Nature Of Electrolyte Research Articles

Faradaic efficiency and anodic electrochemical behavior of Fe electrocoagulation: The role of co-existing ions and ultrasonic assistance

Anodic passivation is a key factor affecting the Faradaic efficiency of Fe electrocoagulation. In practice the electrolyte nature of water matrix played a critical role in governing the Faradaic efficiency. In this study the effect of co-existing ions and ultrasonic field on the Faradaic efficiency and the electrochemical behavior of iron anodes was investigated. The results showed that in Cl− and SO42− solution Fe anode exhibited a typical characteristic of dissolution with a high Faradaic efficiency (>90 %), but severe passivation appeared in NO3− solution with a low Faradaic efficiency (4 %). However, adding Cl− can impair the passivation effect of NO3−. As the Cl−: NO3− ratio increased to 1:10, the Faradaic efficiency significantly increased to 90.65 %. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the thickness of the passive film decreased and the corrosion rate increased, and thus promoting the anodic dissolution. In addition, ultrasonic field was introduced to assist electrocoagulation. In 50 mM NaNO3 + 2.5 mM NaCl solution, the Faradaic efficiency was only 12 % without ultrasonic assistance, but it increased to 60.9 % when the ultrasonic power was 180 W. Therefore, ultrasonic assistance was beneficial to reduce the anodic passivation and increase the Faradaic efficiency.

Trivalent Tetraazamacrocyclic Complexes of Cr(III) and Fe(III): Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation

A novel series of macrocyclic compounds, [M(C37H36N4)X]X2; where M = Cr(III) and Fe(III); X = Clˉ, NO3ˉ, CH3COOˉ, have been synthesized by using the template condensation between 3,4-diaminotoluene, dibenzoyl methane and dimedone in the presence of chromium(III) and iron(III). Various physio-chemical studies were used to characterize these complexes including PXRD, magnetic susceptibility, elemental analysis, electronic, IR and mass spectroscopy. These studies suggested that all the metal complexes have a five-coordinated square pyramidal geometry around the metal ion. The molar conductance values of these complexes in the range of 168-140 ohm-1cm2mol-1 indicated the electrolytic nature of these complexes. Furthermore, the antibacterial and antifungal behavior of these complexes was also examined by using different microbial strains i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. In addition to this, the results of antibacterial and antifungal of complexes were compared with commercially available antibacterial and antifungal drug i.e. ciprofloxacin and Amphotericin B, respectively.

Electrochemical CO2/CO reduction on Ag/Cu electrodes and exploring minor Fischer–Tropsch reaction pathways

Ag/Cu hybrids have emerged as highly efficient catalysts for electrochemical (EC) CO2 reduction, yielding impressive C–C coupling products. We investigate Ag/Cu electrodes prepared via sputter deposition to explore their potential in EC CO2 and CO reductions. Our study highlights the significant impact of Ag thickness on resulting gas and liquid products, emphasizing the vital role of the Ag/Cu interface. Under CO2-saturated conditions, CO, CH4, and C2H4 are produced with high Faradaic efficiencies, while CO2-saturated KHCO3 generates formate, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetate, and acetone. Experiments in phosphate conditions reveal new pathways for long-chain hydrocarbons (CnH2n and CnH2n+2, n = 2–7), typical products of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry. We also demonstrate CO hydrogenation to CH4 and C2-7 hydrocarbons, with alkane/alkene ratios influenced by electrolyte nature, concentration, applied potential, and Ag-modified Cu. These insights have implications for energy, environmental applications, and the future of EC CO2 and CO reduction through C–C coupling.

Robust-Dense Composite Cathode with Improved Three-Dimensional Ionic Percolation Network and Electrode/Electrolyte Interface for the Development of All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries

All solid-state sodium batteries (AS3Bs) attract immense attention due to their excellent energy and power density, cycle life and thermal security [1]. However, the practical realization of AS3Bs is greatly affected by low to moderate ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte, unstable electrode/electrolyte interface and poor ion and electron transport between the cathode active materials [2,3]. The unstable electrode/electrolyte interface with point contact leads to huge charge transfer resistance, stress generation and the delamination of the electrode/electrolyte interface during electrochemical reactions. The ion percolation network in the cathode structure is also a critical part. Liquid electrolyte fills the pores present in the cathode and leads to a good Na+ percolation network; however, Na+ percolation cannot be possible in the case of AS3Bs due to the non-fluidity nature of solid electrolyte. This results in low capacity contribution from the cathode owing to fewer cathode active material utilization during electrochemical cycling [4]. Due to the above mentioned issues, the long-cycle stability of AS3Bs is poor.Here we have first prepared Mg doped Na1+3xZr2(SixP1-xO4)3 (NZSP-0.05Mg) with improved ionic conductivity (4.1 mS cm-1 25 ℃) by minimizing the secondary impurity phase. Further, we have utilized an innovative approach to develop a composite cathode by directly firing sodium vanadium fluoro phosphates (NVPF) with Na3.1Zr1.95Mg0.05Si2PO12 (NZSP-0.05Mg) solid electrolyte in the optimized size and weight ratio leading to the robust and dense structure with 3D ionic and electronic percolation network. Additionally, the pores present in the composite cathode is addressed by incorporating polymer electrolyte which further improves the ionic percolation network. The intimate contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrodes was further improved by using a composite solid electrolyte, and the full cell is fabricated by using NVPF composite cathode, composite solid electrolyte and Na metal. The cell delivers a discharge capacity of 103 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 98 % at 0.1 C and shows excellent capacity retention of 67 mAh g-1 at 2C. The post-mortem XPS analysis confirms the electrochemical stability between the NVPF composite cathode and CSE as well as the Na metal and CSE. Our research provides a new prospective for the preparation of composite cathode and full cell design which can be utilized in solid state sodium and lithium batteries. This work can contribute to a safer battery with long cycle life.

Mechanistic Underpinnings of Heterogeneities in Solid-State Battery Cathode

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are regarded as the potential candidate for next-generation energy storage systems due to their enhanced energy density and safety characteristics. However, realizing the true potential of the SSBs is predicated on addressing several interfacial and mechanistic challenges stemming from the mechanically rigid nature of the solid electrolyte (SE). In this regard, the presence of solid-solid point contacts within the solid-state cathode poses a critical bottleneck. Point contacts not only result in transport and kinetic limitations but also lead to stress hotspots within the composite cathode. Moreover, microstructural heterogeneities govern the spatial variability of these point contacts, thereby influencing the coupled electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical signatures. Thus, understanding the critical role of cathode microstructural heterogeneity in dictating the mesoscale interactions and its implications on the SSB performance is necessary. In this work, mechanistic underpinnings of heterogeneities in solid-state cathode will be studied and its implications on the coupled electrochemical-thermal-mechanical response of SSBs will be delineated. Lastly, the effect of cathode architecture will be explored towards achieving high energy density SSBs.

New Pd(II) complexes containing hydrazinyl oxazolyl coumarin derivatives: synthesis, spectral characterization and anti-cancer studies

Abstract New palladium(II) complexes containing coumarin derivatives such as (E)-3(2-(2-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)oxazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (HL 1 ), (E)-7-hydroxy-3(2-(2-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)oxazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (HL 2 ) were successfully designed and synthesized from the reaction of K2[PdCl4] with ligands HL 1&2 with in Methanol medium. The ligands and complexes were characterized by various analytical and spectral techniques such as FT-IR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral techniques. From the spectral data we confirmed that the ligands neutrally coordinated with Pd(II) ion via their lactone oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and oxazolyl ring nitrogen atoms. The electrolytic nature of the complexes was confirmed by using conductivity experiments. Further anticancer activity of the compounds has examined with HeLa (human cervical cancer) cells along with the cisplatin as positive control and the obtained results revealed that the complexes possess significant anticancer activity and non-toxic towards HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial) cells.

Elucidation of the role of electrolyte nature on electrochemical performance of PANI in energy storage device

To minimize the number of cells during the construction of a device, the working voltage of each cell must be as high as possible. Obtaining an aqueous electrolyte based electrochemical cell with high cell operating voltage is challenging due to the low standard reduction potential of water. The current work shows the effect of the nature and concentration of the electrolyte on the structure of water and its electrochemical stability. A symmetrical PANI cell was constructed in the presence of different electrolytes. It is demonstrated that utilizing ions with high solvation ability (chaotropic ions) and the formation of hydronium/Zundel ions enables the amount of free water to be reduced. As a result, there are no side reactions on the electrodes related to the electrolysis of water, and the main electrochemical reaction contributing to the cell capacity predominates. Moreover, by choosing the appropriate electrolyte it is possible to control the battery or capacitance-like behavior of PANI. The electrochemical performance of a symmetrical PANI cell shows a promising energy density of 7.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 150 kW/kg. The superior electrochemical performance (capacity) is retained after 50 cycles in a potential window of 5 V. It is interesting to highlight that, according to Raman spectroscopy, PANI maintains its chemical stability in a 5 V potential window.

In-situ electrochemical optical techniques in the investigation of lithium interfacial phenomena with a liquid and a solid-state electrolyte

An in-situ electrochemical optical diagnosis is the key to the investigation of electrode interface during a redox reaction. Because the morphology changes particularly, dendrite formation, dendrite shapes, solid electrolyte interface formation and gas generation can be revealed visually. The challenge of ensuring uniform current density on a flat Li anode in a liquid electrolyte is addressed and uniform Li plating is demonstrated. The dendrite shape change under different reduction current density is discussed. The Li dendrite shape change and the performance of Li anodes with a surface lamination of graphite and red phosphate are used as examples to demonstrate the capability of the in-situ optical cell. An in-situ electrochemical optical cell used in the investigation of the increasingly popular solid-state Li batteries has its own challenges. Due to the untransparent nature of a solid-state electrolyte, an optical investigation on a solid-state electrolyte Li battery needs to be done by exposing the cross-section of the cell. In addition, it is very difficult to assemble an optical cell with a brittle and fragile solid-state electrolyte in a glove box. A set of formation and transfer dies, and an optical cell are introduced. The Li dendrite growth at the interface can be observed in a solid-state Li cell.

Improvement of electrolytes for aluminum ion batteries: A molecular dynamics study.

The aluminum ion battery (AIB) is a promising technology, but there is a lack of understanding of the desired nature of the batteries' electrolytes. The ionic charge carriers in these batteries are not simply Al3+ ions but the anionic AlCl4- and Al2Cl7-, which form in the electrolyte. Using computational analysis, this study illustrates the effect of mole ratios and organic solvents to improve the AIB electrolytes. To this end, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on varying ratios forming acidic, neutral, and basic mixtures of the AlCl3 salt with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl) ionic liquid (IL) and an organic solvent electrolyte [dichloromethane (DCM) or toluene]. The data obtained from diffusion calculations indicates that the solvents could improve the transport properties. Both DCM and toluene lead to higher diffusion coefficients, and higher conductivity. Detailed calculations demonstrated solvents can effectively improve the formation of AlCl3⋯Cl (AlCl4-) and AlCl4-···AlCl4- (Al2Cl7-) especially in acidic mixtures. The densities, around 1.25 g/cm3 for electrolyte mixtures of AlCl3-EMImCl, were consistent with experiment. These results, in agreement with experimental findings, strongly suggest that DCM in acidic media with AlCl3 and EMImCl might provide a promising basis for battery development.

Phase separation and physico-chemical variables of triton X-100 and cephradine monohydrate drug mixture: investigation of the impacts of nature of electrolytes and compositions

Herein, the phase separation of triton X-100 (TNX-100) and cephradine monohydrate (CPM) drug (a first-generation cephalosporin family drug) mixture was studied in aqueous and in various aq. electrolytes (Na and K-based salts) media. As compared to the water environment, TNX 100 + CPM system demonstrated lower magnitudes of CP values in electrolytes solution. The outcomes exhibited dwindling CP values are: MCl < M2CO3 < M2SO4; (M = Na, K). Moreover, the (enthalpy change), (free energy change) and (entropy change), compensation temperature () and intrinsic enthalpy gain were also computed in the circumstances of TNX 100 + CPM mixture in water and aq. electrolytes media. The values of were obtained to be positive demonstrating the non-spontaneity of the process. The and values were positive in aq. medium and negative in aq. salts solutions where the magnitudes and values decreased with the growing contents of TNX 100/salts. The results suggest that the interaction forces between TNX 100 and CPM in a water environment are hydrophobic in nature with π–π interactions whereas in aq. salts media the recommended forces are hydrophobic and exothermic forces along with π–π interactions.

Synthesis, spectroscopic determination and in vitro antimicrobial studies of cobalt(ii) and nickel(ii) complexes of a Schiff base derived from 1h-indole-2,3- dione with hydrazinecarbothioamide

Condensation of H-Indole-2,3-dione with Hydrazinecarbothioamide produced a Schiff base (2Z)-2-(2-Hydroxy-3H-indol-3- ylidinehydrzinE- 1-Carbothioamide. Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) complexes, were prepared by the interaction of the metal(II) salts with the synthesized Schiff base. The prepared compounds were analysed by magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, FTIR, AAS, solubility absorbance and empirical formula. The complexes showed moderate values of decomposition temperatures. Infrared spectral data of the Schiff base and the complexes, indicated coordination of the Schiff base to the metal(II) ions via azomethine nitrogen, indole oxygen and thione sulphur. The effective magnetic moment of the complexes suggested an octahedral geometry. The molar conductivities indicated a non- electrolytic nature of these complexes. The results of the absorbance and the empirical formula showed that, the Schiff base is monobasic and tridentate in nature towards the metal ions. Both the ligand and the complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli (bacteria); Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor (indicus species) (fungi). Amoxicillin and Ketoconazole were used as positive control for the bacteria and fungi isolates respectively. The results showed that the complexes are more active than the free ligand but less active when compared with the standards.

Anti-carcinoma and anti -microbial behavioral studies for octahedral synthesized Schiff base metal complexes

2,2′-((1Z-1′Z) (1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-diylidene) bis (azanylylidene)) dibenzoic acid (H2L) Schiff base ligand, derived from condensation reaction in a molar ratio 2:1 between anthranilic acid and dibenzoyl methane, respectively. Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes were obtained from 1:1 (ligand: metal salt) reaction. Elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, UV–Vis, ESR, mass spectra, conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as thermal (TG/DTG) analyses have been used to conclude the molecular structure of the prepared complexes. From the analytical and spectroscopic tools, the stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be of ML type with octahedral geometry. The conductivity values supported the electrolytic nature of Cr(III) and Fe(III) complexes and non- electrolytic nature of the remaining complexes. From IR studies, the involvement of two azomethine nitrogen atoms and two carboxylate oxygen has been proved as tetradendate binding sites of the ligand. Screening Schiff base and its complexes for their antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis as G + bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli as G− bacteria) and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus; Syncephalastrum racemosum; Geotricum candidum and Candida albicans) has been conducted by disk diffusion method. The Comparison between the antimicrobial activity of the metal complexes and the free ligand showed the advancement of the metal complexes. Unfortunately, no promising anti-tumor activity has been detected for the ligand and its metal complexes as they were evaluated against human cancer (MCF-7 cells viability).

Tailoring Cu Electrodes for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction through Plasma Electrolysis in Non-Conventional Phosphorus-Oxoanion-Based Electrolytes.

This study presents a green, ultra-fast, and facile technique for the fabrication of micro/nano-structured and porous Cu electrodes through in-liquid plasma electrolysis using phosphorous-oxoanion-based electrolytes. Besides the preferential surface faceting, the Cu electrodes exhibit unique surface structures, including octahedral nanocrystals besides nanoporous and microporous structures, depending on the employed electrolyte. The incorporation of P-atoms into the Cu surfaces is observed. The modified Cu electrodes display increased roughness, leading to higher current densities for CO2 electroreduction reaction. The selectivity of the modified Cu electrodes towards C2 products is highest for the Cu electrodes treated in Na2 HPO3 and Na3 PO4 electrolytes, whereas those treated in Na2 H2 PO2 produce the most H2 . The Cu electrode treated in Na3 PO4 produces ethylene (23 %) at -1.1 V vs. RHE, and a comparable amount of acetaldehyde (15 %) that is typically observed for Cu(110) single crystals. The enhanced selectivity is attributed to several factors, including the surface morphology, the incorporation of phosphorus into the Cu structure, and the formation of Cu(110) facets. Our results not only advance our understanding of the influence of the electrolyte's nature on the plasma electrolysis of Cu electrodes, but also underscores the potential of in-liquid plasma treatment for developing efficient Cu electrocatalysts for sustainable CO2 conversion.

Effect of the Nature of Supporting Electrolyte on the Thermodynamic Parameters of the Stepwise Dissociation of Glycyl-D-Phenylalanine in Aqueous Solution

Effect of the Nature of Supporting Electrolyte on the Thermodynamic Parameters of the Stepwise Dissociation of Glycyl-D-Phenylalanine in Aqueous Solution

Effect of the Nature of Supporting Electrolyte on the Thermodynamic Parameters of the Stepwise Dissociation of Glycyl-D-Phenylalanine in Aqueous Solution

The thermal effects of acidic and basic dissociation of glycyl-D-phenylalanine dipeptide at a temperature of 298.15 K and ionic strengths of solution of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 M against the background of different supporting electrolytes were calculated from the results of direct calorimetric measurements performed on a calorimeter with an isothermal shell and automatic recording of the temperature–time curve. The influence of the nature of supporting electrolytes NaCl, NaClO4, NaNO3, KNO3, and LiNO3 on the thermal effects of stepwise dissociation of the dipeptide is considered. The standard thermal effects of ionization of glycyl‑D‑phenylalanine in two steps were found by extrapolation to zero ionic strength. The standard changes in thermodynamic functions (enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy) in the acidic and basic dissociation of g-lycyl-D-phenylalanine dipeptide were calculated.

LEGO-like Assembly of Fibrous Modules for Display Textiles.

Due to their promising advantages over classical rigid devices, the development of display textiles has exciting potential for various fields, including sensor technology, healthcare, and communication. To realize display textiles, it is necessary to prepare light-emitting building blocks at the fiber level and then weave or knit them to form the desired textile structures. However, from a practical viewpoint, it is difficult to continuously weave functional fibers containing light-emitting devices using conventional textile technologies. To address this issue, we introduced fibrous modules that can be assembled like LEGO blocks to realize textile displays. A unique feature of this work is that the light-emitting pixels are generated through a simple contact between modular electrochemiluminescent (ECL) fibers. Each fiber is composed of a single metallic wire coated with a gel-type ECL electrolyte that is formed by using a simple dip-coating method in ambient air. The sticky nature of the gel electrolyte enables the construction of light-emitting pixels through the simple physical contact of two or more fiber modules without the need for external pressure or heating. The diversity of this technology offers in terms of fibrous module arrangements and assembly can provide various options for designing the geometries of light-emitting pixels. We have implemented this technique to demonstrate not only a 1 × 1 pixel but also 3 × 3 pixels with an irregular shape. These results demonstrate that the unique strategy for display devices developed in this work provides a feasible approach for various electronic and optical textile applications.

Bioactive Thiosemicarbazone Coordination Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Theoretical analysis, Biological Activity, Molecular Docking and ADME analysis.

Mn(II) and Cu(II) complexes having the formula [M(L)2 ]X2 of ligand, i. e., 2-acetyl-5-methylfuranthiosemicarbazone were synthesized. Various analytical and spectroscopic techniques described the structure of synthesized complexes. Molar conductance confirmed the electrolytic nature of the complexes. The theoretical study of the complexes explained the structural property and reactivity. The chemical reactivity, interaction and stability of the ligand and metal complexes were studied with the help of global reactivity descriptors. MEP analysis was used to investigate the charge transfer in the ligand. The biological potency was evaluated against two bacteria and two fungi. Complexes demonstrated superior inhibitory action to ligand. The inhibitory effect was also checked at the atomic scale using molecular docking, which confirmed the experimental results. Cu(II) complex was shown to have the most inhibitory effect in experimental and theoretical studies. To check the bioavailability and drug-likeness, ADME analysis was also done.

Performance enhancement of NaOH doped physically crosslinked alkaline membrane electrolyte by addition of TEOS to PVA solution for direct sodium borohydride fuel cell application

In the present study, physically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol and tetraethyl orthosilicate (PVA-TEOS/PT) composite membrane doped by NaOH was used synthesized to enhance the performance of an alkaline direct sodium borohydride fuel cell (DSBFC) for the first time. The PVA-TEOS (PT) solution was subjected to varying number of freeze-thaw cycle and doped with varying concentration of NaOH for further characterization and performance evaluation in DSBFC. The physical crosslinking increased the amorphous nature of the membrane electrolyte and hence, the ionic conductivity improved significantly. The amount of TEOS in PVA matrix was varied from 5 wt % to 15 wt %. The highest ionic conductivity of 9.67 ± 0.04 × 10−3 S cm−1 was obtained for the membrane freeze-thawed of cycle 7 having 10 wt % of TEOS and dipped in 4 M NaOH solution (PT10 wt%-7Cy-(4 M)). The physically crosslinked NaOH doped PVA-TEOS composites were tested in a single DSBFC using the Pt (40 wt %)/C at anode and cathode both. The fuel NaBH4 mixed with supporting electrolyte NaOH was used at anode and pure oxygen was used as oxidant at cathode. The membrane electrolyte (PT10 wt%-7Cy-(4 M)) with highest conductivity of 9.67 ± 0.04 × 10−3 S cm−1 exhibited highest peak power/maximum power density of 85.19 mW/cm2 at a current density of 184 mA/cm2 at the temperature of 60 °C. The recorded highest power density (85.19 mW/cm2) was capable to run array of LED light (1.2 W) for at least 12 h without any fall in performance.

Sample pH Can Drift during Native Mass Spectrometry Experiments: Results from Ratiometric Fluorescence Imaging.

The ability of nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) to generate a continuous flow of charged droplets relies on the electrolytic nature of the process. This electrochemistry can lead to the accumulation of redox products in the sample solution. This consequence can have significant implications for native mass spectrometry (MS), which aims to probe the structures and interactions of biomolecules in solution. Here, ratiometric fluorescence imaging and a pH-sensitive, fluorescent probe are used to quantify changes in solution pH during nanoESI under conditions relevant to native MS. Results show that the extent and rate of change in sample pH depends on several experimental parameters. There is a strong correlation between the extent and rate of change in solution pH and the magnitude of both the nanoESI current and electrolyte concentration. Smaller changes in solution pH are observed during experiments when a negative potential is applied than for those when a positive potential is applied. Finally, we make specific recommendations for designing native MS experiments that control for these effects.

A study of electrolyte effect during machining of non-conducting material on WECDM process

The demand of glass is increasing day by day due to their attractive properties such as transparency, heat resistance, and high corrosion resistance. Glass is used in many applications especially in micro electromechanical systems. Machining of glass material is a big challenge for manufacturers. It is difficult to achieve part of complicated shapes of these materials by conventional machining techniques. Electro Chemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is found most appropriate technique for shaping these materials. The material removal process in ECDM depends on parameters like applied voltage, electrolyte nature, combination and concentration, Duty cycle, wire speed, and tension.In the present work, role of electrolyte has been examined by investigating the effect of electrolyte types, concentration, and the addition of abrasives in electrolytic solution. The quality of the machined surface was examined by an optical microscope, which shows the sallow and micro-cracks with the use of higher concentration of electrolytes. Results reveals that a better surface finish is obtained with abrasives mixed electrolyte which reflects the abrasives played important role for getting better surface finish. By comparing the performance of different electrolyte, the higher material removal rate (MRR) was obtained by using mixed solution of KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) and NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide).