Neighborhood Ethnic Composition Research Articles

More than ‘minority’: Social tolerance and youth wellbeing at the intersection of ethnicity and neighbourhood segregation

Social tolerance is an indicator of healthy diverse societies, and is associated with individual well-being. However, previous studies have found that social tolerance varies between groups and is experienced differently through one's immediate social context. This lends to the plausibility of ethnicity and neighbourhood ethnic composition altering one's experience of living in their neighbourhood and the impact of well-being. Relying on 6 waves of nationally-representative panel data from young adults in Singapore, we investigate how ethnicity and neighbourhood ethnic composition influences the relationship between social tolerance and well-being. We find that this relationship is moderated by both factors in ways that deviates from the conventional majority-minority dichotomy found in literature. This indicates that efforts made to improve social tolerance may lead to varying outcomes, depending on one's ethnicity and social context.

Union formation of the children of immigrants: Does the ethnic composition of the childhood neighbourhood matter?

AbstractThis paper examines whether first union formation behaviour of children of immigrants varies according to the ethnic composition of the neighbourhood in which they grew up. Growing up surrounded by large shares of majority‐group members may influence union formation behaviour of children of immigrants in later life. However, the local residential contexts during childhood have been overlooked in previous studies. Using full‐population data from Dutch registers, we estimate multinomial event‐history models to examine the timing and type of first union (direct marriage or unmarried cohabitation) as a function of the proportion of majority‐group residents in the neighbourhood at age 15. We focus on Turkish, Moroccan, and Surinamese second‐generation individuals born in the Netherlands between 1986 and 1990, follow their union formation into young adulthood and compare it to that of their Dutch peers. We find limited support for the influence of the childhood neighbourhood's ethnic composition on union formation; moreover, this influence seems to vary across origin groups.

Demographic discrepancies between administrative-prioritisation and self-prioritisation of multiple ethnic identifications

Ethnic classification is an inherently subjective process, especially when multiple ethnic identifications are involved. There are two methods commonly used to classify multiple ethnicities into single categories: administrative-prioritisation (assignment via a predetermined hierarchy) and self-prioritisation (where individuals select their “main” ethnicity). Currently, little is known about whether the demographic composition of outputted ethnic groups differs by prioritisation method. This study utilised large-scale data of multi-ethnic children (N = 1,860), adolescents (N = 2,413), and adults (N = 1,056) from Aotearoa New Zealand to examine individual and contextual demographic characteristics associated with discrepancies between administratively-prioritised and self-prioritised ethnicity. Results showed that discrepancy rates, which exceeded 50%, were systematically associated with neighbourhood ethnic composition and socioeconomic deprivation, but largely not associated with gender, age, and birthplace. The contextual nature of self-prioritisation highlights the importance of researchers’ choice of ethnic classification method. Implications are discussed in the context of increasing multi-ethnic prevalence.

Effects of Neighborhood Ethnic Density and Psychosocial Factors on Colorectal Cancer Screening Behavior Among Asian American Adults, Greater Philadelphia and New Jersey, United States, 2014-2019.

IntroductionWe examined how neighborhood ethnic composition influences colorectal cancer (CRC) screening behavior in Asian American adults and explored whether associations between psychosocial predictors, including knowledge, self-efficacy, and barriers affecting CRC screening behavior, varied by level of neighborhood ethnic composition.MethodsFilipino, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans (N = 1,158) aged 50 years or older were included in the study. Psychosocial factors associated with CRC screening, CRC screening behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics were extracted from participants’ data. Neighborhood ethnic composition was characterized as the census-tract–level percentage of Asian residents. Participants’ addresses were geocoded to the census tract level to determine whether they resided in an ethnically dense neighborhood. Multilevel logistic regression models were run with and without interaction terms.ResultsIn mixed-effects logistic regression model 1, residing in an ethnically dense neighborhood was associated with lower odds of CRC screening (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45–0.93; P = .02) after controlling for age, sex, education, ethnic group, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Greater perceived barriers to CRC screening (OR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.50–0.77; P < .001) resulted in significantly lower odds of obtaining a CRC screening, while higher self-efficacy (OR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.11–1.23, P < .001) was associated with higher odds. In model 2, among those residing in a high ethnic density neighborhood, greater barriers to screening were associated with lower odds of having obtained a CRC screening (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30–0.96; P = .04).ConclusionWe found that residing in an ethnically dense neighborhood indicated higher disparities in obtaining CRC screenings. Future studies should examine socioeconomic and cultural disparities, as well as disparities in the built environment, that are characteristic of ethnically dense neighborhoods and assess the impact of these disparities on CRC screening behaviors.

Financial Security at Older Ages

As Americans have become increasingly indebted over time, understanding the factors influencing indebtedness is increasingly important and can help policymakers design policies that discourage debt, thus enhancing private retirement savings so that retirees become less dependent on Social Security benefits. The paper uses data from a major credit bureau of a nationally representative 2 percent random sample from more than 250 million consumer records to examine the financial health and indebtedness of older adults. The data cover the years 2010 through 2018 and follow the same consumers over time. They are supplemented with the zip-code level information from the American Community Survey on neighborhood characteristics, including racial and ethnic composition, education, median income, and poverty. Our preliminary findings suggest that, while the proportion of older adults in serious financial distress is not substantial, their indebtedness is increasing and the growth of unsecured debt (e.g., student debt) has been especially fast. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Economics of Aging Interest Group.

Abstract PO-166: The effects of neighborhood ethnic density and psychosocial factors on colorectal cancer screening behavior among Asian American adults

Abstract Introduction: This study examined how neighborhood ethnic composition influences colorectal cancer (CRC) screening behavior in Asian Americans and explored whether the associations between psychosocial predictors including knowledge, self-efficacy, and barriers with CRC screening behavior varied by the level of neighborhood ethnic composition. Methods: A total of 1,057 Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans aged 50 and older were included in the study. Psychosocial factors associated with CRC screening, CRC screening behavior, and socio-demographics were extracted from participants’ survey data. Neighborhood ethnic composition was characterized as the census-tract level percentage of Asian residents. Participant’s addresses were geocoded to the census tract level to determine whether they resided in an ethnically dense neighborhood. Results: The mixed-effects logistic regression model 1 illustrated that residing in an ethnically dense neighborhood was associated with lower odds of CRC screening (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.49, 0.77; p=0.019) after controlling for age, gender, education, and ethnic group. Furthermore, greater perceived barriers to CRC screening (OR= 0.62; 95% CI=0.55, 0.90; p&amp;lt;0.001) resulted in a lower odds of obtaining a CRC screening, while higher self-efficacy (OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.11, 1.23, p&amp;lt;0.001) was associated with greater odds of CRC screening. In model 2, among those residing in a high ethnically dense neighborhood, greater barriers to screening was associated with lower odds of having obtained a CRC screening (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.28, 0.93; p=0.028). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that residing in an ethnically dense neighborhood led to a lower likelihood of having obtained a CRC screening. Future studies should examine disparities in built environment, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that are characteristic of ethnically dense neighborhoods and their impact on CRC screening participation. Citation Format: Aisha Bhimla, Ming-Chin Yeh, Tyrell Mann-Barnes, Phuong Do, Chul Kim, Hemi Park, Grace X. Ma. The effects of neighborhood ethnic density and psychosocial factors on colorectal cancer screening behavior among Asian American adults [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-166.

Abstract PO-083: A qualitative examination of race, racism, residential segregation and cancer survivorship among Black and Hispanic women

Abstract Introduction: Racial breast cancer survival disparities persist, indicating that not all populations are benefitting equally from advances in cancer control. Individual and health care factors do not fully explain these disparities, and contributing factors may include institutional racism and racial segregation. Our study explores the ways in which women in a highly segregated metropolitan area navigate cancer survivorship. Methods: The study utilizes novel qualitative methods and is guided by a community advisory board. Participants were recruited from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We use a stratified, purposive sampling approach to include survivors who vary by neighborhood racial and ethnic composition. Eligible participants have been diagnosed with breast cancer, identify as Black or Hispanic, and have completed their initial treatment regimen. Instruments and processes were guided by a conceptual framework relating racism and racial segregation to breast cancer survival. We use narrative inquiry as a reflexive tool in which participants’ lived experiences are captured as textual representations. Semi-structured interviews include a demographic questionnaire, a life narrative account, and completion of a timeline detailing residential history since diagnosis. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed utilizing a hybrid approach of both a data-driven inductive process and a deductive, a priori coding template consistent with the conceptual framework. We present current findings from this ongoing study. Results: To date, 34 interviews have been completed with self-identified Black women (n=22) and Hispanic women (n=12). Black participants lived in neighborhoods that were predominantly Black (41%), diverse (32%), and predominantly white (28%), while Hispanic women lived in neighborhoods that were predominantly Hispanic (58%), diverse (8%), and predominantly white (33%). Ages of women ranged from 37 to 81, with a median of 61. Most women had an early stage cancer diagnosis. Narrative responses included: 1) determinants of health such as biology and family history; 2) social status, including socioeconomic status, race, and neighborhood of residence; 3) individual and family stressors such as discrimination, access to health information, and care quality; and 4) social support, resilience, and physiological responses to treatment. Participants discussed living in different geographic locations in the city, personal safety, and exposure to racism in their communities and workplaces. All were hopeful that sharing their experiences would benefit other cancer survivors. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of examining race, racism, and residential segregation as contributors to breast cancer survivorship. Utilizing narrative inquiry and residential history analysis allows for a deeper examination of women’s experiences situated in place. Study findings can inform community-based conversations, advocacy and policy change to reduce disparities. Citation Format: Staci Young, Sara Beltran- Ponce, Madeline Berendt, Carolina Cuevas, Jasmin Griggs, Courtney Jankowski, Natalie Jones, Kirsten Beyer. A qualitative examination of race, racism, residential segregation and cancer survivorship among Black and Hispanic women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-083.

Neighborhood Ethnic Composition and Self-rated Health Among Chinese and Vietnamese American Immigrants.

Immigrants tend to live in areas with higher co-ethnic density, and the effect of neighborhood ethnic composition could be particularly salient for health. This study explored associations between neighborhood ethnic composition and self-rated health among Asian immigrants. We analyzed data collected at baseline from 670 Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants enrolled in a lifestyle intervention trial. Residential addresses were geocoded and combined with neighborhood socio-demographic profiles based on census data. We used generalized estimating equationsto examine neighborhood ethnic composition and self-rated health. Independent of individual-level factors, living in neighborhoods more densely populated by whites was associated with poor/fair self-rated health. Neighborhood household income and density of participants' own ethnic group were not associated with poor/fair self-rated health. More research is warranted to disentangle reasons why Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants living in white-concentrated neighborhoods reported poorer self-rated health, including investigating effects of discrimination, relative deprivation, and availability of social resources.

Abstract A061: The Breast Cancer, Race and Place study: Exploring the influence of race, racism, and residential segregation on cancer survivorship among Black women in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Abstract Introduction: Racial breast cancer survival disparities persist, indicating that not all populations are benefitting equally from advances in cancer control. Individual and health care factors do not fully explain these disparities, and factors such as institutional racism and racial segregation may be contributors. Our study explores the ways in which Black women in a highly segregated metropolitan area navigate cancer survivorship. Methods: The study utilizes novel qualitative methods and is guided by a community advisory board. Participants were recruited from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a hyper-segregated city. We use a stratified, purposive sampling approach to include survivors who vary by neighborhood racial and ethnic composition. Eligible participants have been diagnosed with breast cancer, identify as Black, and have completed their initial treatment regimen. The study population is diverse in age, tumor type and stage at diagnosis to ensure multiple perspectives. Instruments and processes were guided by a conceptual framework relating racism and racial segregation to breast cancer survival. We use narrative inquiry as a reflexive tool in which participants’ lived experiences are captured as textual representations. Semi-structured interviews include a demographic questionnaire, a life narrative account, and completion of a life history calendar detailing residential history since diagnosis. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed utilizing a hybrid approach of both a data-driven inductive process and a deductive, a priori coding template consistent with the conceptual framework. We present early findings from this ongoing study. Results: To date, 18 interviews have been completed with Black women. Participants lived in neighborhoods that were predominantly Black (50%), diverse (28%), and predominantly white (22%). Ages of women ranged from 41 to 79, with a median of 63. Most women had their cancer diagnosed in the early stage (83%). Narrative responses included: 1) determinants of health such as biology and family history; 2) social status, including socioeconomic status, race, and neighborhood of residence; 3) individual and family stressors such as discrimination, access to health information, and care quality; and 4) social support, resilience, and physiological responses to treatment. Participants discussed living in different geographic locations in the city, personal safety, and exposure to racism in their communities and workplaces. All were hopeful that sharing their experiences would benefit other cancer survivors. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of examining race, racism, and residential segregation as contributors to breast cancer survivorship. Utilizing narrative analysis and a modified life history calendar, emphasizing residential histories, allows for a deeper examination of women’s experiences situated in place. Study findings can inform community-based conversations, advocacy and policy change to reduce disparities. Citation Format: Staci Young, Natalie Jones, Charissa Fritzen-Pedicini, Sima Namin, Kirsten Beyer. The Breast Cancer, Race and Place study: Exploring the influence of race, racism, and residential segregation on cancer survivorship among Black women in Milwaukee, Wisconsin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A061.

Neighborhood ethnic diversity and residential choice: how do mixed-ethnicity couples decide where to live?

ABSTRACT Ethnically mixed households signify decreasing social distance between ethnic groups, and have potential to transform urban ethnic landscapes. Quantitative research has revealed mixed-ethnicity couples’ distinctive residential geographies, which interrupt established segregation patterns. Mixed-ethnicity couples often concentrate in diverse neighborhoods. Yet few studies have asked these couples to explain the reasons behind their residential decision-making. We respond to this gap, drawing on 48 interviews with mixed-ethnicity couples in Australia. Conventional concerns prevailed in discussions of neighborhood choice: dwelling characteristics, affordability, proximity to workplace and family and accessibility of services. Most expressed affinity for ethnically diverse neighborhoods, but rarely cited this as a primary decision-making factor. Our findings counter assumptions that ethnic differences are front-and-center of mixed-ethnicity families’ everyday decision-making, and highlight their ordinariness. Mixed-ethnicity couples’ seeming lack of focus on neighborhood ethnic composition shows that being surrounded by ethnically similar people is not always a driving force in people’s residential lives.

Neighbourhood effects on acculturation attitudes among minority and majority adolescents in Germany

Attitudes on whether immigrants should culturally adapt to their receiving society or maintain the customs of their origin context vary – not only between majority and minority populations but also within these groups. Focusing on adolescents in the German context, this study investigates whether such acculturation attitudes are shaped by the ethnic composition of a person’s neighbourhood context. Building on arguments from theories of intergroup contact, concentration effects and reactive ethnicity, we expect different effects for minority and majority adolescents. To empirically investigate these expectations, we combine survey data on N = 4621 adolescents and their parents with geocoded information on the characteristics of their neighbourhood contexts. Exploiting an intergenerational set-up to account for neighbourhood selection, we find indication of neighbourhood effects among minority adolescents. Among majority youth, acculturation attitudes turn out to be unrelated to neighbourhood ethnic composition.

Inter-ethnic relations of teenagers in England’s schools: the role of school and neighbourhood ethnic composition

ABSTRACT In the context of ongoing debate about the positive and negative consequences of ethnic diversity for intergroup relations, we study inter-ethnic relations among adolescents in England’s schools. In the first national study of schools throughout England to relate inter-ethnic attitudes to both school and area ethnic composition, we combine survey data collected from 14-year-olds in nearly 100 schools with administrative data. We focus on relations between three ethno-racial categories: White-British, Asian-British and Black-British, for three conceptually distinct indicators of inter-ethnic orientations: warmth, friends, and attitudes. We posit that ‘contact’, proxied by school outgroup composition, should lead to more positive intergroup orientations, while ‘exposure’, proxied by neighbourhood outgroup composition, should lead to more negative intergroup relations. We show that higher school outgroup shares are associated with more positive orientations towards that group for almost all relationships and measures. We further show that for the two instances where higher school outgroup shares do not enhance positive intergroup orientations, they nevertheless moderate negative effects of neighbourhood composition. We conclude that schools offer the opportunity to enhance intergroup relations and to mitigate the threats associated with increased neighbourhood diversity with potentially enduring consequences.

Tipping and the Effects of Segregation

We analyze how neighborhood ethnic population composition affects the short- and long-run education and labor market outcomes of natives and immigrants. To overcome the problem of nonrandom sorting across neighborhoods, we borrow theoretical insights from the tipping point literature and exploit estimated tipping thresholds as instruments for changes in ethnic population composition. Our results provide little evidence in support of the idea that living in a neighborhood with a higher immigrant share leads to worse outcomes. (JEL I20, J15, J24, R23)

Long-term neighborhood ethnic composition and weight-related outcomes among immigrants: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Weight among immigrants in the United States (US) is lower than among the US-born on average, but higher among long-term immigrants than the newly arrived. Neighborhood coethnic concentration-the proportion of neighborhood residents of the same ethnic background-may influence weight among immigrants via behavioral norms and market-driven community resources. However, the relevant exposure timeframe may be far longer than is captured by existing cross-sectional and short-term studies. Using detailed historical residential address information on 1449 older Latino and Chinese long-term immigrants, we investigated associations of 10-20-year neighborhood coethnic concentration trajectories with current waist circumference and weight-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, and sedentary time). Among Chinese participants, compared to persistent low coethnic concentration, increasing coethnic concentration was associated with higher waist circumference (difference = 1.45 cm [0.51, 2.39]). In contrast, both increasing coethnic concentration and persistent high coethnic concentration were associated with a healthier diet. Among Latino participants, trajectories characterized by higher coethnic concentration were associated with higher waist circumference (e.g., difference = 2.11 cm [0.31, 3.91] for persistent high vs. persistent low) and low physical activity. Long-term patterns of neighborhood coethnic concentration may affect weight-related outcomes among immigrants in complex ways that differ by ethnicity and outcome.

Neighborhood Ethnic Composition and Perceived Discrimination Among Young Adult Latina/os: The Mediating Role of Ethnic Centrality

This study examines whether neighborhood ethnic composition (i.e., percentage of Latina/os residing in a given residential community) predicts greater perceived experiences of ethnic discrimination and whether this direct effect is mediated by ethnic centrality (i.e., perceived importance of ethnicity for one’s identity). In a cross-sectional study, 237 self-identified young adult Latina/os reported their five-digit zip codes and sociodemographic information and completed measures of ethnic centrality and perceived ethnic discrimination. A mediation analysis revealed that neighborhood ethnic composition indirectly predicted perceived ethnic discrimination through its effect on ethnic centrality even when accounting for known sociodemographic predictors of perceived discrimination, b = 0.28, SE = .18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.03, 0.71]. These results provide initial evidence that where young adult Latina/os live and grow up impacts the extent to which they find their ethnicity to be an essential part of their identity and, consequently, their perceived frequency of experiencing ethnic discrimination.

Neighbourhood Ethnic Composition and Social Participation of Young People in England

AbstractWe analyse how neighbourhood ethnic diversity and segregation affect adolescents’ social participation in England. We distinguish between participation in ‘purposeful activities’—such as sports and volunteering—and hanging around with friends. We suggest a novel identification strategy to address the problem of endogeneity of ethnic diversity and segregation. We find that ethnic diversity decreases hanging around, while ethnic segregation increases it. No effects on participation in purposeful activities are found.

Exploring residential experiences of female immigrants in Korea

ABSTRACTDespite the rapid growth of multicultural families, few studies have been undertaken about the residential experiences of foreign-born residents. As examining the residential experiences of migrants allows better understanding the assimilation processes of foreign-born residents, this study examines housing satisfaction and factors affecting residential location choices of female immigrants and their families. By interviewing 25 female immigrants living around Ansan, an ethnically diverse city in Korea, this study finds that there was a large gap between current housing status and preferred housing, thereby leading to low levels of housing satisfaction among female immigrants. Regarding, residential location choices, proximity to co-ethnics, neighborhood ethnic composition, services for multicultural families, job opportunities, and availability of low-cost housing were related to residential location choices of female immigrants. Additionally, given finding that female immigrants preferred living in an apartment (i.e., a housing complex with high-rise residential buildings in Korea) and in an integrated neighborhood, this study predicts that boundaries between where foreign-born residents are concentrated will shift toward where native Korean residents are concentrated.

Exploring Ethnic and Generational Differences in Gender Role Attitudes among Immigrant Populations in Britain: The Role of Neighborhood Ethnic Composition

Divergent gender role attitudes among ethnic groups in Britain are thought to contribute to ethnic disparities in many socio-economic domains. Using nationally representative data (2010–2011), we investigate how ethnic minority gender role attitudes vary across generations and with neighborhood ethnic composition. The results show that while Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Indians, and Black Africans have more traditional attitudes than Black Caribbeans, the attitudes of the former groups are more traditional in the first than in the second generation. We also find that the gender role attitudes of Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Indians become more traditional as the local share of co-ethnic neighbors increases or the share of White British residents decreases. Importantly, these patterns are more pronounced for second-generation Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, whose gender role attitudes are more sensitive to variations in neighborhood ethnic composition than are those of the first generation. Taken together, these findings indicate that migration researchers must conceptualize and study how immigrants’ cultural values are heterogeneous, fluid, and dynamic characteristics that can vary spatially across host societies.

Revisiting the “parallel lives” thesis: Neighbourhood attachment and residential integration of ethnic minorities in England

AbstractRecent debates about the failures of multiculturalism have questioned whether ethnic minorities gradually integrate into the British society or instead lead “parallel lives” in segregated communities. Using nationally representative data (2011–2012), we contribute to the debate by investigating the associations between ethnic minority neighbourhood attachment and neighbourhood ethnic composition. Our results show that although all ethnic minorities report higher neighbourhood attachment than White British as local share of coethnics increases, the associations are not significant. However, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Indians do report significantly weaker neighbourhood attachment than do White British as the local share of White British increases. Importantly, we find that these patterns are particularly pronounced for second‐generation Pakistanis and Bangladeshis as compared with their first‐generation counterparts. These findings suggest that ethnic residential mixing does not automatically imply residential integration and there may be a risk of increasing ethnic segregation among the younger generations of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis.

Individual differences in the neighbourhood level determinants of residential satisfaction

Residential satisfaction is a key variable in understanding residential mobility. Many researchers have studied the individual level and neighbourhood level determinants of satisfaction, however, very few have studied which neighbourhood characteristics affect satisfaction for whom. In this paper, ordered logit models are estimated, explaining satisfaction from neighbourhood characteristics, personal characteristics and interactions. These interactions test whether neighbourhood characteristics have similar effects on satisfaction for all individuals, or whether individual characteristics affect the size and direction of these effects. Satisfaction is found to be less affected by the share of ethnic minorities for ethnic minorities than for natives, because minorities are more satisfied in neighbourhoods with higher shares of their own ethnic group. Neighbourhood characteristics are found to have a stronger effect on satisfaction for owner-occupiers and parents with children than for others, however the impact of neighbourhood ethnic composition does not vary with tenure or household type.