Aroma enhancement in clay jar-aged wine: 2-acetyl-1H-pyrrole at subthreshold modulates perception of fruity esters.

IntroductionThis study investigates the complex underlying factors contributing to academic failure among students at elite Chinese universities. Grounded in cognitive-behavioral theory, we developed a three-dimensional framework encompassing 26 influencing factors across cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains.MethodsUtilizing the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation methods (), we identified distinct cognitive maps for three academic performance groups: high-achieving, academic fluctuating, and academic struggling.ResultsFindings reveal that academic failure is characterized by a “cognitive detachment” rather than mere knowledge deficiency or emotional indifference. Specifically, (1) high-achievers demonstrate a “productive tension,” where negative psychological attributes like self-doubt and learning anxiety function as significant positive drivers within the Confucian-heritage cultural context; (2) Fluctuating students exhibit high environmental sensitivity, where academic stability is contingent upon perceived support from family and peer networks; (3) Struggling students acknowledge their academic deficiencies but appear cognitively detached from the emotional impact of failure, aligning with a “lying flat” mentality fostered by current institutional evaluation models.DiscussionTheoretically, this research moves beyond linear “cause-effect” narratives to uncover how specific cognitive-emotional configurations shape academic trajectories. Practically, it highlights a need for differentiated university interventions that move beyond standardized counseling toward rebuilding “agency-performance” links, while inviting a reflective reconsideration of the core purpose of university examination systems.

Participants' experiences with and perceptions of a digital health intervention to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake: A mixed methods summative evaluation of iSIPsmarter”

Employee referrals are commonly used by organizations due to their numerous benefits. However, it remains unclear how organizational incumbents, who are uninvolved in the hiring process, perceive and react to referral beneficiaries. Although traditional views suggest that the presence of a referral signals merit, incumbents' perceptions may differ. We theorize that incumbents are more likely to perceive referral beneficiaries as less merited than nonreferred employees due to perceived legitimacy concerns stemming from a simplified view that reliance on network contacts de facto compensates for lower qualifications. Drawing on equity theory, we then theorize that lower merit perceptions lead to less positive and more negative behaviors toward referral beneficiaries as an attempt to restore the equilibrium between beneficiaries' perceived inputs (e.g., driven by perceived lower merit) and outputs (e.g., being on payroll). Sampling employees from industries in which referrals are normative (Study 1a) and from a cultural context that is positively predisposed toward referrals (Study 1b) confirmed our theorizing. In a subsequent study, aiming to enhance the generalizability of our findings, we found supporting evidence for perceived equity violations, leading incumbents to engage in corrective behaviors toward referral beneficiaries (Study 2). Finally, testing our hypotheses more conservatively, we found that negative attributions toward referral beneficiaries persisted even when the referred employees had demonstrated high performance, thereby underscoring the robustness of our findings (Study 3). This article elucidates important unintended consequences of one of the most widely used recruitment methods-employee referrals-and draws implications for both theory and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The growing popularity of plant-based proteins, particularly pea protein, is driven by health benefits and sustainability. However, despite the increasing demand, undesirable sensory attributes hinder consumer acceptance. This study aimed to identify the key sensory drivers of acceptance for unflavored pea protein isolates and to compare acceptance ratings between plant-based and animal-based protein consumers. Thirteen pea protein isolates were evaluated through descriptive analysis by a trained panel, assessing 19 sensory attributes including aroma, flavor, taste, and texture. Consumer acceptance ratings were evaluated by 134 participants, divided into plant- and animal-based protein consumers. Results indicated that flavor was the most impactful predictor of overall acceptance, followed by texture and aroma. Notably, no significant differences in acceptance ratings were observed between the two consumer groups, suggesting shared criteria for evaluating pea protein isolates. Internal preference mapping showed that product liking was driven primarily by the avoidance of negative attributes. Indeed, perceived sensations, including bitterness, cereal/grainy flavor, and astringency, adversely affected acceptance, whereas positive attributes included sweet taste and green pea flavor. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of optimizing sensory profiles to enhance consumer acceptance of pea protein as a versatile ingredient in various applications. Future research should focus on strategies to minimize undesirable sensory characteristics to broaden the appeal of pea protein products.

ABSTRACT Monitoring the drivers of tropical forest disturbances using remote-sensing data has become increasingly critical to supporting actionable law enforcement and sustainable land management. Using information captured by multi-source Earth Observation data, deep learning-based fusion models are state-of-the-art in many remote sensing applications. Despite their efficacy, the inherent black-box nature of these deep neural networks poses challenges to our understanding of their decision-making processes. To enhance their interpretability, we applied eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods for several deep learning-based models including single and multi-modal approaches. We evaluated six XAI methods: Integrated Gradients, GradientShap, Saliency, Deconvolution, Guided Grad-CAM, and Guided Backpropagation. Using both quantitative and qualitative assessments, we conducted extensive experiments to evaluate the capability of each XAI method to interpret the proposed models. Our analysis included variable importance, single- and multi-class explanations, cloud cover analysis, and instances of misclassification. We identified Guided Grad-CAM as the most reliable of these methods. In addition, we gained deeper insight into how positive and negative attribution scores influence the interpretation of model output, highlighting the need for more research on the significance of negative values. Our study improves the understanding of deep learning model decisions in the context of forest disturbance driver classification, shedding light on the interpretability of fusion models and dataset characteristics. It establishes a connection between remote sensing applications and XAI methodologies. This work was supported by the Open Domain Science project Forest Carbon Crime under Grant OCENW.M.21.203; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Norway’s Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) the Netherlands.

Dampened social motivation in dysphoria: the role of negative social expectancies and internal causal attribution style.

This study investigated the elemental composition and particle size of particulate matter (PM) deposited on the skin from industrial exposure during work in a ferro-silicon smelter using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Tape stripping and interception sampling methods were trialed with different tape types. D-squame tape, together with the D-squame applicator instrument, was chosen because it represented a replicable and standardized method allowing SEM analyses to be performed, enabled analyses of deeper skin layers, and had no negative attributes compared to carbon tape when a protocol for imaging non-conductive specimens was used. The underside of the wrist was selected as the sampling site. The observed particle sizes varied from approximately 200 µm to 200 nm. The backscattered electron mode was best adapted to detect particles inside the stratum corneum (SC) due to all detected inorganic compounds giving stronger backscattering than skin. Elemental analysis was obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Using the results of 10 repetitive samples from the worker with the most PM exposure, the elemental concentration profiles for Si, Fe, and S in the SC were measured. The elemental concentration showed an exponential decrease during the first four strips, suggesting that most particle penetration is hindered by the first few layers of the SC.

People are increasingly using video calls for high-stakes interactions that once required face-to-face contact: from medical consultations1,2, to job interviews3, to court proceedings4. But video calling introduces a newcommunication issue: minor glitches, or intermittent errors in the transmission of audiovisual information during a virtual interaction5. Here, through five experiments and three supplementary studies using both live and recorded interactions, we show that minor audiovisual glitches during video calls harm interpersonal judgements in consequential life domains (for example, hiring decisions after a virtual interview, or trust in a medical provider after a telehealth visit). In addition, two archival datasets from real-world video calls reveal that glitches are associated with both reduced social connection and a lower likelihood of being granted criminal parole. We find that audiovisual glitches damage interpersonal judgements because they break the illusion of face-to-face contact (for example, by distorting faces, misaligning audio and visual cues or making movements appear 'choppy'), evoking 'uncanniness'-a strange, creepy or eerie feeling6,7. As the uncanniness of a glitch increases, so does its negative effect on interpersonal judgements. Furthermore, audiovisual glitches undermine interpersonal judgements only in video calls that simulate face-to-face interaction, showing that the negative effect produced by glitches goes beyond mere disruptiveness, comprehension difficulties and negative attributions. These findings have importantimplications for digital equity. Despite being considered a boon to access, virtual communication might unintentionally perpetuate inequality. Because disadvantaged groups often have poorer internet connections8-12, they are likely to encounter more glitches, and, in turn, to experience worse outcomes in consequential contexts such as health, careers, justice and social connection.

Abstract: The border between the United States and Mexico has figured frequently in national and international politics, in the construction of a “border wall” and in issues involved in US immigration policy. While those who visit the area clearly see a disparity between what we who live here experience and what is occasionally portrayed by the media, Rio Grande Valley residents must juxtapose our love for home with the discourse (Fleuriet 2021). The portrayal of many negative attributes could easily lead to attitudes which impact our community members regarding their heritage and, as is the focus of this investigation, our languages. Since 1982 investigators have elicited attitudes toward use of Spanish on the South Texas Border in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Early in our research, we predicted its maintenance based on the data results. This investigation used the same index, updated in methodology and expanded to encompass a greater number of respondents, to consider whether Spanish has been maintained, and to predict, based on the responses of our 2022 consultants, its further maintenance or a possible shift to English in the area. The selection hierarchy for reasons to use Spanish (C>V>I>S) is stable, indicating that the Spanish language is primarily chosen for communication reasons, which would predict its maintenance.

Reducing NaCl in beef burgers using ultrasound and micronized salt: Effects on hedonic and sensory perception, technological, and textural characteristics.

With the advent of COVID-19, numerous scientific studies from different parts of the world emerged, documenting the beneficial effects of sunlight on decreasing transmittance, morbidity, and mortality due to COVID-19. Research also highlighted the beneficial effects of sunlight in terms of antimicrobial, antiviral effects, and vitamin D production and its role in improving immunity and decreasing mortality due to COVID-19. Along with this, also resurfaced the debate on the hype of the above-mentioned and other positive attributes and the negative attributes of sunlight in terms of causing skin cancer and aggravation of certain other disease conditions. This article revisits the scientific and historical evidence in the context of sunlight and presents an interdisciplinary, integrative and prospective approach, including Ayurveda and conventional science, for the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages and contemplation regarding the application of sunlight exposure in health care.

Breaking the cycle: A systematic review of intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment and preventive parenting interventions.

BackgroundMost research on the homeless population has focused on the negative attributes and adversities they face. While these are important issues for research, focusing on them alone through a deficit lens may further advance the belief that such people have little or no capacities and skills for survival. This study seeks to address this gap by exploring the resilience of people experiencing homelessness in Accra, Ghana.MethodsQualitative data were collected via in-depth interviews with 27 purposively sampled homeless adults aged 18 + years. Interview data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsThree main themes were identified from the data: internal/individual resilience including their personal strengths; survival through resourcefulness including diversified income sources; and aspects of the participants’ social and physical ecology (facilitative environment) that protect against homelessness-related adversities.ConclusionsThis study provides some valuable insights into sources of resiliency for people experiencing homelessness in Ghana. The study’s findings highlight the need for government to provide adequate housing, resources, and targeted policies and interventions for the homeless population in Accra and other similar settings.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-24669-x.

Abstract Pet food manufacturers strive to produce the highest quality products, understanding factors that impact the nutrient profile and palatability of rendered meals and fats is a critical piece of the ingredient quality puzzle. While AAFCO definitions exist for these rendered products, everything from production methods to seasonality can impact the final product quality. Raw material from an animal harvest facility will possess an inherent microbial load. Although these microbes are inactivated during the rendering process, the transit time between the harvest and rendering facilities provides time for microbial degradation of proteins and fats into biogenic amines and free fatty acids (FFAs). These compounds are heat stable, thus surviving the rendering process and remaining in the finish product. While most pet food manufacturers have a limit for incoming FFAs, demand for fats across various industries has resulted in specification adjustments from 3%, up to 5%, and sometimes 10%. In effort to better understand ingredient variability, an analysis of over 4,000 chicken fat samples submitted through Kemin’s Customer Laboratory Services between September 2021 through May 2023 was completed. Results showed FFAs ranging from 0.1 to 18.3 percent, with over 70% of samples with elevated FFAs (>5%) observed between June and September. This result highlights that summer heat promotes microbial growth and lipase activity in rendering raw material. For pet food manufacturers, understanding the impact of FFA’s and biogenic amines on palatability and shelf life plays an important role in valuing the quality of rendered ingredients. Studies have shown that limiting biogenic amines in a final pet diet or treat can improve palatability. Furthermore, multiple studies have shown a negative impact on palatability in cat diets when incorporating fats with FFA’s greater than 5%. In fact, when comparing diets utilizing 10% coating fat, cats favored the low FFA fat (0.5%) 65:35 compared to high FFA fat (10%). Additionally, shelf-life studies show that utilizing fat with 5% FFA compared to 0.5% FFA reduces the shelf life by 22 – 50%. In fact, diets utilizing fats low in FFA with no antioxidant had better shelf life than diets utilizing fats with 5% FFA and treated with antioxidant. This highlights the importance of raw material quality on palatability and shelf life. While preservatives can help achieve longer shelf-life goals, these ingredients cannot turn poor quality raw materials into high quality finished products. Implementing microbial controls prior to rendering can help limit negative attributes. Use of these strategies may be especially beneficial for preserving rendered material freshness during hot, summer months and for raw materials experiencing extended transit times between harvest and rendering facilities. For pet food manufacturers to maximize palatability and shelf life, raw materials should have limited biogenic amines and free fatty acids.

Introduction:Public stigma of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can delay help-seeking and be a barrier to research participation. This study aimed to understand what, if any, patterns exist among aspects of AD stigma. Knowing this may advance opportunities to reduce AD stigma.Methods:Adult respondents (N = 317) read a vignette about a man with mild stage AD dementia. Afterward, respondents answered the modified Family Stigma in Alzheimer’s Disease Scale (FS-ADS), which measures: Structural Discrimination, Negative Severity Attributions, Negative Aesthetic Attributions, Antipathy, Supportiveness, Pity, and Social Distance. In this correlational study, latent class analyses were used to derive response profiles. Regression models were used to assess correspondence of personal characteristics with profile membership.Results:Three profiles emerged from latent class analysis of four FS-ADS domains of: Structural Discrimination, Negative Severity Attributions, Supportiveness, and Social Distance. Two profiles characterized about 66.8% of respondents and were similar except for one distinguishing quality: beliefs that a person with AD would receive support from others. Additionally, membership in the “expecting higher support” profile was associated with identifying as White and having lower educational attainment, while membership in the “expecting lower support” profile was associated with relatively higher educational attainment.Conclusions:Beliefs about a lack of support, worries about discrimination, and expectations of social distance may depict a topic cluster to leverage in public messaging campaigns intended to reduce AD stigma. In doing so, our findings suggest it will be essential to consider the age and education level of the intended audience.

Based on grounded theory, this paper discusses the classification of observer attribution of supervisor knowledge hiding and constructs a theoretical model of observer attribution of supervisor knowledge hiding. This study lasted for 3 months, during which 57 knowledge workers from various positions in industries such as technology, culture, and finance in the Yangtze River Delta region of China were interviewed through theoretical sampling. The interview data were analyzed using the three-level coding process of procedural grounded theory. It is found that, from the perspective of observer, supervisor knowledge hiding is the interaction result of four factors: supervisor kind guidance, supervisor selfishness, supervisor moral disengagement, and supervisor situational response. Among them, positive attribution of supervisor kind guidance and negative attribution of supervisor selfishness, supervisor moral disengagement constitute the internal environment of the supervisor. Supervisor situational response is the external environment of the organization. They form the logic of positive attribution: internal and external environments, and the logic of negative attribution: internal and external environments, revealing the mechanism of observer attribution of supervisor knowledge hiding. The research findings expand the study of the formation mechanism of supervisor knowledge hiding and provide important guidance for knowledge management practice.

Purpose Bias and discrimination may create barriers and affect the delivery of culturally competent care to sexual minorities. An awareness of biases early in education may promote more equitable oral health care delivery to diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of sexuality-implicit attitudes in entry-level dental hygiene students at one university.Methods This cross-sectional survey study included a convenience sample of dental hygiene students from one university (n=74). The Implicit Associations Test (IAT), a validated tool for measuring implicit bias, was modified for use in dentistry with permission from Project Implicit® The IAT requires participants to rapidly pair two social groups, in this case, homosexual and heterosexual individuals, with either positive or negative attributes (words/concepts), using the "E" and "I" computer keyboard keys. Faster average response times to pairings indicates a preference for a group. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the means between groups and determine the prevalence of sexuality implicit biases. Independent samples t-test was utilized to examine differences in the level of implicit bias based on the year in the dental hygiene program (p<0.05). One-way between-subjects ANOVA was used to examine differences in age groups (p<0.05).Results Seventy dental hygiene students (n=70) completed the survey, (n=34 first year, n=36 second year). The average overall implicit score for first-year students was 0.001 (no sexuality preference), and 0.069 for second-year students (no sexuality preference). No statistically significant differences were found when comparing year in dental hygiene program and age groups.Conclusion Undergraduate dental hygiene students had no sexuality bias for straight or gay individuals.

Impact of Recyclable Packaging on Microwave-Treated Chicken Quality: A Comparison of PET vs PP with Modified Atmosphere.

ABSTRACT In an era of abundant high‐profile apologies, many of which are perceived to be cheap and insincere, it is crucial to understand what constitutes a meaningful response from a high‐status perpetrator. Across three studies using a 2 (apology: present, absent) × 2 (reparation: present, absent) within‐subjects design, we presented participants ( N total = 300) with 16 vignettes describing prejudicial harm and assessed the unique effects of apology and reparation on perceptions of the perpetrators' subsequent responses. We additionally examined whether apology and reparation operate via a cognitive mechanism (reevaluation of the harm itself) or via a relational mechanism (identification with the perpetrator). As predicted, the presence of an apology and of reparation each independently predicted more positive perceptions of the perpetrator's response. Reparation exerted a stronger effect than apology on ratings of response quality (Study 1) and on ratings of the response's impact (Studies 2 and 3); in some cases, if reparation was present, apology did not add value. Our findings suggest that, while apology operates primarily via a relational mechanism, reparation operates via both cognitive and relational mechanisms. Additionally, responses were perceived more favorably overall in the context of close relationships (Study 3), which contributes to existing evidence that relational closeness buffers against negative attributions about the perpetrator and their motives. We suggest that while apology and reparation are each key to an effective response, reparation plays a particularly important role in predicting positive reception to a response to prejudicial harm.