Natural Vegetable Oils Research Articles

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ТОКОФЕРОЛОВ КАК ЛИПИДНЫХ АНТИОКСИДАНТОВ В РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАСЛАХ И ЖИВОТНЫХ ЖИРАХ

The content of vitamin E (tocopherols) in natural vegetable oils used in alimentary, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products has been determined using microcalorimetry. As is shown in the work, the quantity of tocopherols is an oil quality index. The high content of vitamin E is determining for choice of oil as ingredient of creams and oil dosage forms since it is an important fat-soluble vitamin. The kinetic method for the determination of vitamin E based on the capability of the tocopherol to inhibit the reactions of radical liquid-phase oxidation was used in the work. The proposed method for tocopherol determination can be used to control the oil quality and the presence of synthesized antioxidant additions.

Structure–properties relationship of fatty acid-based thermoplastics as synthetic polymer mimics

Nowadays the use of vegetable oils as polymer precursors is the subject of growing interest in the academic and industrial communities. Many synthetic pathways can be pursued from natural vegetable oils to yield different functionalized derivatives – also called synthons – and polymers, such as polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, etc. Herein, we widely overview recent progress in the preparation of vegetable oil-based thermoplastic polymers and, more precisely, thermoplastic polyesters and polyurethanes. Extra focus is also placed on the synthesis sustainability of these polymeric materials via atom efficient techniques, “green” catalyses and processes. The achievable bio-sourced polymers cover a wide range of thermo-mechanical properties that can respond to most of the current applications of synthetic polymers.

Antibacterial activity of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid against food-borne pathogenic bacteria

A bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PR3) has been intensively studied to produce a novel 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) from oleic acid or natural vegetable oils containing oleic acid. However, biological properties of DOD remained unknown so far. In this study, as a trial to determine the biological properties of DOD molecule, antibacterial activities of DOD against food-borne pathogenic bacteria were determined quantitatively and qualitatively. DOD presented strong antibacterial activities against all the bacterial strains tested with an MIC value being in the range of 125–500 μg/ml and there was no activity preference between gram-positive and gram-negative strains.

Hypolipidemic Activity in Sprague–Dawley Rats and Constituents of a Novel Natural Vegetable Oil from Cornus Wilsoniana Fruits

Cornus wilsoniana Wanger is a woody oil plant distributed in the south region of the Yellow River, China. Its oil has been taken as edible oil for over 100 y, and consumption of such oil is believed to prevent hyperlipidemia in Chinese folk recipe. This study has investigated the hypolipidemic effect of Cornus wilsoniana oil (CWO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results demonstrated that CWO could significantly decrease total cholesterol (TC), total triacylglycerol (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum, liver weight, hepatic TC, and TG. After analyzing the chemical constituents of CWO, we found that the content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was very high (69.12%). Specially, the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid, accounted very great proportion (38.86%). The high hypolipidemic activity of CWO might be attributed to the lipid-lowering functions of these polyunsaturated fatty acids. Molecular docking was further performed to study the binding model of fatty acids (FA) from CWO to a possible hypolipidemic target, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). The results showed that linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid could bind PPARδ very well. Cornus wilsoniana oil could be used as equilibrated dietary oil, not only having hypolipidemic function, but also helping to overcome essential fatty acids deficiency.

A renewable approach to thermosetting resins

This is a review of recent developments of thermostable resins derived basically from vegetable oils. Natural vegetable oils have been transformed in polymers following three main routes. The first is the direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain. The cationic copolymerization of soybean oil with styrene, divinylbenzene and different amounts of styrenic monomers containing Si, B and P has been used to produce materials with improved flame retardant properties. The second route is the functionalization of the triglyceride double bonds to introduce readily polymerizable groups: The singlet oxygen photoperoxidation of the allylic positions of high oleic sunflower oil has been used to produce hydroperoxide-containing triglycerides that were dehydrated or reduced to produce respectively enone- and hydroxyl-containing triglycerides. The enone containing derivative has been chemically crosslinked with aromatic diamines through aza-Michael reactions leading to quinoline containing thermosets. The hydroxyl-containing triglycerides have been crosslinked radically prior the introduction of acrylate groups to produce conventional and flame retardant acrylate resins. The third route explored consists of using plant oil-derived chemicals like 10-undecenoic and oleic acids to produce tailor made monomers. Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization has been applied to prepare a set of thermosetting polyesters with flame retardant properties. Moreover thiol-ene “click” coupling has been used to prepare carboxylic monomers that have been explored to produce thermosetting polyanhydrides for fast drug delivery systems. A set of tailored polyols from the products of coordinative polymerization of the methyl epoxyoleate and the cationic ring opening polymerization of fatty acid-derived 2-oxazolines were also prepared. These polyols have been used to produce different thermosetting polyuretanes with a wide range of properties and characteristics.Finally, some recent research in producing benzoxazine thermosetting resins applying this renewable approach is presented. The benzoxazines based on diphenolic acid, a derivative of levulinic acid, are studied.

Biological importance and health effect of perilla frutescence plant

The study was designed to study the Biological importance and nutritional benefits of Perilla frutescence plant. This plant has very high biological activities. It contains various phytoconstituents such as different phenolic compounds (like rosemarinic acids, luteolin chrysoeriol, quercetin, catcehin, apigenin, etc), vitamins, minerals etc. Perilla seeds contained 30-40% fixed oil, contained both saturated (palmitic acid 5-7%, stearic acid 1-3%), unsaturated (UFAs) or polyunsaturated (PUFAs) (oleic acid 12-22%, linoleic acid 13-20%, γ-linolenic acid 0-1%, α-linolenic acid 52-64%, icosanoic acid 0-1%) fatty acids. Perilla oil is highly unsaturated oil among the all current discovered natural vegetable oils. Whole perilla plant has many important functions on improving and accelerating human health and is effective in prevention of various diseases. Key words: Perilla frutescence, biological activities, phyto-constituents, polyphenols, polyunsatured fatty acids.

Predicting cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and higher heating value of biodiesel from its fatty acid methyl ester composition

Biodiesel is a renewable bio-fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils, and it is considered as a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. Cetane number, viscosity, density, and higher heating value are important properties to affect the utilization of biodiesel fuels, because they are involved in the definition of fuel quality and are required as input data for predictive engine combustion models. This work presents the characterization of two biodiesel samples made from beef tallow and soybean oil through their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profile. Empirical equations were developed to estimate four physical properties of methyl esters; and an average absolute deviation (AAD) of 5.95%, 2.57%, 0.11% and 0.21% for the cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density, and higher heating value were founded. Cetane number, viscosity, and higher heating value increases because of the increase of molecular weight and these physical properties decrease as the number of double bonds increases. Unlike that of above properties, density decreases as molecular weight increases and density increases as the degree of unsaturation increases. Two general mixing rules and five biodiesel samples were used to study the influence of FAMEs over the physical properties of biodiesel. The prediction of the cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and higher heating value of biodiesel is very close to the experimental values.

Purification, characterization and thermal inactivation kinetics of a non-regioselective thermostable lipase from a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8

Thermostable lipase produced by a genotypically identified extremophilic Bacillus subtilis NS 8 was purified 500-fold to homogeneity with a recovery of 16% by ultrafiltration, DEAE-Toyopearl 650M and Sephadex G-75 column. The purified enzyme showed a prominent single band with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for activity of lipase were 7.0 and 60°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range between 7.0 and 9.0 and temperature range between 40 and 70°C. It showed high stability with half-lives of 273.38 min at 60°C, 51.04 min at 70°C and 41.58 min at 80°C. The D-values at 60, 70 and 80°C were 788.70, 169.59 and 138.15 min, respectively. The enzyme's enthalpy, entropy and Gibb's free energy were in the range of 70.07-70.40 kJ mol(-1), -83.58 to -77.32 kJ mol(-1)K(-1) and 95.60-98.96 kJ mol(-1), respectively. Lipase activity was slightly enhanced when treated with Mg(2+) but there was no significant enhancement or inhibition of the activity with Ca(2+). However, other metal ions markedly inhibited its activity. Of all the natural vegetable oils tested, it had slightly higher hydrolytic activity on soybean oil compared to other oils. On TLC plate, the enzyme showed non-regioselective activity for triolein hydrolysis.

Production of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from olive oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3

Microbial modification of naturally occurring materials is one of the efficient ways to add new values to them. Hydroxylation of free unsaturated fatty acids by microorganism is a good example of those modifications. Among microbial strains studied for that purpose, a new bacterial isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 has been well studied to produce several hydroxy fatty acids from different unsaturated fatty acids. Of those hydroxy fatty acids, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was efficiently produced from oleic acid by strain PR3. However, it was highly plausible to use vegetable oil containing oleic acid rather than free oleic acid as a substrate for DOD production by strain PR3. In this study, we firstly tried to use olive oil containing high content of oleic acid as a substrate for DOD production. DOD production from olive oil was confirmed by structural determination with GC, TLC, and GC/MS analysis. DOD production yield from olive oil was 53.5%. Several important environmental factors were also tested. Galactose and glutamine were optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, and magnesium ion was critically required for DOD production from olive oil. Results from this study demonstrated that natural vegetable oils containing oleic acid could be used as efficient substrate for the production of DOD by strain PR3.

Aging Performance and Moisture Solubility of Vegetable Oils for Power Transformers

This paper discusses the suitability of vegetable oil as an insulating medium in power transformers. A high flash point and very good environmental compatibility compared to conventional mineral oil are good reasons to use vegetable oil in power transformers. In this paper, the physical and electrical performance and the aging behaviour of three natural vegetable oils are compared to one synthetic and one traditional mineral oil. The breakdown voltage of new, dry, natural vegetable oil is more than 80 kV, which is above the breakdown voltage of mineral oil. Regarding the aging of paper, natural esters are more friendly toward paper than mineral oil. The water solubility clearly exceeds that of mineral oil but the same dependence of dielectric parameters on relative moisture saturation was observed for all liquids. Aging of vegetable oils under the presence of air leads to oxidation and, thus, to a strong increase of viscosity. Therefore, transformers filled with these liquids need to exclude oxygen from air. The conducted experiments show vegetable oil to be applicable for use in power transformers.

The in vitro effects of superoxide, some commercially available antioxidants and red palm oil on sperm motility

In this study, two commercially available superoxide scavengers, tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (Mn[III]TMPyP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as red palm oil (RPO), a natural vegetable oil, had been used to investigate their possible in vitro effects against the toxic effects of superoxide (O(2).) on human sperm motility. Semen samples were obtained from 12 normozoospermic healthy volunteer donors aged between 19 and 23 years. The O(2). donor 2,3-dimetoxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) (2.5 micromol L(-1)-100 micromol L(-1)) was added to normozoospermic post-swim-up sperm in the presence or absence of Mn(III)TMPyP (50 micromol L(-1)), SOD (50 IU) or RPO (0.1% or 0.5%). Computer-assisted semen analysis was used to analyze various motility parameters. The parameters of interest were percentage of motile cells, progressive motility, rapid cells and static cells. Concentrations of higher than 25 micromol L(-1) DMNQ were detrimental to sperm motility. Mn(III)TMPyP was able to attenuate the effect of O(2). on the motility parameters. In vitro addition of SOD and RPO showed harmful effects on sperm motility.

An on-line normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the rapid detection of radical scavengers in non-polar food matrixes

An on-line method for the rapid pinpointing of radical scavengers in non-polar mixtures like vegetable oils was developed. To avoid problems with dissolving the sample, normal-phase chromatography on bare silica gel was used with mixtures of hexane and methyl tert-butyl ether as the eluent. The high performance liquid chromatography-separated analytes are mixed post-column with a solution of stable free radicals in hexane. Reduced levels of the radical as a result of a reaction with a radical scavenger are detected as negative peaks by an absorbance detector. After investigating a number of different reagents, solvents, concentrations and solution flow rates an optimized instrumental set-up incorporating a superloop for pulse-free delivery of the reagent solution is presented. Both 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH ) and 2,6-di- tert-butyl-α-(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)- p-tolyloxy (galvinoxyl ) were used as stable free radicals. The method is suitable for both isocratic and gradient HPLC operation. The method has a simple experimental protocol, uses standard instruments and inexpensive and stable reagents, and accepts any hexane-soluble sample. It can also be used for semi-quantitative analysis. The method was applied to several pure, non-polar natural antioxidants, vegetable oils and lipid-soluble rosemary extract. The limits of detection varied from 0.2 to 176 μg/ml, depending on the compound tested.

Substrate contribution on carotenoids production in Blakeslea trispora cultivations

The present report gives an insight into the specific changes in the three main carotenoids (lycopene, γ-carotene and β-carotene) occurring in Blakeslea trispora cultures, with regard to medium composition. Various carbon sources and refined natural vegetable oils as co-substrates were used. The different carbon sources greatly affect the final composition of carotenoids, with lactose medium to preferentially accumulate the all-trans-β-carotene. Furthermore, the use of lactose and starch as carbon sources, respectively, gives a first indication that B. trispora is able to metabolise various homo- and hetero-saccharides, thus leading to different carotenoid percentages. The presence of oils as co-substrates resulted in enhanced fungus growth and subsequent higher carotenoid production. Substrates containing linoleic acid or other oils rich in it led to less lycopene accumulation. The data showed that the biosynthesis of lycopene, γ-carotene and β-carotene starts in most cases simultaneously in the early growth phase even in trace amounts and thus may play a role also as antioxidants for the B. trispora cells.

Wheat Germ Oil Attenuates Gamma Radiation-Induced Skeletal Muscles Damage In Rats

Muscular strength is important in sport as well as in daily activities. Exposure to ionizing radiation is thought to increase oxidative stress and damage muscle tissue. Wheat germ oil is a natural unrefined vegetable oil. It is an excellent source of vitamin E, octacosanol, linoleic and linolenic essential fatty acids, which may be beneficial in neutralizing the free oxygen radicals. The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of wheat germ oil, on radiation-induced oxidative damage in rat\'s skeletal muscle. Wheat germ oil was supplemented orally via gavages to rats at a dose of 54 mg/ kg body weight/day for 14 successive days pre- and 7 post-exposure to 5 Gy (one shot dose) of whole body gamma irradiation. Animals were sacrificed 7, 14 and 21 days post radiation exposure. The results revealed that whole body γ-irradiation of rats induces oxidative stress in skeletal muscles obvious by significant elevation in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) associated with significant decreases in the content of reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Irradiated rats showed, also, significant decreases in creatine phosphokinase (CPK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activities. Furthermore, total iron, total copper and total calcium levels were significantly increased in skeletal muscles of irradiated rats group compared to control group. Wheat germ oil treated-irradiated rats showed significantly less severe damage and remarkable improvement in all the measured parameters, compared to irradiated rats. It could be concluded that wheat germ oil by attenuating radiation-induced oxidative stress might play a role in maintaining skeletal muscle integrity. Keywords : Wheat germ oil, Gamma Radiation, Oxidative Stress, Muscles, Mitochondria Egyptian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Vol. 26 (2) 2008: pp. 101-118

Redox ingredients for oxidative stress prevention: the unexplored potentiality of coffee

Plant-based foods (such as fruit and vegetables, wine, nuts, natural vegetable oils, and whole grains) are an important component of traditional diets in Mediterranean regions. A large, consistent body of scientific evidence demonstrates that diets rich in plant foods provide protection against degenerative diseases; however, despite the consensus of the evidence about the health effect of plant foods, it is unclear which components of plant-based foods are protective and what their mechanism of action is. One of the hypotheses postulated to explain the protective effect of plant food, the antioxidant hypothesis, is based on their high content of bioactive molecules. Recent evidence suggests that it is the variegate composition of the plant food, an optimal mixture of different antioxidants endowed with complementary mechanism of action and different redox potential, which is at the basis of their effect on health. The global antioxidant efficiency of complex matrixes can be assessed by measuring their total antioxidant capacity (TAC) representing the result of variables such as redox potentials of the compounds present in the matrix and their cumulative and synergistic interaction. In the last years different databases for TAC of plant foods have been developed. Results suggest that coffee might represent a potential contributor to dietary antioxidant intake. In this contribution after describing the main contributors to dietary TAC for different plant food group, we will discuss the potentiality of coffee as a source of “ready to drink” reducing equivalents.

Combination of Extractive Solvent Addition and Immobilization Culture for Continuous Production of Scopoletin by Tobacco Cells

Extractive solvent addition was combined with immobilization cultures of Nicotiana tabacum cells to produce scopoletin. Using various solvents, the partition coefficients of scopoletin between the solvent and water phases and the solvent toxicity to the cell viability were investigated. The effect of the solvent addition on cell growth and scopoletin production was elucidated in the suspension cultures. Coconut oil, one of the natural vegetable oils, was selected as the most suitable extractive solvent. The cells were immobilized in the calcium alginate gel bead coated with a cell-free gel film and then the batch cultures with the addition of various volumes of the coconut oil were performed. The total scopoletin production increased with the solvent volume according to the amount of scopoletin transferred from the medium to the solvent. The maximum productivity obtained in the batch immobilization cultures was about 16 times larger than that in the suspension culture without solvent. A continuous production system, in which the fresh solvent was supplied to the culture system and the solvent containing scopoletin was recovered from it, was constructed. The integrated scopoletin production in the effluent oil attained 2.21 mg/gDCW for 30 days at 100 cm(3)/day without cell leakage.

Seed roasting improves the oxidative stability of canola (B. napus) and mustard (B. juncea) seed oils

AbstractAnimal fats and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) have preferentially been used for deep‐frying of food because of their relatively high oxidative stability compared to natural vegetable oils. However, animal fats and PHVO are abundant sources of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids, respectively, both of which are detrimental to human health. Canola (Brassica napus) is the primary oilseed crop currently grown in Australia. Canola quality Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is also being developed for cultivation in hot and low‐rainfall areas of the country where canola does not perform well. A major impediment to using these oils for deep‐frying is their relatively high susceptibility to oxidation, and so any processing interventions that would improve the oxidative stability would increase their prospects of use in commercial deep‐frying. The oxidative stability of both B. napus and B. juncea crude oils can be improved dramatically by roasting the seeds (165 °C, 5 min) prior to oil extraction. Roasting did not alter the fatty acid composition or the tocopherol content of the oils. The enhanced oxidative stability of the oil, solvent‐extracted from roasted seeds, is probably due to 2,6‐dimethoxy‐4‐vinylphenol produced by thermal decarboxylation of the sinapic acid naturally occurring in the canola seed.

Enrichment of Anhydrous Milk Fat in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Residues from Linseed and Rapeseed Oils through Enzymatic Interesterification

Lipozyme TL IM was used in a solvent-free batch and microaqueous system for enzymatic interesterification of anhydrous milkfat (AMF) with linseed oil (LO) in binary blends and with rapeseed oil (RO) in one ternary blend. The aim was to obtain and characterize physicochemically fats enriched with unsaturated C 18 fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and, especially, linolenic acids) from natural vegetable oils. Binary blends of AMF/LO 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40 (w/w) were interesterified. The change in triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles showed that quasi-equilibrium conditions were reached after 4-6 h of reaction. Free fatty acid contents <1%. The decrease in solid fat content and in dropping point temperature obtained with increasing content of LO and interesterification resulted in good plastic properties for the products originating from the blends 70/30 and 60/40. This was confirmed by textural measurements. Melting profiles determined by differential scanning calorimetry showed complete disappearance of low-melting TAGs from LO and the formation of intermediary species with a lower melting temperature. Oxidative stability of the interesterified products was diminished with increasing LO content, resulting in low oxidation induction times. A ternary blend composed of AMF/RO/LO 70/20/10 gave satisfactory rheological and oxidative properties, fulfilling the requirements for a marketable spread and, moreover, offering increased potential health benefits due to the enriched content in polyunsaturated fatty acid residues.

Glycine betaine as a renewable raw material to “greener” new cationic surfactants

This article describes the synthesis, properties and potential applications of new cationic surfactants based on natural glycine betaine and vegetable oils as renewable raw materials. Convenient procedures were developed on a multigram scale using environmentally friendly starting materials to provide glycine betaine-derived esters and amides. Some readily biodegradable formulations containing ester-type surfactant were found to exhibit remarkable emulsifying properties for road making applications and they are now under industrial development using green solvent-free processes. Bipolar bolaamphiphiles possessing two cationic glycine betaine moieties were synthesized as monomers for the preparation of original drug delivery liposomal systems.

Production of 7, 10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from triolein via lipase induction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3

Hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) have gained importance because of their special properties such as higher viscosity and reactivity compared with other non-hydroxy fatty acids. The bacterial isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PR3) was reported to produce mono-, di-, and trihydroxy fatty acids from different unsaturated fatty acids. Of those, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was produced with high yield from oleic acid by PR3. Up to now, the substrates used for microbial HFA production were free fatty acids. However, it is possible to utilize triacylglycerides, specifically triolein containing three oleic groups, as a substrate by microbial enzyme system involved in HFA production from oleic acid. In this study we used triolein as a substrate and firstly report that triolein could be efficiently utilized by PR3 to produce DOD. Triolein was first hydrolyzed into oleic acid by the triolein-induced lipase and then the released oleic acid was converted to DOD by PR3. Results from this study demonstrated that natural vegetable oils, without being intentionally hydrolyzed, could be used as efficient substrates for the microbial production of value-added hydroxy fatty acids.