Need For More Understanding Research Articles

Formation of Potential Interstellar Noble Gas Molecules in Gas and Adsorbed Phases.

The discovery of naturally occurring ArH+ in various regions of the interstellar medium has shown the need for more understanding of the reactions that lead to covalently bonded noble gas molecules. The test comes with trying to predict the formation of other small noble gas molecules. Many molecules have been observed in various interstellar environments, which possess the possibility of bonding with noble gases. This work explores how both argon and neon can form bonds to ligands made of these species through quantum chemical computations. Argon and neon are chosen as they are among the most abundant atoms in the universe but are more polarizable than the more common but smaller helium atom. Reactions leading to noble gas molecules are modeled in the gas phase as well as through the adsorbed phase by catalysis with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) surface. The adsorption energy of the neutral noble gas atoms to the surface increases as the size of the PAH also increases but this is still less than 10 kcal/mol. It is proposed and supported herein that an incoming molecule can bond with the noble gas atom adsorbed onto the PAH, form a stable structure, and allow the PAH to function as the leaving group. This work shows that the noble gas molecules ArCCH+, ArOH+, ArNH+, and NeCCH+ are not only stable minima on their respective potential energy surfaces but also can be formed in either the gas phase or through PAH adsorption with known or hypothesized interstellar molecules. Most notably, NeCCH+ does not appear to form in the gas phase but could be catalyzed on PAH surfaces. Hence, the interstellar detection of such molecules could also serve as a probe for the observation of interstellar PAHs.

Comparing malaria surveillance with periodic spraying in the presence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes: Should we spray regularly or based on human infections?

There is an urgent need for more understanding of the effects of surveillance on malaria control. Indoor residual spraying has had beneficial effects on global malaria reduction, but resistance to the insecticide poses a threat to eradication. We develop a model of impulsive differential equations to account for a resistant strain of mosquitoes that is entirely immune to the insecticide. The impulse is triggered either due to periodic spraying or when a critical number of malaria cases are detected. For small mutation rates, the mosquito-only submodel exhibits either a single mutant-only equilibrium, a mutant-only equilibrium and a single coexistence equilibrium, or a mutant-only equilibrium and a pair of coexistence equilibria. Bistability is a likely outcome, while the effect of impulses is to introduce a saddle-node bifurcation, resulting in persistence of malaria in the form of impulsive periodic orbits. If certain parameters are small, triggering the insecticide based on number of malaria cases is asymptotically equivalent to spraying periodically.

Modern Malaysian-Based Students Perceive Southeast Asian Jungle Environments as Places of High Risk and Discomfort

While the interaction between people and their environments has long been a focus of psychological research, there is need for more understanding of how non-Westerners relate to natural and urban environments, including areas of dense jungle. For this study we conducted focus group discussions with 19 individuals from the urban Southeast Asian city of Kuala Lumpur and 19 individuals from the rural Malaysian state of Terengganu centered on their experiences of both urban and natural environments. Three themes relating to the natural and urban settings' potential to promote a sense of restoration emerged, namely: “risk perception,” “comfort,” and “place attachment.” While individual preferences varied, participants from both settings described a strong sense of dependence on the conveniences of the modern world. Elements from within each environment, sociocultural factors, and the temporal dimension seemed important for determining whether the environment was considered restorative. In this regard, these participants' views of the natural environment seem broadly analogous to those of people living in major Western metropolises such as Chicago, New York City, or London. A new nonlinear approach to understanding restoration in tropical environments is proposed. Key Words: Urban environments—Natural environments—Preference—Restoration—Place attachment—Risk perception—Comfort.

Interrelation of Sport Participation, Physical Activity, Social Capital and Mental Health in Disadvantaged Communities: A SEM-Analysis.

BackgroundThe Health through Sport conceptual model links sport participation with physical, social and psychological outcomes and stresses the need for more understanding between these outcomes. The present study aims to uncover how sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health are interrelated by examining these outcomes in one model.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine disadvantaged communities in Antwerp (Belgium). Two hundred adults (aged 18–56) per community were randomly selected and visited at home to fill out a questionnaire on socio-demographics, sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health. A sample of 414 adults participated in the study.ResultsStructural Equation Modeling analysis showed that sport participation (β = .095) and not total physical activity (β = .027) was associated with better mental health. No association was found between sport participation and community social capital (β = .009) or individual social capital (β = .045). Furthermore, only community social capital was linked with physical activity (β = .114), individual social capital was not (β = -.013). In contrast, only individual social capital was directly associated with mental health (β = .152), community social capital was not (β = .070).ConclusionThis study emphasizes the importance of sport participation and individual social capital to improve mental health in disadvantaged communities. It further gives a unique insight into the functionalities of how sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health are interrelated. Implications for policy are that cross-sector initiatives between the sport, social and health sector need to be supported as their outcomes are directly linked to one another.

Interprofessional Education

The Institute of Medicine has recommended interprofessional education (IPE) to improve patient safety and quality outcomes. However, getting started in IPE can be overwhelming and fraught with barriers. One health science university began by offering a 2-week intensive course that was integrated into existing courses. The evaluation validated the need for more understanding about professional roles and preparation as well as for faculty to learn from each other.

Factors influencing Near Field Communication (NFC) adoption: An extended TAM approach

Smartphone technology has had a huge effect on our society. One of the most recent mobile technology is NFC and projections show a huge development in the next years. Thus, there is a need for more understanding about the key success factors for both academics and professionals. The current research looks at the main adoption factors of NFC in France and uses a TAM-extended approach. Based on a PLS-SEM analysis of 320 smartphone users, results show that on the one hand, trust, social influence and technology availability influence positively perceived usefulness. On the other hand, security issues influence perceived ease of use. The model explains more than 30% of the variance of adoption of NFC technology, showing a strong support for the extended TAM model proposed.

Improving innovation and performance of Social Enterprises: Knowing what they know

Social Enterprises (SEs) are normally micro and small businesses that trade to tackle social problems, and to improve communities, people’s life chances, and the environment. Thus, their importance to society and economies is increasing. However, there is still a need for more understanding of how these organisations operate, perform, innovate and scale-up. This knowledge is crucial to design and provide accurate strategies to enhance the sector and increase its impact and coverage. Obtaining this understanding is the main driver of this paper, which follows the theoretical lens of the Knowledge-based View (KBV) theory to develop and assess empirically a novel model for knowledge management capabilities (KMCs) development that improves performance of SEs. The empirical assessment consisted of a quantitative study with 432 owners and senior members of SEs in UK, underpinned by 21 interviews. The findings demonstrate how particular organisational characteristics of SEs, the external conditions in which they operate, and informal knowledge management activities, have created overall improvements in their performance of up to 20%, based on a year-to-year comparison, including innovation and creation of social and environmental value. These findings elucidate new perspectives that can contribute not only to SEs and SE supporters, but also to other firms.

Is there any predictor for clinical outcome in EGFR mutant NSCLC patients treated with EGFR TKIs?

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have demonstrated some dramatic response rate and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with activating EGFR mutation. However, PFS and overall survival (OS) among those patients who were treated with EGFR TKIs are inconsistent and unpredictable. In this study, we evaluated predictors of clinical outcome in EGFR mutant NSCLC patients treated with EGFR TKIs. A total of 148 patients who had metastatic or recurrent NSCLC with activating EGFR mutation treated with either erlotinib or gefitinib as a first-line (n = 10) and a second-line or more treatment (n = 138) were retrospectively reviewed. The median follow-up duration was 21.9 months (range, 1.1-62.5). The median PFS and OS for a total 148 patients were 10.6 months (95 % CI 9.0-12.2) and 21.8 months (95 % CI 18.5-25.1), respectively. The survival outcomes were similar between the first-line and second-line or more line of treatment of EGFR TKIs (P = 0.512 for PFS, P = 0.699 for OS). Although a high number of metastasis sites (3-6 vs. 1-2) were associated with shorter PFS and OS (median PFS 9.9 vs. 11.9 months, P = 0.019; median OS 16.4 vs. 22.2 months, P = 0.021, respectively) in univariate analysis, but not in multivariate analysis. According to the clinical and molecular markers by multivariate analysis, there were no significant differences in PFS. When PFS was dichotomized by median 11 months for 105 patients treated with EGFR TKIs as second-line therapy, no significant differences in any clinical or molecular features were found between longer PFS and shorter PFS groups. Despite the inconsistencies in PFS among EGFR mutant patients treated with EGFR TKIs, no significant differences of clinical features were noted, thereby suggesting a need for more understanding of the heterogeneity of underlying biology.

Evaluating water market products to acquire water for the environment in Australia

Australia currently provides a leading example of a government buying back water for the environment. The Australian Government is at the midpoint of a $3.1 billion programme of buying water for the environment. The current acquisition programme relies heavily on the purchase of water entitlements (the long-term right to receive seasonal water allocations). An alternative acquisition method would be to use time-limited water products such as water allocations (temporary right to use water), entitlement leasing and options contracts. Scenario analysis, the Western US experience and irrigator surveys are used to examine whether the use of such alternative water products may be viable in the Australian context. This approach distributes the costs of transition over a longer period and has the potential to generate several benefits, namely: incremental structural adjustment; increased flexibility; enhanced environmental flows; increased irrigator willingness to participate; and, in some circumstances, increased cost-efficiency. However, the inclusion of alternative water products will involve more complex institutional arrangements and the need for more understanding of the dynamics of water markets and government budgeting processes.

Local Resistance to the Global Eradication of Polio: Newspaper Coverage of the 2003–2004 Vaccination Stoppage in Northern Nigeria

Successful global health initiatives are executed on the recognition that globalization involves simultaneous pulls between global unification and fragmentation. This article responds to the need for more understanding of the role of fragmentation in global health initiatives through analyses of 52 northern Nigerian newspaper reports of the 2003–2004 northern Nigerian stoppage of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. By 2009 the stoppage had resulted in an epidemic in Nigeria and polio importations in 20 previously polio-free countries. Findings pointed to beliefs in contemporary forms of Western control and abuse through global organizations (nongovernmental organizations and for-profits), understandings of the “philanthropy” of the West and global organizations as self-serving and malevolent, and doubts about the polio vaccine product.

“It is not an easy decision on HIV, especially in Zambia”: opting for silence, limited disclosure and implicit understanding to retain a wider identity

As universal testing moves onto the HIV agenda, there is a need for more understanding of the relatively low uptake of HIV testing and the dynamics of disclosure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the expanding provision of anti-retroviral therapy in Zambia since 2004, disclosure of HIV status – beyond a closed network – remains limited. Drawing on 20 years of living and working in a high HIV prevalence country, research on HIV-related stigma and existing literature on disclosure, this paper explores the reasons that lie behind limited disclosure. Unravelling why HIV disclosure remains “a navigation in a moral field”, the pattern of silence around HIV and the routine and often subtle presence of HIV in daily life reveals two key dynamics. The first dynamic is shifting public/private boundaries and retaining a wider identity. People living with HIV juggle the pragmatic advantages of disclosing to a limited circle with the importance of maintaining not only their moral integrity, status and (for some) professional and group identity but also of maintaining their privacy. A more public disclosure (“speaking it” more widely) shifts private–public boundaries and can be threatening, dangerous and can fix identity. Furthermore, disclosure carries obligations which, given high levels of poverty, can be hard to meet. The second dynamic is a pattern of implicit understanding. It can be easier in a context of high HIV prevalence to opt for silence, in its various forms, with the presence of HIV implicitly understood but not often explicitly spoken about. Although this gives more room for manoeuvre and for respect, silence too can be dangerous and certain situations dictate that it is better to breach the silence. More aggressive promotion of HIV testing needs to both respect and consider how to work within these existing dynamics to facilitate safe disclosure.

Parent-Teacher Communication: What Parents and Teachers Think and What School Leaders Need to Know

This mixed methods study focuses on communication between teachers and parents in primary and secondary schools in northeast Texas. Based on data from surveys in 11 districts, received from 230 teachers and 171 parents, this study found statistically significant differences between teachers’ and parents’ perceptions of the classroom teacher’s role, as well as the need for more understanding between teachers and parents; furthermore, it revealed that all parents want the same information about their children but prefer to receive it through different methods and that teachers and parents disagree about what constitutes valuable content in communication.

Product innovation for sustainability: on product properties for efficient disassembly

Due to increasing societal awareness, nowadays companies need to consider environmental issues in their business activities. A requirement that has entered the agenda is the design of products to support efficient end‐of‐life management. However, though previous research has addressed various disassembly aspects there is a need for more understanding on which product properties are essential for efficient disassembly processes. Better understanding is also required regarding when, during the product development process, these properties are established. On the basis of empirical studies of disassembly of electrical and electronic equipment and vehicles, this paper suggests a number of product properties that are essential for efficiency of the disassembly process. Furthermore, the paper analyses when these properties are set in the product development process. Four product properties, denoted disassembly properties, have been identified: ease of identification; accessibility; ease of separation; and ease of handling. The analysis shows that these properties are affected during all product development phases. Especially in the early phases it is crucial to consider the disassembly properties in order to avoid unnecessary and costly design changes that may occur in the later development phases if the design solutions are pulled in the wrong direction.

Inelastic seismic response of stiffening systems and development of demand spectrum: Application to MSSS bridges

AbstractA stiffening system is a system that increases its stiffness as it goes under large displacements. Such behavioural characteristic can result from constitutive behaviour or at the structural level often from closure of gaps between various components (sub‐systems) of the structure. An example of the latter situation is multi‐span simply supported (MSSS) bridges under horizontal earthquake ground motion. Unlike softening systems, stiffening systems have not been studied. In addition to the need for more understanding of the seismic response of stiffening systems, there is a need to develop response spectrum that can be used in design. Several parameters including gap size and ratios of sub‐systems stiffness, strength, and mass control the behaviour of a stiffening system. In this study, a simplified stiffening model is developed and over 367 000 cases are analysed to investigate the nonlinear stiffening behaviour and pounding. Parameters considered also include ground motion characteristic. Results are evaluated and compared in terms of displacement and dissipated hysteretic energy. Parameter study results show that, on average, the displacement response is lower for stiffening systems, however, they dissipates higher hysteretic energy, due to higher yield cycles and yield excursions, and can possibly sustain more damage than a bilinear, elastic–plastic system. Using parameter study database, design response spectrum for stiffening systems is also proposed and its practical application is demonstrated through its application to an MSSS bridge. Results of this study goes beyond MSSS bridges and will have application for many structural systems where response is characterized by a stiffening behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Diversity in language: Outdoor terminology in the Czech Republic and Britain

This paper reviews literature related to outdoor terminology as it is used within the languages of British English and Czech. It provides the background to the outdoors in the Czech Republic where terminology has adopted and adapted many English language outdoor terms. The paper analyses the differences and similarities between terms and deals with the problems associated with defining and explaining outdoor terms and translating the British English terms into Czech and vice versa. Semi structured interviews were conducted with British and Czech academic experts. The findings suggest that as the outdoor field develops there is a need for more understanding of the cultural, historical, and geographical differences between concepts and terminology used in both English and non-English speaking countries, for example, the specific indigenous nature of the Czech turistika activities.

EDI and the contractual role of computerised (electronic) bills of lading

Presents the case for the use of computerised Bills of Lading. Outlines the issues of concern with electronic documents, showing that these documents have various roles to play, each of which must be considered when looking at the safeguards built into electronic systems. Considers Digital signatories, legal contractual agreements and various legislative approaches. Covers cross border jurisdiction and digital negotiability before looking at the European Model EDI Agreement. Comments on the Uncitral Model Law on Electronic Commerce and then presents the position held by the banking community. States the arguments for the paper form compared to the electronic form and concludes that there is a need for more understanding and legal clarification within the subject.

Reading for Success in a Tenth-Grade Global-Studies Class: A Qualitative Study

This study explored the reading-related perspectives of participants in a 10th-grade global-studies class. Conducted according to the qualitative research traditions associated with symbolic interactionism, it was a collaboration between a university-based reading education specialist and the class's teacher. Data were collected and analyzed inductively according to the constant comparative method. The students and teacher shared understandings about the constitution of classroom activities; however, their opinions about what it meant to be successful in these settings differed. For the teacher, reading to understand was most important. For students, it was getting an adequate grade. We conclude that there is a need for more understanding of students' purposes for reading and the ways in which these purposes affect the results of their efforts. Likewise, teachers need to craft instruction that responds to these understandings.

On the first-mode instability in subsonic, supersonic or hypersonic boundary layers

The work, addressing subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic boundary-layer instability, is motivated by the need for more understanding of compressible transition at high global Reynolds numbers Re. In the supersonic case, the so-called ‘first modes’ of instability found/suggested by previous Orr-Sommerfeld computations can be identified as triple-deck oblique ones, directed outside the local wave-Mach-cone directions. Less oblique instability modes inside are not of Orr-Sommerfeld form since they are substantially affected by non-parallel flow effects. The maximum linear growth rates are determined for a range of supersonic and subsonic free-stream Mach numbers M∞, and comparisons are made with previous computations, showing fairly good agreement at moderate Mach numbers. A second mound of unstable wavenumbers and frequencies is also evident. In addition, the nonlinear version is set up and emphasized (with attention drawn to a recent paper by the author (1988a) showing the possibility of nonlinear break-up), and certain extremes are examined including those of transonic and hypersonic boundary layers. In the hypersonic limit a new regime is found (for many conditions, including the insulated plate), namely applies to the Orr-Sommerfeld approach. This is a very severe restriction in practice.

Dams around the holy city of Medina, and the pressure on its water supply

With increasing urbanization in Saudi Arabia, a growing problem has been the provision of water for urban centres. This paper attempts to examine the pattern of water supply in one of these centres. The emphasis on pattern may indicate a descriptive and explanatory approach which implies the need for more understanding of the area's problem. The recent flexibility of official policy towards urban expansion, together with lack of water, has badly affected the natural environment around Medina. This is illustrated: suggestions for controlling the state of decline are presented.

Cephalometric synthesis: An exercise in stating objectives and planning treatment with tracings of the head roentgenogram

Any treatment plan is a prediction of change. This article stresses the need for more understanding of the application of cephalometrics in treatment planning. A cephalometric procedure was thus shown to help establish the objectives for a particular case. Such terms as prediction, projection, prognosis, estimation, predetermination, and cephalometric setup have come to be related to anticipation of the future behavior of an orthodontic case. The term “cephalometric synthesis” has been employed to mean a putting-together of many related growth and anchorage factors to yield the product or the planned result in a new tracing. “Synthesis” was divided into “static” and “dynamic” types with regard to growth of the jaws. When static conditions exist, or when little or no growth is expected, a formula for tooth arrangement was suggested for the individual case depending upon local environmental factors. The APog plane or the “denture plane” was held to be of greatest usefulness for this purpose because it represents a reciprocal relationship of the denture bases to which the anterior teeth must be related functionally. Thus, a mutual role is played by the lower incisor to both the maxilla and the mandible. An abstract of a serial study of 250 cases was reported to shed light on growth and treatment behavior. A sequence of steps was presented as a simple approach to estimating growth and desired treatment changes in the “dynamic synthesis”. These, simply, were a cranial base reference (sella-nasion), change in the mandibular profile as viewed from the Y axis, change in the maxillary profile, movement of teeth, and change in the soft-tissue profile. Two boys and two girls with different facial patterns, malocclusions, and growth rates were selected to illustrate the procedure. Differences in the significance of age, sex, facial pattern, and malocclusion were thus demonstrated. This technique is a step beyond cephalometric analysis. It is an attempt to put research into action. Its proper use depends upon a background of information on growth and the possibilities of change with mechanical therapy. Much of this information has been provided in two of my articles, one published in 1955 19 and the more recent and exhaustive work published in 1960. 23 When this information is properly utilized, a host of different treatment plans that employ natural changes and forces to advantage become obvious. A knowledge of the possibilities of treatment is carte blanche for a positive attitude toward planning rather than the negative attitude imposed by the doctrine of limitations.