Negative Assimilation Research Articles

The immigrant wage gap and assimilation in Korea

Abstract This study investigates the size of the initial wage disadvantage and the patterns of subsequent labor-market assimilation for immigrant workers in South Korea. We find that immigrants to Korea earn 17–29 percent less upon arrival than natives with similar characteristics, and the wage gap diminishes by 1.55 percent per year spent in the country. The patterns of assimilation differ by both gender and country of origin. Males and Asian immigrants generally follow the patterns of all foreign workers. However, females experience a smaller initial wage difference and no convergence, while immigrants from non-Asian countries and Japan initially earn higher wages than natives, but they then experience a relative decline in wages over time. The results of our out-migration analysis suggest that the negative assimilation of non-Asian and Japanese immigrants may be due to positively selected out-migration.

Life Satisfaction and Intergenerational Mobility Among Older Hispanics in the United States.

To investigate the impact of intergenerational mobility-measured as the difference between one's own and one's father's education level-on overall life-satisfaction among Hispanic, White, and Black older Americans. Data from the Health and Retirement Study were used to estimate life satisfaction by race/ethnicity using ordinary least squares regression (N = 5,057). Hispanic and Black older Americans report greater educational gains relative to their fathers compared to Whites. Despite having the lowest reported education levels, Hispanics report the highest life satisfaction across race/ethnic groups. However, net of education level and other factors, intergenerational mobility decreased rather than increased life satisfaction for Hispanic older Americans. These results indicate that intergenerational mobility may not confer equal benefits for overall life satisfaction across racial/ethnic groups. As Hispanic individuals continue to achieve higher education levels, it is unclear whether upward mobility will translate to positive or negative assimilation consequences.

Adaequatio as Assimilatio: Two Puzzles in Aquinas’ Theory of Truth

AbstractThis article explores the epistemological ramifications of understanding Thomas Aquinas’ conception of truth (famously defined as adaequatio rei et intellectus) in terms of a dynamic process of cognitive assimilation within the human psyche. In particular, the author addresses two potential pitfalls for his theory, namely (i) ‘failed assimilation’ as the basis of false judgments and (ii) ‘negative assimilation’, i.e., correspondence to non-being: how is the human mind capable of assimilation to ‘nothing’ (in the sense of ‘no thing’) at all? Aquinas addresses these two problems in various passages throughout his works; the author connects and reviews their arguments with regard to their philosophical cogency and attempts to answer the question of whether Aquinas ultimately succeeds in solving the several puzzles that ‘failed’ as well as ‘negative assimilation’ seem to create in his conception of truth.

Domestic Violence in Modern Russia: General Characteristics

The article is devoted to the topical for modern Russia problem of domestic violence, which undermines the foundations of not only family, but also social, national-state security of the society. The author discusses domestic violence against women and provides her own definition of the concept. The author also gives explicit characteristics of the types of domestic violence and determines the victims of such violence. It is noted that domestic violence differs from other kinds of violence as the offender and the victim are related by kinship or other close relations. This adds to the psychological trauma received by the victim. Most often, the subject of domestic violence are women (57 %) and children (36 %). In this regard, the greatest attention is given to these two categories. The article presents statistics on the number of crimes committed within the family against women and children. Based on these data the conclusion about an annual significant increase in the number of crimes committed against women in the family is made. It is important to acknowledge the data on the children and other persons' resort to the child helpline concerning violent acts against children by parents. These allow you to see a more complete picture of violence in the family, given its high latency. Many cases result in deterioration of health, disability, death. It is shown that children-victims of domestic violence are a subject of complex consequences such as low self-esteem, increased anxiety, retarded mental and physical development, reduced intellectual abilities, isolation, excessive credulity or a heightened fear of strangers. They often have difficulties when communicating with other children, and poor academic performance. One of the most serious consequences is the negative assimilation patterns of behavior of parents and transfer of their negative experiences of family relationships into other social groups.

„DOING THE FAMILY”. ANALIZA PROBLEMÓW NIEEFEKTYWNYCH STRATEGII AKULTURACYJNYCH, ZWIĄZANYCH Z WZORCAMI SAMOORGANIZACJI RODZINY EMIGRACYJNEJ

Wobec zwiększającej się liczby ruchów ludnościowych zasadne wydaje się podejmowanie badań nad różnorakimi skutkami migracji, zarówno w sensie jed- nostkowym, jak i społecznym. Celem pracy jest wgląd w mechanizmy samoorga- nizacji polskiej rodziny emigracyjnej, z wykorzystaniem systemowej perspektywy rozumienia rodziny migracyjnej, inspirowaną podejściem S. Minuchina i takich ram teoretycznych, jak koncepcja „dzieci trzeciej kultury” R. H. Ussem oraz problemów akulturacji, roli sieci społecznego wsparcia a także psychologii miej- sca – nie-miejsca M. Augé.Dzięki zebranym metodą wywiadu zogniskowanego oraz rozmów indywidual- nych, jakościowo przeanalizowanym w grupie 48 rodziców (przy uwzględnieniu zmiennych: bliskości międzypokoleniowej, wzorców relacji zewnętrznych oraz unikatowej dla rodziny emigracyjnej zmiennej relacji z miejscem pobytu) informa- cjom przyporządkowano trzy modele funkcjonowania rodziny emigracyjnej, wyjaś- niające problemy nieefektywnych strategii akulturacyjnych na emigracji. Modele te odpowiadają rodzinom spójnym – uwikłanym – splątanym wg S. Minuchina:„rodzina-magnes” (o dużej bliskości międzypokoleniowej, wysokim poziomie lęku grupowego i spójnych wzorcach kontaktów zewnętrznych, wytwarzająca w efekcie relatywizm miejsca), „rodzina-kotwica (o niskiej bliskości międzypoko- leniowej, niespójnych wzorcach kontaktów zewnętrznych, wytwarzająca problem nieumiejscowienia oraz fatamorganę kotwicy u dzieci i separacji u rodziców) oraz „rodzina-repelent” (o niskiej bliskości międzypokoleniowej, niespójnych wzorcach kontaktów zewnętrznych, wytwarzająca alienację u matki i asymilację u córki).

The “Negative” Assimilation of Immigrants: a Counter-Example from the Canadian Labor Market

With Canadian data ranging from 1991 to 2011, this paper investigates the effects of the number of years since migration on the earnings of immigrants from the United States and the United Kingdom in Canada. The aim is to test whether the “negative assimilation” hypothesis proposed by Chiswick and Miller (Ind Labor Relat Rev 64(3):502–525, 2011) for immigrants to the United States is a universal finding for immigrants from countries with similar economic standing and skill transferability to those of the destination country. We also expand on Chiswick and Miller’s work by doing regressions for both males and females and by comparing to Chinese immigrants, a representative group from a less developed country. We find that the negative assimilation hypothesis does not hold for the Canadian labor market. Specifically, the assimilation rate is close to zero for U.K. immigrants and strictly positive for U.S. immigrants (although lower than that of a comparison group of Chinese immigrants). The assimilation rates are also higher for females than for males.

Negative Assimilation: How Immigrants Experience Economic Mobility in Japan

This paper examines the economic mobility of foreign migrants in Japan. In a country that is largely regarded as homogeneous and closed to outsiders, how and to what extent do immigrants achieve economic success? A survey conducted by the authors revealed that the conventional assimilationist perspective does not fully explain immigrants’ economic success in Japan. Migrants from the West experience what Chiswick and Miller (2011) refer to as “negative assimilation.” That is, their earnings decline over time in Japan. While negative assimilation was not clearly observed among immigrants from neighboring Asian countries, wages among them did not increase with the length of their stay in Japan. For both groups, the skills they brought from abroad were found to be largely accountable for their economic success, while locally specific human capital, such as education acquired in the host society, did not contribute to their earnings.

Defining the optimal regeneration niche for Pinus pinea L. through physiology-based models for seedling survival and carbon assimilation

Seedling survival in Pinus pinea is controlled by both water status and photosynthetic performance. Optimal regeneration niche for the species is found at mid-shaded sites. Summer survival has been identified as the main bottleneck preventing natural regeneration in Mediterranean forests, although the physiological processes resulting in seedling mortality are not sufficiently known. In the present work, the effect of water status and photosynthetic performance on seedling survival and regeneration niche in a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinea L.) was analyzed by means of a modeling approach. Midday water potential was modeled as a nonlinear function of environmental factors, and this model was coupled with an existing model for carbon assimilation. A model for seedling survival was then constructed using lifetime analysis techniques, including predicted values of daily and cumulative net assimilation and probability for critical midday water potentials as predictors. The model was applied over a wide range of irradiance environments in order to identify the optimal regeneration niche for the species. Results indicate that midday water potential for P. Pinea seedlings is affected by relative soil water content, leaf temperature, and irradiance, with younger seedlings being more likely to reach critical values. Seedling survival in P. pinea is controlled by both water status and photosynthetic performance, with mortality being triggered by the joint occurrence of low water potentials and negative assimilation rates, although photoassimilates stored during the spring season increase survival in older seedlings. Simulations indicated that seedling survival is optimized in shaded environments, while carbon assimilation reaches maximum values on more open sites, thus the optimal regeneration niche for the species is found on mid-shaded locations.

Modeling the environmental response of leaf net photosynthesis in Pinus pinea L. natural regeneration

Environmental factors as incident light, temperature and soil water content mainly determine the dynamics of growth and survival of natural forest regeneration in Mediterranean forests. The complex interactions among these factors highlight the need for physiology-based models which describe seedling and sapling performance under current and changing climatic conditions. These models should be flexible enough to take into account the effect of growth light environment changes on physiological processes and, therefore, to assist in the decision-making process on different silvicultural management alternatives under climatic uncertainty. In the present work the net photosynthesic rate of Pinus pinea L. natural regeneration is modeled as a function of light irradiance using the non-rectangular hyperbola function. The model fit was carried out following a two-step procedure, where the parameters of the original function were expanded over the most influential factors: leaf temperature, soil moisture, global site factor and needle type. The developed model allows defining the optimal niche conditions for the natural regeneration of the species and permits identifying the most limiting conditions which prevent natural regeneration. Regeneration niche was assessed by using the model to simulate net CO2 assimilation of a seedling over twelve contrasting light environments during both a normal and an extremely dry vegetative period. The model predicts that the most favorable carbon balance would be found in mid-shaded expositions, while fully exposed plants at midday during summer would exhibit longer periods of negative assimilation rates, especially on severe dry years.

Negative and Positive Assimilation by Prices and by Quantities

This paper considers the labor market assimilation of immigrants in terms of earnings and employment (employment probability, unemployment probability, and hours worked per week). Using the 2006 Australian Census of Population and Housing the analyses are performed separately by gender, and separately by whether or not the origin is an English-speaking developed country (ESDC). Among men in general, 'negative assimilation' is found for immigrants from the ESDC, and positive assimilation for other origins. Among women, the pattern of assimilation in earnings and employment is more positive than among their male counterparts. This may reflect the greater tendency for female immigrants to be tied movers. Among never married immigrant women from the ESDC, who are more likely than married immigrant women from the same countries to be economic migrants, the pattern of negative assimilation is observed.

The “Negative” Assimilation of Immigrants: A Special Case

The authors address whether “negative” assimilation among immigrants living in the United States occurs if skills are highly transferable internationally. They outline the conditions for negative assimilation in the context of the traditional immigration assimilation model, in which negative assimilation arises not from a deterioration of skills but from a decline in the wages afforded by skills coincident with the duration of residence. The authors use U.S. Census data from 1980, 1990, and 2000 to test the hypothesis on immigrants to the United States from English-speaking developed countries. They present comparisons with native-born workers to determine whether the findings are sensitive to immigrant cohort quality effects and find that even after controlling for these effects, negative assimilation still occurs for immigrants in the sample. They also find that negative assimilation occurs for immigrants from English-speaking developed countries living in Australia and for immigrants from Nordic countries living in Sweden.

Negative and Positive Assimilation, Skill Transferability, and Linguistic Distance

This paper synthesizes two models of immigrant assimilation: “positive assimilation” if earnings rise with duration as destination-relevant skills are acquired and “negative assimilation” if immigrants with highly transferable skills experience declining earnings as their economic rent diminishes. Hypotheses are developed and tested with earnings of adult male immigrants in the 2000 U.S. Census. “Linguistic distance” from English of an immigrant’s mother tongue is the index of skill transferability. Only immigrants from English-speaking developed countries experience negative assimilation. Immigrants from other countries experience positive assimilation, the degree of assimilation increasing with linguistic distance.

Negative and Positive Assimilation, Skill Transferability, and Linguistic Distance

There are two complementary models of immigrants' economic and social adjustment - the positive assimilation model of Chiswick (1978, 1979), and the negative assimilation model of Chiswick and Miller (2011). The negative assimilation model is applicable for immigrants from countries that are very similar in terms of the transferability of skills, culture, and labor market institutions to the host country, and has been tested previously primarily using migration among the English-speaking developed countries. This paper generalizes the negative/positive assimilation models through analyzing the post-arrival earnings profiles of immigrants in the US from non-English-speaking countries according to the linguistic distance of their mother tongue from English. Using data on adult male immigrants from the 2000 US Census, it is shown that all groups of immigrants from non-English-speaking countries are characterized by positive assimilation. Earnings in the immediate post-arrival period are lowest for the language groups furthest from English, and the increase in earnings with duration is steeper the further the immigrant's mother tongue is from English. The linguistic distance of the immigrants' mother tongue from the destination language appears, therefore, to play a crucial role in generating the inverse relationship between post-arrival earnings growth and the initial earnings disadvantage documented in most studies of immigrant earnings.

Peer violence perpetration among urban adolescents: Dispelling the myth of the violent immigrant

Researchers have found an inverse relationship between immigrant status and violence perpetration. Most studies have examined Mexican immigrants, and few have assessed immigration factors other than nativity. Additionally, the majority have focused on the most serious forms of violence despite the fact that moderate violence is more common. Using data from the 2008 Boston Youth Survey, we generated prevalence estimates of peer violence perpetration across immigration related factors, examined whether risk factors for peer violence differed by these variables, and explored the contribution of risk factors to peer violence perpetration. Recent immigrants had a significantly lower prevalence of peer violence compared to each other generations/time in U.S. group. Known risk factors for violence perpetration varied by generation/time in U.S.: compared to other groups, recent immigrants were less likely to have used substances, and were more likely earn A's and B's in school. Recent immigrants had a significantly lower risk of violence perpetration relative to U.S.-born (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.62). Adjusting for known risk factors did not attenuate differences in risk. While immigrant youth had a lower risk of peer violence, the protective effect was diminished among immigrants who had resided in the U.S. for >4 years. This pattern demonstrates that negative assimilation occurs within the first generation, not just across generations. Results suggest that perpetration of violence worsens with increased time in the U.S. Research is needed to identify factors that contribute to the acquisition of behaviors such as violence among recently arrived immigrant youth.

CONSUMERS' LIKING TOWARD ROASTED CHESTNUTS FROM FRESH AND FROZEN NUTS. INFLUENCE OF PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS AND FAMILIARITY WITH PRODUCT

Three types of roasted chestnuts were obtained by roasting fresh nuts, by roasting frozen nuts or by heating pre-roasted and frozen nuts. A consumer expectation and liking test was carried out on roasted chestnuts in absence of information about the product processing (blind test), and after information was given (labelled test). Before the test, a questionnaire was presented and demographic and psychographic data were collected. In the blind test consumers expressed the same liking score toward roasted chestnuts from fresh and frozen nuts and a lower preference score toward heated chestnuts from pre-roasted and frozen nuts. A negative disconfirmation of the expectation (products worse than expected) was observed for roasted chestnuts from fresh fruits (traditional products) whilst a positive disconfirmation (products better than expected) for non traditional products. The information on the type of product enhanced the liking toward the traditional product (positive assimilation) and depleted the liking toward non traditional products (negative assimilation). The tendency of chestnut consumers to deplete their liking toward non-traditional products is less than that to enhance it toward the traditional product. The expectations and liking toward both traditional and non-traditional products were positively correlated to consumer age. Younger consumer showed a lower assimilation for roasted chestnuts from frozen nuts only. The product knowledge was negatively correlated to the liking of roasted chestnuts from frozen nuts and the attitude toward innovation was positively correlated to the expectations and the assimilation of information toward non traditional products.

Migration and Infant Death: Assimilation or Selective Migration among Puerto Ricans?

Using pooled origin/destination data from the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study the authors examine the implications for infant mortality of migration from Puerto Rico to the US. An analysis restricted to the US mainland shows that children of migrants have lower risks of infant mortality than do children of mainland-born Puerto Rican women. A critical question is whether this pattern indicates that maternal exposure to US culture undermines infant health or whether it is largely a result of the selective migration of healthier or more advantaged mothers to the US. The authors findings show that mothers duration of US residence is positively related to infant mortality among the children of migrants suggesting that a process of negative assimilation is occurring. However inclusion of Puerto Rico in the analysis demonstrates the importance of selective migration in explaining the US mainland pattern: Infant mortality is substantially lower among recent migrants to the mainland than it is among nonmigrant women in Puerto Rico. The roles of socioeconomic status cultural orientation health habits and health care utilization in accounting for differences in infants survival chances by maternal migration status are assessed. (authors)

Migration and Infant Death: Assimilation or Selective Migration among Puerto Ricans?

Using pooled origin/destination data from the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study, we examine the implications for infant mortality of migration from Puerto Rico to the United States. An analysis restricted to the U.S. mainland shows that children of migrants have lower risks of infant mortality than do children of mainland-born Puerto Rican women. A critical question is whether this pattern indicates that maternal exposure to U.S. culture undermines infant health or whether it is largely a result of the selective migration of healthier or more advantaged mothers to the United States. Our findings show that mother's duration of U.S. residence is positively related to infant mortality among the children of migrants, suggesting that a process of negative assimilation is occurring. However, inclusion of Puerto Rico in the analysis demonstrates the importance of selective migration in explaining the U.S. mainland pattern: Infant mortality is substantially lower among recent migrants to the mainland than it is among nonmigrant women in Puerto Rico. The roles of socioeconomic status, cultural orientation, health habits, and health care utilization in accounting for differences in infants’ survival chances by maternal migration status are assessed.

Carbon dioxide limitation of the photosynthesis of Prunus avium L. seedlings inside an unventilated treeshelter

The equilibrium level in CO 2 concentration inside tight treeshelters sealed in the soil and protecting young seedlings of Prunus avium L. has been measured. High night concentrations have been observed. At dawn, a fast decrease occurred, and values as low as 100 μl l −1 were recorded in the morning. An increase during the afternoon was observed, with values remaining usually below the ambient outside value in spring and in early summer, but rising above this value on hot days in summer or autumn. The significance of such unusual values is discussed. Net assimilation rates are diminished as the assimilation becomes chiefly CO 2 limited. CO 2 and radiation dependant assimilation curves for control and sheltered trees were recorded. The net assimilation flux density of the leaves of a sheltered tree during a standard sunny day was only 62% of the rate observed on non sheltered trees. Most of this reduction was a result of the low CO 2 concentration in the shelter. CO 2 concentrations above the ambient value were interpreted as the result of a negative assimilation rate inside tree shelters, resulting from temperatures above 35°C. The ventilation rate resulting from free convection through the top of the shelter increased with air temperature, but remained too low to supply the tree with enough CO 2. The impact of the soil CO 2 release on the results is discussed. The results are in accordance with the reduction of the tree biomass accretion in treeshelters, and the need for ventilated shelters to overcome this problem is evidenced. Optimal ventilation rates for maintaining the CO 2 level at a minimum 300 μl l −1 value in the shelter are proposed. Such results contradict most previous publications and the possible explanations for the discrepancies are discussed.

FEEDING AND ASSIMILATION OF MYSIS RELICTA1,2

Feeding habits and assimilation efficiencies were studied for Mysis relicta from Char Lake, N.W.T., and Stony Lake, Ontario. Stony Lake animals were rather voracious predators, feeding on Daphnia and other cladocerans during their vertical migration at night. Char Lake mysids fed primarily on diatoms and inorganic particles on a moss substrate. The gravimetric method showed an assimilation efficiency of 85% for Stony Lake mysids feeding on Daphnia pulex; the Conover ash‐ratio method showed 52%. Results of the ashratio method corrected for ash assimilation, using the gravimetric data, gave an assimilation efficiency of 87%, indicating that ash assimilation can account for the difference between the two methods. A negative assimilation efficiency was obtained by the ash‐ratio method for Char Lake mysids feeding on moss washings, suggesting that mysids may be able to select organic material from the substrate.

UTILIZATION OF SACCHAROSE AND MALTOSE BY YEASTS.

WORK on the utilization of saccharose by Saccharomyces oleaginosus1, and other species, has been continued on other yeasts lacking invertase. The results with S. rouxii were: (a) negative assimilation in yeast nitrogen base Wickerham (YNB) with 0.5 per cent saccharose, and positive assimilation in the same medium with a 2 per cent sugar concentration; in the latter case, the assimilation is appreciably quicker in Erlenmeyer flasks; (b) slow fermentation in a 2 per cent concentration in yeast infusion (YI), and slightly more active fermentation in yeast autolysate (YA). With S. italicus VB 20 the assimilation of saccharose in YNB was also negative with 0.5 per cent saccharose, and positive with 2 per cent; the fermentation was extremely weak in YI and YA.