal compared with heterogeneous samples, suggesting that the associations between personality and proteopathies are not phenomena that emerge with neuropsychiatric clinical symptoms. ConclusionsBy aggregating results across samples, this study advances knowledge on the association between personality and neuropathology. Neuroticism and conscientiousness may contribute to resistance against amyloid and tau neuropathology.

Behavioral and neural correlates of social network size: The unique and common contributions of face recognition and extraversion.

Humans are inherently social creatures and can gain advantages from larger network size. Researches have shown that different cognitive and personality factors may result in individual differences of social network size (SNS). Here, we focused on whether face recognition ability and extraversion were related to SNS and the neural basis underlying the relations. Behaviorally, we adopted the face-inversion task, NEO personality inventory, and computerized SNS test to explore the relationships between face recognition, extraversion, and SNS. Neurally, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) analysis method to investigate the neural correlates of SNS and then revealed whether face recognition and extraversion were related to SNS relevant brain regions. We found that individuals with better face recognition ability and more extraverted personality had larger size of social network. In addition, we found that SNS was positively associated with the fALFF in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), right superior temporal sulcus, and precuneus. Interestingly, the fALFF in the vmPFC significantly correlated with face recognition ability. Our study suggests that both face recognition and extraversion may be important correlates of SNS, and the underlying spontaneous neural substrates are partially dissociable.

Personality traits as predictor of metacognitive skills and creativity in electronic university students: a structural model of academic achievement

PurposeThe present study aimed to present a structural model of the relationships between personality traits, metacognitive awareness, creativity and academic achievement in virtual students.Design/methodology/approachThe statistical population of the study consisted of all students of the electronic Islamic Azad University in Tehran, where 240 of them were selected as sample group by random sampling method. Research instruments included the short form of the Creative Behavior Inventory (Linger), the Metacognitive Awareness Questionnaire (Schraw and Dennison) and NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae and Costa). Data were analyzed using LISERL software and the path analysis method.FindingsThe findings indicated a mediating role of metacognitive awareness and creativity in the relationship between extraversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness personality traits with academic performance. It was also found that metacognitive awareness has a direct, significant positive effect on creativity.Originality/valueAccording to the results of the present study, the level of creativity in virtual students can be developed through training and strengthening meta-cognitive skills. The findings also suggest that meta-cognition and creativity are traits that can have intrinsic and personality roots.

Difference in Personality Traits and Symptom Intensity According to the Trigger-Based Classification of Throwing Yips in Baseball Players.

The triggers of initial onset of yips symptoms can be broadly divided into psychological and non-psychological factors; however, a trigger-based classification of yips has not been established. This study aims to obtain insight into the prevention of yips by clarifying whether there are differences in symptoms and personality traits according to a trigger-based classification of yips in baseball players. A total of 107 college baseball players responded to a questionnaire assessing the presence or absence of yips and its symptoms. They were classified into the psychologically triggered yips group, the non-psychologically triggered yips group, and the non-yips group based on the presence or absence of yips and the triggers of its initial onset. Additionally, we compared whether personality traits examined by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory differed across these three groups. The psychologically triggered yips group had significantly higher agreeableness scores compared with the non-yips group, whereas the non-psychologically triggered yips group had significantly higher neuroticism scores compared with the psychologically triggered yips group. In the non-psychologically triggered yips group, there was a significantly higher frequency of throwing errors than in the psychologically triggered yips group, with a tendency to develop yips symptoms gradually. Since the trigger-based classification of yips is closely related to the strength of the yips symptoms and the players' personality traits, the results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the symptoms of yips and establishment of the prevention of yips. Large prospective studies are necessary to determine the causal relationship between a trigger-based classification of yips and the personality traits and symptoms of athletes with yips.

The Effect of Bonyan-Method Experiential Marathon Structured Groups (BEMSG) on the Elements of the Five-Factor Model of Personality

Various studies have shown the effectiveness of marathon groups on improving participants&amp;#39; personality components. For the first time, the present study has studied the effectiveness of one of the oldest marathon groups in Iran on the personality elements of the Big Five model in the nonclinical population. This study was performed quasi-experimental with an experimental (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50). To meet the entry criteria, all applicants were screened while completing a comprehensive demographic questionnaire. The experimental group participated in the marathon group on three days in a row (for 36 hours) and three weekly follow-up sessions. At the end of the third follow-up session, the NEO FFI questionnaire was simultaneously given to the experimental and control groups. The mean difference statistical tests showed that the score of all personality elements in the experimental group compared to the control group had changed significantly (P &amp;lt;0.05). Among these, the largest effects size are related to &amp;quot;extraversion&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;responsibility&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;openness to experience&amp;quot; (d&amp;gt; 0.4), respectively. Individual and group constructive experiential games and intensive and sequential feedback processes in Bonyan-method experiential marathon groups seem to improve the Big 5 personality components in the nonclinical population. Considering the relationship between improving the components of personality and mental health, it can be predicted that important steps can be taken to promote the community&amp;#39;s mental health and prevent psychological damage by using these groups.