Need For Reorientation Research Articles

Geragogic support for status passages in old age : Challenge and opportunity of anew care for older people

With the continuous increase in the average age, the temporal perspective for the phase of old age is also significantly expanding. This results in an individual need for reorientation for the aging person with respect to ameaningful shaping of this long period of time, which as aprogressive process leads to the end of life. In the context of the status passages to the third, fourth and fifth ages, there is aspecial relevance for this; however, the so-called care for older people (§71 Social Security Code, SGBXII) has so far largely ignored these important aspects. Rethinking in aneeds-oriented way, the facilitation of the necessary reorientation of life in old age through learning and education must therefore be given greater consideration. The article gives anecessary update of the existing care for older persons, which takes greater account of aneeds-oriented design of asociety of long life. Furthermore, the role and significance of the necessary educational processes in the sense of geragogy are outlined and also how they can contribute to successful aging. With reference to current research work and publications on the topic, the possibilities of geragogic support as achallenge and opportunity for new care for older persons are worked out. The learning and educational processes of the aging person can be aimed at various concerns, if nothing else differentiated according to the challenges associated with the social age categories, i.e., the third, fourth or fifth age; however, learning and educational processes also address very different dimensions, each focusing on the question of how older people can tackle and cope with such necessary adaptation and change processes.

Optimization of intraoperative lumpectomy specimen labeling

BackgroundAccurate lumpectomy specimen orientation is critical as incorrect orientation may result in excision of the wrong lumpectomy margin. Our goal was to determine if specimen orientation achieved by labeling three surfaces is superior to two. MethodsThis was a prospective single-institution study including 22 breast surgical oncologists. Intraoperative labeling of either two or three surfaces of the lumpectomy specimen was based on surgeon preference. The specimen was delivered to Pathology where it was oriented by the pathology team and the surgeon then determined if the specimen was correctly oriented or if re-orientation was required. Surgeons subsequently recorded orientation technique and if re-orientation was required. Specimen weight, patient age, and BMI were recorded. Fisher’s exact test and two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to determine p-values. ResultsOf 268 specimens, 40 (14.9%) required re-orientation. Labeling specimens on three surfaces was superior to two (22 of 195 (11.2%) versus 18 of 73 (24.6%), p = 0.01). Specimens requiring re-orientation were more likely to be heavier (36 g vs. 24 g, p = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, labeling specimens on three surfaces resulted in a 70% reduction in discordance rates between the surgeon and pathology team (OR 0.3, p = 0.001). Using mean weight of lumpectomy specimens, specimens >33 g were more likely to require reorientation (OR 2.8, p = 0.004). Age and BMI did not impact the need for re-orientation. ConclusionLumpectomy specimen labeling using three surfaces was superior to two. Surgeons should routinely orient their specimens on three or more surfaces to decrease discordance rates.

Caring, law, and solidarity—on the need for reorientation

Abstract What significance does care have in law? How is solidarity understood in the relationship between individuals, society, and the state, and what needs to be changed? How should the welfare state promote care and caring relationships by granting solidary forms of support and enabling beyond the already existing but insufficient rights and services? These questions guide the analysis; German law and EU law are important points of reference, but the general argument transcends national borders and jurisdictions. It results that solidarities are ambivalent, the recognition of care-related rights and provision of care services and infrastructures is insufficient. There is a need for care policies based on solidarity. Although there are numerous fragmented regulations in family, labour and social law with regard to care and care needs, these are often inadequate. Coherent and solidarity-based care policies, such as those developed by some countries and international organizations, can serve as a stimulus and inspiration for social and legal policies in Germany and elsewhere. Although the contents of solidarity as a legal principle is rather indeterminate and open to the discretion of the state, solidarity can be an important part of the argument, because the social support and organization of care is in the interest of society and of all those who need or provide care and contribute to the public good.

Skill Acquisition for Youth Empowerment and Reduction of Unemployment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

This study aims at investigating the effect of skills acquisition and youth empowerment on the reduction of youth unemployment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The Economic Survival-Based Theory was adopted. Data for the study were gotten from both primary and secondary sources. The research was conducted in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 371 questionnaires were administered to respondents using purposive sampling techniques and on the spot filling and collection. The data obtained from the field were subjected to descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, particularly, using Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient, Microsoft SPSS (version 21). The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient method. A total of 30 respondents who were not part of the sample were used in testing the reliability of this instrument. The reliability coefficient stood at 0.672. The results of the Mean and Standard Deviation and the testing of the four alternative hypotheses indicate that skills acquisition and youth empowerment have the potential to create employment opportunities and reduce youth unemployment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Findings from this study reveal that skill acquisition in the areas of carpentry, fashion design/tailoring business, barbing saloon and handset repairs have empowered the youths meaningfully to generate employment and reduce unemployment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study also reveals that most youths accept political appointment as empowerment owing to the fact that they lack requisite skills and startup capital to be independent and self-reliant. The study show that most youths prefer skills acquisition and startup capital to start a venture of their own and be self-reliant than political appointment. The study concluded that the strategies of empowerment adopted by government through the offering of political appointment to young graduates without skills is erroneous and same does reduce unemployment per se. Based on the findings, the study recommended, amongst others that, skill acquisition should be made compulsory from secondary school to tertiary levels, such that every graduate irrespective of one’s course of study should possess one skill as a prerequisite for graduation. The centre for the skill acquisitions in each institution should certify the student before graduation. It is also recommended that technical and vocational devices, machines and tools necessary for takeoff of every graduate with a requisite skill should be made accessible and supplied free of charge. Also, that there is need for reorientation of the youths in line with the present economic realities in order to obviate self-pride and shame and avail themselves with the skills acquisition opportunities available to them.

Key growth drivers for the People's Republic of China

Subject. We investigate the key factors in the development of the national economy of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Objectives. The aim is to identify the most important factors that ensure the GDP growth of the PRC. Methods. The study rests on the general-methodological and system-information approach and applies methods of systems, comparative, structural, and logical analysis. The scientific novelty is the determination of the most important factors for ensuring the GDP growth of the People's Republic of China, among which export is the most important one. Results. We unveiled the main factors influencing the GDP growth, constructed a regression model that explains the economic growth of PRC by the variation of three the most important factors, i.e. gross investment, exports, and monetary (inflation). The study analyzed the trade balance of PRC and its dependence on the markets of other States, assessed the country export structure, and the need for reorientation of exports from U.S. markets to other markets, in particular, the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Conclusions. The increase in China's exports will indicate that the country's foreign trade policy has sufficient flexibility and room for maneuver, and its foreign trade ensures economic growth through national production and international cooperation. At the same time, China has the ability to stabilize foreign trade, ensure global supply chains, and contribute to the promotion of global economic growth and economic globalization.

Ethnic politics and National Integration in Nigeria's Fourth Republic

One of the contentious issues affecting national integration in Nigeria is ethnic politics. An ethnicity is a potent tool for mobilizing access to power and resources in Nigeria. It has not only affected nation-building but has also constituted security and governance challenges threatening national integration. Despite different measures adopted to foster national unity among different ethnic groups, primordial sentiments pervade the political system, festering like a malignant tumour with associated prognosis. The paper explored the implications of ethnic politics on national integration in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. Data elicited from secondary sources were utilized for the study. The findings showed that the dominant ethnic groups determine party formation, voting patterns and allocation of public goods. Ethnic politics is deployed by the political class to access and maintain their grip of power while other sub-ethnic groups are sidelined. Undue ethnicization of Nigeria's politics has not only encouraged prebendalised politics but affected democratic development. Electoral malpractices, political instability and crises experienced in Nigeria have their roots in ethnic politics. The study recommended, among other things, that there is a need for reorientation of Nigerian citizens on the danger ethnicized politics portends to nation-building and national integration. Furthermore, there is the need to redefine citizenship, indigene-settler syndrome and son of the soil conundrum that has been spurring ethnic politics in Nigeria.

Innovations in the manufacturing sector: sectoral and regional aspects

In modern economic conditions, the task of ensuring the effective functioning of business processes both at the level of an individual enterprise and at the regional and national levels as a whole is becoming increasingly important. Ensuring the economic development and stability of the production unit at the regional and federal levels depends directly on the quality of production and services, their compliance with modern technological requirements and consumer needs. The latest production technologies are becoming a vector of modern production sphere. Production innovations determine not only the level of technological development of an individual economic entity or region, but also the entire world order as a whole. It is worth noting that modern global challenges, sanctions, lead to the fact that the economy of the Russian Federation will have to import substitution of most of the previously imported components and goods. The need for reorientation and diversification of production will entail both the modernization of existing production facilities and the launch of completely new ones, which in turn will entail the steady growth of various sectors of the Russian economy. But it is worth noting that the total introduction of new technologies in various spheres entails significant negative consequences for society, expressed in the shortage of highly qualified specialized personnel, environmental pollution, etc.

Development of a low-cost solar cooker for nixtamalization of maize based on multi-composite geometry

The objective of this study was to fabricate a solar oven for nixtamalization of maize endemic to Michoacán, Mexico, and then evaluate its performance. Based on the geometry of compound parabolic concentrators. this model oven is innovative in both its design and construction materials. It was designed with dimensions to nixtamalize an amount of maize sufficient to satisfy the needs of a family of four. Results include experimental data for three types of maize: white, yellow, and black. Thermal performance was better than that of other solar devices with similar characteristics. During the cooking process, the oven achieved a standard cooking power of 77.5 W, with no need for reorientation. Cooking times varied for the different kinds of maize studied, but cooking black maize took approximately 3 h under clear skies, indicating that the oven has good efficiency. Future studies will determine nixtamalization times for other endemic varieties of maize in Michoacan.

Challenges and Prospects of the Igala Movie Industry (Igawood) in the Quest for Global Relevance

Beyond the more popular indigenous movie industries from the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria; Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba, the Nigerian Movie Industry has witnessed the upsurge and establishment of more indigenous regional and ethnic movie industries. This development is born partly, out of the desire of indigenous Nigerian ethnic groups to tell their own respective stories; an effort towards sustaining the diverse culture which together, make one Nigeria, and also promote respective cultures globally. Adopting a qualitative design, this article examines the prospects and challenges of the Indigenous movie industry of the Igala ethnic group in Nigeria: Igawood in the quest for global relevance. The article projects that Igawood is an efficient tool for cultural integration, propagation, and sustenance, firstly, among people of the Igala ethnicity spread across the globe and also among other tribes of the world with an interest in the Igala culture. Among other challenges, the paper points at finance, the quest to make a profit, the star actor syndrome, relatively poor presence on satellite TV Networks, and lack of requisite technical know-how as factors militating against Igawood. The paper identifies the need for re-orientation and adequate technical training for players in the industry to meet up with the standard and global best practices.

Import substitution and self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs

The relevance of the topic of the article is caused by the need to study the current situation in the food market and determine the level of development of the production potential of the domestic agri-food complex in the context of import substitution and fierce competition in the global food market. The purpose of the article is to assess the processes of development of the agro-food complex in the context of import substitution, identify trends, and substantiate priorities in the implementation of the country's food security strategy. The article carried out a comprehensive study of the current state of development of agricultural production, analyzed the current state of the food supply of the country's population, identified trends, identified priority strategic directions for the implementation of the import substitution policy, and ensured the country's food security. The article concludes on the long-term nature of the implementation of the import substitution strategy and ensuring food security. There is a need for an interconnected and balanced organization of import and export activities of enterprises of the agro-food complex. The authors substantiate the need for reorientation of enterprises after reaching the target indicators of food self-sufficiency from domestic sales of products to the development of international food markets. The theoretical provisions and practical recommendations proposed in the article make it possible to solve the problem of stable self-sufficiency of the country with competitive food products and the implementation of a food security strategy.

A cross-sectional study on the role of film stars and peers in smoking initiation and tobacco use among male adolescents aged 13–15 years in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Exposure to tobacco at a young age leads to a subsequent smoking habit in large proportions of the population in adulthood. Social and mass media have both positive and negative effects on adolescents’ behavior and social skills and therefore play vital roles in driving this behavior. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of film stars on smoking initiation and tobacco use among male adolescents aged 13–15 years in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional design. In total, 200 students from schools that serve low-income households participated in the study. All the students completed a 20-item questionnaire on the perceived severity of smoking, perceived barriers to quitting, and factors affecting quitting. Results: None of the participants had a history of smoking. One (0.5%) participant stated that he smoked daily. All the participants agreed that exposure to media images of smoking behavior among their favorite film stars would not encourage them to smoke. In terms of peer pressure, one (0.5%) participant stated that he would accept a cigarette if offered one by a friend. Only descriptive information of the collected data was tabulated as the aim of the study was to collect the baseline data and not to test any prespecified hypothesis. Conclusion: In our study, peer pressure seemed to play more influence on the smoking initiation by adolescents than the film stars on mass media. Though all of them agreed that they would not be provoked by media images of film stars smoking, one participant was likely to initiate the habit on being offered by his friend. Hence, the evidence suggests the need for reorientation of research modalities to better identify early initiators of smoking.

АНАЛИЗ ПРАКТИКИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ БЛАГОПРИЯТНОЙ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ СРЕДЫ В РЕГИОНЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСКОГО АВТОНОМНОГО ОКРУГА – ЮГРА)

In modern conditions, investments are recognized as the primary factor of economic growth of the Russian Federation, through which it is possible to ensure the intensification of manufacture of highly competitive products, conditions for high-quality economic growth, social stability and environmental safety. New guidelines for the development of the modern economy come to the fore when forming the concept of economic policy of the Russian Federation. The need for reorientation is explained by the fact that the raw-materials model of the economy is based on the functioning of large raw-materials enterprises. This circumstance is due to the focus of economic growth, which makes it possible to focus resources on priority state problems and develop conditions for improving market institutions. At the same time, the modern resource-oriented economy strongly depends on the structure and conditions of the world market of raw materials for import purchases. The author's approach is to consider the issues of managing the investment attractiveness of the northern region in the context of the most relevant and modern factors. This makes it possible to identify priority industries for investment and implement investment projects that ensure maximum return on invested funds at a risk level acceptable to the investor. According to the author, the investment attractiveness of the region is a multidimensional, multifactorial economic category, which is reflected by a set of irreducible indicating parameters. The system for managing the investment attractiveness of the region should also be a multi-level one, and it should have a differentiation of the tasks of management bodies. Based on the above, we can formulate a research hypothesis: the administrative environment of the subject of the Russian Federation should be continuously improved in order to attract real investments to the region. At the same time, state policy measures in the field of increasing the investment attractiveness of regions should be focused on the introduction of organizational mechanisms that increase the effectiveness of existing programs. The present study is based on the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District – Yugra and can be used as practical recommendations for the formation of investment policy in the northern oil and gas producing regions of Russia.

The importance of peer support in the recovery process of persons with mental disorders

Abstract Issue Care for people with severe mental disorders requires approach that is focused on a person's strengths, not his weaknesses, and is a shift from a deficit model that is often associated with mental illness. Care users and their family members play an important role in this approach. Description of the Problem Mental disorders are the leading group of diseases in Croatia, according to the number of days of hospital treatment. The number of hospitalizations is high, and the rate of hospitalization for depression has tripled in the last twenty years. Such indicators highlight the need for reorientation of mental health care, from hospital-based to community-based, by organizing mobile community intervention teams. Results In Croatia, psychosocial peer teams were established by the NGO Ludruga, financed by local government, to provide peer support to persons with mental disorders. The main activities are: development of a personal recovery plan, home visits and providing psychological support to persons with mental disorders, organizing support groups and education of peer workers. The teams consist of a peer worker, social worker, psychologist, and operate under the supervision of a psychiatrist. The teams have been operating for five years, have had over a hundred users so far and are a significant help to the healthcare system in preventing rehospitalizations. Lessons The goal of therapeutic interventions in mental health care should be recovery. Recovery involves empowering a person to take responsibility for themselves and their health. Peer workers play an important role in the recovery process, providing hope for recovery. Their role must also be recognized by the health system. Key messages People with mental disorders and their families should be co-creators of care and recovery-oriented interventions. Only by comprehensive interventions, tackling all determinants of health, therapeutic goal can be achieved.

The effect of multimorbidity on functional limitations and depression amongst middle-aged and older population in China: a nationwide longitudinal study.

multimorbidity contributes to a large portion of the disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. However, limited research has been undertaken in China. This study has investigated the prevalence of multimorbidity and the associations of multimorbidity with activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and depression in China. the study participants included 10,055 adults aged 45years and older from three rounds of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011-2015. Random-effects logistic regression models were used to examine the association of multimorbidity with ADL limitation, IADL limitation and mental disease. the prevalence of multimorbidity amongst adults in China aged 45years and older was 62.1% in 2015. The prevalence of multimorbidity was increased with older age, among women, in a higher socio-economic group and in the most deprived regions. Multimorbidity is associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing ADL limitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.738, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 5.733, 5.744) and IADL limitation (AOR = 2.590, 95% CI = 2.588, 2.592) and depression (AOR = 3.352, 95% CI = 3.350, 3.354). Rural-urban disparities in functional difficulties and depression were also found amongst patients with multimorbidity. the burden of multimorbidity is high in China, particularly amongst the older population. Multimorbidity is associated with higher levels of functional limitations and depression. China healthcare reforms should introduce integrated care models and patient-centred healthcare delivery. The increasing need for reorientation of healthcare resources considering the distribution of multimorbidity and its adverse effect requires more attention from health policymakers in China and other developing countries.

The Role of Political Institutions in Economic Growth and Development of Nigeria

Theoretical and empirical evidences support the notion that political institutions enhance economic performance in incipient democracies. It is the aim of this paper to ascertain the impact of political institutions on the performance of the Nigerian economy from 1999 to 2018. Consequently, it examines the concepts of political institutions, economic growth and development as well as reviews the trend in real GDP growth rates, youth unemployment and human development index in Nigeria. It was observed that during the 19 years of democratically elected government, there was consistent GDP growth from 1999 to 2002; fluctuating and declining growth from 2003 to 2018. The desired economic growth for the most populous country in Africa was somewhat a mirage and development snail speed. It supports the findings of Anwana and Affia (2018) that political institutions negatively impact growth and development in Nigeria. It suggests a revamp of the current political institutions (the rule of the game) by well meaning Nigerians, the need for reorientation of the masses about the innate power to vote out bad leaders and creation of a system that allows for proper representation of the masses at the state and national houses of assemblies. Improving economic growth and development in Nigeria requires a paradigm shift in her political institutions. Keywords: Economy, political institutions, growth, development, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-4-17 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

The Fallacy of the “Metropolis” in Postcolonial Feminist Discourses: Reading Osonye Tess Onwueme’s Tell it to Women: An Epic Drama for Women

This paper focuses on intra-gender representations and difference, using Osonye Tess Onwueme’s Tell it to Women: An Epic Drama for Women, the major concern being the controversies in universalising Western Oriented Feminist discourses in non-Western contexts. Among these are questions of patriarchy, oppression, mothering and universal sisterhood which tend to dominate metropolitan discourses, yet do not represent non-western Feminist ideologies and the other. Postcolonial Feminism is used to discuss these fallacies and the need for assertiveness of the other-Idu women in the stronghold of Eurocentric Feminism as espoused by Ruth and Daisy. Analyses show that it is fallacious not to consider, study and understand other contexts/people or supposed others before theorising about them and their needs. There is need to assert and preserve one’s identity in the face of Western impositions. Thus, the need for reorientation of the perception and consideration of modern intellectual women towards rural women is necessary. This is imperative because uncritically propagating western discourses in non-western spaces has remained unproductive and will for a long time be so.

Health promotion perception among health-care providers working in educational hospitals of Isfahan, Iran: A Qualitative study.

BACKGROUND:Although the World Health Organization has emphasized the need for reorientation of hospitals toward health promotion (HP), HP in hospitals of Iran is a new concept. This study investigated the concept of HP among health-care professionals working in educational hospitals of Isfahan, Iran, 2015.METHODS:A descriptive exploratory qualitative approach was employed in this study, with semi-structured interviews to investigate HP concept. The study settings included four selected educational hospitals affiliated to the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. A purposive sample consisted of 15 health-care professionals who were participated in the study.RESULTS:Most of the participants perceived HP as a concept synonymous to health education and disease prevention. Other meaning attributes to HP were improved quality of life and well-being, clinical practice, individual and group approach to increase health, and holistic view to health. Some empowerment strategies were described by participants, but most of the participants rarely went beyond traditional health education strategy aimed at an individual target. A sizeable number of participants used interchangeably the terms “health promotion” with “prevention,” “health education,” and “hygiene”.CONCLUSIONS:It seems that participants of this study had limited knowledge about HP. Health-care staff have a decisive role for reorienting hospitals toward HP; thus, there is a need for ongoing in-service training for health-care professionals of hospitals to focus on HP.

Medical students' perceptions regarding antibiotics use and antimicrobial resistance in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Background and Objectives: Medical students as future doctors have important roles to play in the control of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of medical students regarding antibiotics use and antimicrobial resistance in Ebonyi State, Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among all the 184 fifth and sixth year medical students in Ebonyi State University, Nigeria using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires. Proportions, chi square and logistic regression were estimated with Epi Info version 7.2 at 5% level of significance.Results: Respondents were mostly males (62.5%), aged 20-29 years (68.9%) with 60.9% of them in final year. Majority (85.9%) had used antibiotics in the last one year. Most (78.3%) rated themselves to have adequate knowledge on antibiotic use and resistance but only 40.2% respondents had positive perception towards antibiotic use and resistance. Similarly, only 46.7% agreed that hand washing was important in controlling antimicrobial resistance. Majority (53.3%) believed that antibiotics were safe drugs and should be used commonly while only 50.5% disagreed with use of antibiotics as first line treatment for sore throat. Desire for more education on antimicrobial resistance and use was a significant predictor of positive perception (OR 0.36, 95% CI; 0.15-0.87; P=0.024)Conclusions: There was poor perception towards antibiotic use and resistance in spite of the high rates of antibiotic consumption and self-rated knowledge on antimicrobial use. There is need for reorientation of medical students' perceptions towards antibiotic usage and the role of infection control in curbing antimicrobial resistance.Keywords: antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance, perception, medical students, Nigeria

Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Motorcycle Accidents in Anambra State, Nigeria

This research work focuses on spatio-temporal pattern of motorcycle accidents in Anambra state, Nigeria. The study used mostly secondary data, accident records which were obtained from Federal Road Safety Commission Awka, Anambra state (RS 5.30). The data on motorcycle accidents were obtained for a period of ten (10) years (2007-2016). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was employed in the examination of the statistical significance of the variation among the local government areas of the state. The result indicates that there is a significant variation in the number of motorcycle accidents among the local government areas of the state (F29, 189 = 2.609; p<0.05). Again analysis of variance was employed in the examination of the statistical significance of the variation of motorcycle accidents over time (2007-2016) in Anambra state. The result indicates that there is a significant difference in the number of motorcycle accidents from 2007-2016 (F9, 200= 13.210; p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis was employed in the examination of some of the characteristics of the local government areas of the state. It was observed that, there is a joint prediction of motorcycle accidents by a combination of some of the characteristics of the LGA of the state (p<0.05), the result implies that other characteristics of the Local Government areas of the state played little influence on the number of motorcycle accidents that occurred in 2011. The need for re-orientation of the land use pattern in the study area, better road network characteristics, Government should set up more police patrols for the highways in order to enforce road traffic regulation including speed limits and the need to establish Federal Road Safety Corps archive where accident records will be kept, collated and processed are desirable.

PEDAGOGICAL LEADERSHIP IN TEACHER TRAINING FOR SOCIO- ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

The paper discusses the role Teacher Education and Training can play to make schools instrumental in fighting poverty. It utilizes the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) of 2005 in Tanzania to argue for type of leadership and teaching strategies which schools can adopt to realize desired socio-economic and cultural transformation, and poverty reduction goals. Data were collected and analyzed from various documents and interviews with leaders and teachers of relatively successful schools in the country which showed that, as an approach, pedagogical leadership techniques could enable student learning transcending beyond immediate school borders to the homes and wider community, hence considered an ideal approach for managing education and schools in Tanzania of NSGRP era. However, the findings also show the approach as working more effectively in decentralized educational systems with administrative and curricular decisions made at lower levels including the grassroots. It was also found that teachers are prime movers of any educational reform, thus a need for re-orientation of teacher education curriculum for both pre-service and in-service participants to enable coping with pedagogical techniques of teaching and leading schools. The paper therefore endorses the inclusion of pedagogical leadership values in Teacher Training programmes if they are to yield NSGRP desired outcomes, genuine decentralization of management and administration of education and training, and re-orientation of teachers every time there are changes to enable them cope with new changes and demands.