Natural Rock Asphalt Research Articles

Modified Asphalt Using Buton Natural Rock Asphalt

he characteristics of asphalt mostly determine how well asphalt pavements work. High temperatures can cause stress on the asphalt surface layer. At high temperatures, irreversible alteration or bubbling occurs and leads to spalling as it travels. This is due to the slow movement of the asphalt components in the pavement mixture, which resists the strain caused by traffic. This is because the pavement mix's viscous asphalt matrix flow resists stresses brought on by vehicles. As a result, the rheological characteristics of asphalt, which may be altered, have a significant impact on pavement performance. In this study, Pen. 60/70 asphalt was modified by using Buton Natural Rock Asphalt (BNRA). A total of 10 to 25% of fine BNRA passing sieve #200 was added to the asphalt. Four mixtures of asphalt and BNRA were then tested for penetration and softening point. From the Penetration and Softening Point test results, thePenetration Index (PI) was determined. The PI results obtained were 0; 0.2; 0.1; 0.1; and 0.4 for BNRA content of 0, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. The higher the PI value of asphalt, the lower its temperature susceptibility. It can be seen that with the addition of BNRA, the asphalt is more resistant to temperature changes. While it is evident that BNRA affects the resistance of asphalt to temperature changes, it is also evident that its strength.

Physical, rheological and micro characteristics of ARA/Nano-TiO2 composite modified asphalt before and after short-term aging

This paper aims to investigate the composite application of nanomaterials and natural asphalt in order to enhance the road performance of asphalt pavement. The objective is to develop high-performance modified asphalt that improves the durability, reliability, and load resistance of asphalt roads while reducing resource waste and environmental pollution. The composite modified asphalt was prepared by adding different blends of Albanian natural rock asphalt (ARA) and 1% of nano titanium dioxide (Nano-TiO2), and the basic properties and rheological properties of the asphalt before and after aging were tested by using basic performance tests and temperature scanning tests. Subsequently, the microscopic morphological characteristics of the asphalt were observed by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope, and the number of bee structures, the area share of bee structures, root mean square roughness Rq, and arithmetic mean roughness Ra were used as microscopic quantitative indexes. The results indicate that the complex modulus and rutting coefficient of ARA/Nano-TiO2 composite-modified asphalt increase with an increase in ARA dosage when the dosage of Nano-TiO2 is 1%. The asphalt modified with Nano-TiO2 composite blended with 15% ARA exhibits higher residual needle penetration, composite modulus ratio, rutting coefficient ratio and lower softening point increment compared to 70# asphalt. The bitumen modified with titanium dioxide nanocomposite blended with 15% ARA exhibits higher Rq and Ra and a more stable phase structure before and after aging. 15% of ARA/Nano-TiO2 composite-modified asphalt has higher Rq and Ra before and after aging, and its phase structure is more stable. The results show that ARA/Nano-TiO2 composite-modified asphalt has better high-temperature deformation resistance and aging resistance than 70# and that 15% ARA is recommended as the optimum amount of composite-modified asphalt.

Physical Properties and Storage Stability of Buton Rock Asphalt Modified Asphalt.

Buton Rock Asphalt (BRA) refers to the natural rock asphalt natively produced on the Buton island of Indonesia. It is often used as a modifier to enhance the performance of asphaltpavement. However, the segregation of BRA in BRA-Modified Asphalt (BRA-MA) has restricted its application. This study aims to investigate how the particle size and content of BRA affect the physical properties and storage stability of BRA-MA. Penetration, softening point, viscosity, and viscosity-temperature susceptibility (VTS) were analyzed. The evaluation method of storage stability was discussed and determined. The segregation of BRA in BRA-MA of static storage and transportation process were simulated and tested. The results suggest that the softening point and viscosity were positively correlated to BRA content and inversely determined by particle size. Penetration, VTS, and ductility were reduced due to the decline in particle size and increment of BRA content. The index of segregation value based on viscosity difference showed better statistical and quantitative significances than the softening-point difference in evaluating the storage stability. The particle size and content of BRA are positively correlated to the segregation of BRA-MA. Both the storage temperature and time were positively correlated to the segregation of BRA-MA. We prove that the relationship between specific surface area and segregation are power functional. BRA-MA with BRA whose 50% particle sizes are lower than 13.6 μm showed low segregation in transportation.

Thermal ageing mechanism of a natural rock-modified asphalt binder using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis

In this paper, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the microanalysis of base asphalt modified with natural rock asphalt as the asphalt modifier. A Pen 70 asphalt was selected and natural rock asphalt modifiers (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) were added to prepare different asphalt samples. Macroscopically, the performance indexes of five kinds of asphalt before and after short-term ageing and the changes of each index with the content were tested. The changes in characteristic functional groups of natural rock modified asphalt before and after thermal ageing were analyzed by FTIR. The ageing degree of asphalt was judged by qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the ageing behavior and mechanism of asphalt were revealed from the microscopic point of view, establishing the relationship between macro and micro, combined with the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test. The results showed that, with the increase of the content, the penetration and ductility decrease, and the softening point increases, indicating that the viscosity and thermal stability of asphalt increase after adding natural asphalt. The asphalt before and after short-term ageing follows this law. The short-term ageing process was mainly characterized by physical compatibility and volatilization of light components. A small amount of carbonyl group was formed, and a small number of components were dehydrogenated to olefin. In the long-term ageing process, the long-chain hydrocarbon decomposition of the polymer generated alkyl (CH3), and the polar molecule reacted with oxygen to generate a large number of carbonyl groups (C=O) and sulfone groups (S=O). In addition, according to the carbonyl index CI and sulfoxide index SI, the ageing degree of the modified asphalt was less than that of the base asphalt. Meanwhile, it can be determined that the carbonyl index was the smallest and the ageing resistance was the best when the content of natural rock is 6%.

Influence of Waste Cork with Thinner on the Rheological Properties of Asphalt

Over the last two decades, the rapid and continued deterioration of the transportation network has been regarded as a major issue. There are many measures that can be taken to reduce this deterioration and improve road specifications, including improving road design, using higher quality materials, and using more efficient construction methods. This study is concerned with three principles: including investigating the impact of using waste paste on the rheological properties of bitumen; the environmental pollution that is a global problem; and the economic benefits as a result of the reusing of waste materials such as corks to produce new reusable materials like Modified-Asphalt. In this research, cork has been melted by thinner and mixed with asphalt to get a good paste with weight percentages of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. After conducting the necessary tests on the samples, it was found that the addition of waste paste to virgin bitumen has softened the bitumen by decreasing the hardness and adhesiveness of the bitumen by increasing penetration with increasing cork paste content. The findings show that the current procedure can be used in cold regions because it requires less hard asphalt than that used in hot regions. It can also be used with natural asphalt, like natural rock asphalt, in various percent to give asphalt with suitable properties for use in roofing and paving roads.

Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Binder Modified by Natural Rock Asphalt

Rock asphalt is one of the widely distributed resources in nature. Therefore, this study employs natural rock asphalt as an additive. The focus of this study is to look at the potential of using natural rock asphalt as an asphalt binder modifier. The study looks at five different percentages of modified asphalt (NRA) concentration from Anbar factory asphalt for oxidized bitumen: 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The results show that using modified natural rock asphalt increased the mechanical qualities of basic asphalt, such as penetration and softening point, flash point, and viscosity. In addition, the current results show that the asphaltic materials that can be used in paving according to the measuring of conventional tests such as ductility, penetration, and others. Furthermore, the findings indicate that modified asphalt has lower temperature sensitivity.

Comparison of Material Composition and Road Performance of Different Natural Asphalts

Because of the differences in material composition and structure, different natural asphalt will lead to different road performances and technical approaches. Based on years of research data, the composition and characteristics of different natural asphalt are reviewed. It is considered that the difference of performance of different natural asphalt is closely related to asphalt content and ash content. Aging property is related to oil content and microstructure of asphaltene. Because the mineral composition of lake asphalt is mostly volcanic ash, it shows different modification effect from natural rock asphalt, and has more advantages in the comprehensive performance of asphalt mixture, especially in low temperature performance and fatigue resistance.

Preliminary Study on Compressive Strength of Porous Asphalt Containing Modified Buton Asphalt, Waste Plastic and Limestone Powder

Porous asphalt is a surface layer or a wear layer is one of the asphalt material developed to overcome the problem of inundation during the rainy season making it suitable for use in Indonesia which has high rainfall intensity. Furthermore, it is necessary to optimize the use of a number of natural resources in Indonesia such as natural rock asphalt in Buton Island (BRA) and limestone which is available in many places. In addition, reducing of plastic waste is attracts the attention of a number of countries including Indonesia. This paper is part of a series of investigate study related to the behaviour of porous asphalt mixture made with modified Buton asphalt (MBA), waste plastic and lime stone powder. The compaction results showed good adhesion can unite the waste Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), limestone powder and coarse aggregate particles. There is no visible negative effect of waste PET and limestone powder in porous asphalt mixture against compressive strength.

Interface and crack propagation of cement-based composites with sulfonated asphalt and plasma-treated rock asphalt

Sulfonated asphalt and natural rock asphalt were used to toughen oil well cement paste (OWCP). The difference of micro-morphology, surface functional groups and heat resistance of two kinds of asphalt was studied. Rock asphalt was treated by low-temperature plasma, and the mechanism of improving hydrophilicity was further analyzed and explained. The toughness of cement-based composites with asphalt was analyzed from triaxial stress-strain curves. Interface characteristics between sulfonated asphalt or rock asphalt and cement paste were gained. The crack propagation in cement paste was discussed systematically by using SEM microscopic observation. The results show that the thermal stability of the rock asphalt is higher than that of the sulfonated asphalt. XPS analysis results show that oxygen-containing functional groups, such as C–OH, CO, and C–O appear on the surface of rock asphalt treated by oxygen plasma. The surface free energy of plasma-treated rock asphalt was increased from 27.05 mJ·m−2 to 53.29 mJ·m−2, which indicates the improvement of hydrophilicity of the surface of rock asphalt. Triaxial stress-strain curve analysis results show that 3% content of sulfonated asphalt and treated rock asphalt can improve the toughness of oil well cement paste. A good interfacial transition zone with few micropores is found between the cement hydration products and sulfonated asphalt or treated rock asphalt by using SEM microscopic observation. SEM observation of crack propagation behavior in cement-based composites with asphalt indicated that sulfonated asphalt and plasma-treated rock asphalt improved the toughness of oil well cement by deflecting, bending and bridging the cracks.

Analysis of stability of residue asphalt emulsion mixture containing Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA)

The natural rock asphalt which available in abundance in the southeast of Buton Island, Indonesia was attempted to use in the production of cold mix asphalt. The purpose of this study is to replace petroleum bitumen with local materials such as natural rock asphalt. Small granular size of natural rock asphalt that referred to Buton granular asphalt (BGA) was blended with petroleum bitumen as droplet phase in the asphalt emulsion mixture. Mixture with 8.8% of asphalt emulsion mixture made with the cationic slow setting (CSS) that corresponded to the residue asphalt emulsion content was used as a mixture control. At residue asphalt emulsion content, bitumen of BGA was used for petroleum bitumen partial replacement in the asphalt emulsion mixture production. Test result revealed that utilizing BGA in asphalt emulsion mixture has proved for improving stability where the stability of all mixture with BGA super passed the stability of mixture without BGA.

Resistance to cohesion loss in cantabro test on specimens of porous asphalt containing modificated asbuton

Nowadays, road pavement in Indonesia is still dominated by flexible pavement with petroleum bitumen mostly used as a binder. There is a huge deposit of hydrocarbon sedimentary rocks in several areas in Buton Island, Indonesia. One product of Buton natural rock asphalt is refined Asbuton modification which consists of approximately 70% bitumen and 30% minerals. An investigation of the effects of Asbuton modification on the performance of porous asphalt mixture was made using six mixtures based Asbuton modificated were 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%. This paper presents a comparative parallel about resistance to disintegration or cohesion loss from the results of the Cantabro test for raveling resistance. The application of Retona Blend as a binder in the porous asphalt mixture improved the raveling resistance in relationship Asbuton modification content with cantabro loss value.

Experimental study on marshall stability and flow of Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture using Asbuton semi extracted as binder

This study is a part of an on going research program to optimize the utilization of the huge deposit of natural asphalt in several areas in Buton Island, Indonesia. In asphalt production processes it is important to think about energy savings and environmental benefits. Production of AC-WC mixture using Asbuton semi extracted bitumen is one of the efforts to reduce energy consumption. Asbuton modification is a semi extracted bitumen produced from Buton natural rock asphalt, it can be used as a binder material in asphalt mixture. This paper presents Marshall test that was performed on AC-WC mixture using Asbuton semi extracted as binder. The result of Marshall test shows the sufficient stability and resistance to deformation can be established by aggregate interlocking and cohesion which developed due to the Bitumen in Asbuton semi extracted.

The Effect of Resins on Rheological and ageing Characteristics of Bitumen for Pavement

Bitumen consists of thousands of hydrocarbon molecule types with each molecule contributes to the overall bitumen characteristics. Therefore, it is important to identify the influence of each chemical component of bitumen that altogether constructs the bitumen characteristics. This is likely to be completed by evaluating and modifying bitumen components to produce a new type of bitumen with better characteristics. The realistic way to do this is by analysing it in groups or fractions; one group or fraction comprises bitumen molecules with similar characteristics. This paper aims to address this issue by describing the effect of resins on rheological characteristics of bitumen at various ageing process stages. The materials used in this study were Buton rock asphalt or natural rock asphalt from Buton Island in Indonesia which was from Lawele region and petroleum bitumen penetration grade 80/100 from a refinery in Kemaman Malaysia. The materials were tested to identify their charactheristics and the resins components were also extracted and tested with Corbett method. Each extracted resin (from Buton rock asphalt bitumen and petroleum bitumen) was blended in proportions of 0%, 5%, and 10% with the Kemaman petroleum bitumen as a bitumen medium. The blended bitumen samples were also tested for their rheological characteristics using Dynamic Shear Rheometer. Each sample was tested at five different temperature levels (46°C, 52°C, 58°C, 64°C and 70°C) and at un-aged, artificial short-term aged (RTFOT-aged), and artificial long-term aged (PAV-aged) conditions. The results indicated that the source of resins had a significant value of 0.065 or larger than the 0.05 critical point value. There was no difference in the effect of the experiments using either Buton rock asphalt or petroleum bitumen on the complex shear modulus G*. At fresh condition, there was no effect of adding resins on the bitumen rheological characteristics except for the elastic modulus (G’). However, the effect increased over the RTFOT-ageing and PAV-aging level because of the normal ageing process.

Introducing Buton Natural Rock Asphalt New Materials for Bitumen Mofification and Soil Stabilization

Abstract:The natural asphalt in the world which can be explored until today is Buton Natural Rock Asphalt (BNRA). The other natural asphalt like Trinidad Lake Asphalt Based on survey conducted by Directorate General of Mining Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republik of Indonesia, amount of 650 million ton of BNRA are found in Buton island, yet until 92 years since BNRA in Buton Island discover by Hetzel, a Dutch Geolog, only 3.4 ton that have been explored to be used for road work. This paper reported the using of BNRA to modify bitumen to improve their properties in order to resist the high temperature rutting, and to stabilize clay soil, to improve their strenght. Bitumen penetration grade 80/100 which will be modified was blend by 15 to 65% of BNRA in increments of 5% by weight of bitumen, and to stabilized clay soil, amount of 2% to 8% in increements of 2% BNRA by weight of soil was added. To determine Penetration Index (PI) of neat bitumen and alsobitumen modified with BNRA, penetration at 250 Celcius and softening point test were conducted. Penetration Index is the parameter to measure the temperature susceptibility of binder. The test results show that ...

Evaluasi Kinerja Campuran Beraspal dengan Bitumen Hasil Ekstraksi Penuh dari Asbuton

Asbuton is a natural rock asphalt that can be found on the island of Buton in Southeast Sulawesi province, has a large deposits but not yet well utilized. This research aims to find out the performance of asphalt mixtures AC-WC (Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course) and HRS-WC (Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course) using bitumen results from full extraction of asbuton. The research was done by experimental methods through laboratory tests then its performance was compared to convensional mixtures using asphalt oil with penetration grade of 60. The results obtained showed that the bitumen of asbuton did not meet the specification of bitumen based on penetration grade. Characteristics of hot mixture asphalt using bitumen of asbuton showed better performance in terms of the Marshall stability namely 1871 kg higher than the convensional hotmixture of asphalt, with 1100 kg for AC-WC and 1241.9 kg compared with 1094 kg for HRS-WC. In addition, the results of deformation resistance tests showed asphalt mix with pure asbuton more resistant to rutting shown by higher dynamic stability value namely 4200 track/mm compared with 492 track/mm for AC-WC and 2739 track/mm compared with 325 track/mm. The modulus resilient value of mix with pure asbuton is also higher at temperature of 25°C and relatively the sameat temperatures of 35°C and 45°C. While the resistance of fatigue for AC-WC and HRS-WC on the test tensile strain of 150 µs were relatively the same as hotmix asphalt using asphalt oil penetration grade of 60, but on test of a larger tensile strain has worse fatigue resistance, especially for AC-WC.

Effects of plasma-treated rock asphalt on the mechanical properties and microstructure of oil-well cement

In this study, natural rock asphalt with a high softening point was selected as an oil-well cement admixture. The effects of the asphalt, which was subjected to a low-temperature plasma treatment, on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the cement paste were investigated. The results show that the hydrophilicity of the surface of the rock asphalt, and the interfacial bonding between the asphalt and cement matrix were improved with the use of the low-temperature plasma technology. The addition of the treated rock asphalt reduced the compressive strength of the cement paste but improved its tensile strength. Triaxial stress-strain curves, obtained under static and multicycle loads, showed that the rock asphalt improved the toughness of the oil-well cement paste. The addition of the 3% rock asphalt obviously enhanced the mechanical deformability of the cement paste. The results of the scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the rock asphalt can deflect cracks and prevent crack propagation. The ability to restrain crack propagation improved as the adhesion between the treated hydrophilic asphalt and matrix cement improved. The results of the nitrogen-adsorption tests and mercury-intrusion porosimetry tests showed that the incorporation of the rock asphalt reduced the number of harmful pores present within the cement composite. The results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses performed on the asphalt-cement composites showed that the asphalt slightly retards cement hydration.

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to identify chemical analysis of minerals in Buton island, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia

Asbuton as natural rock asphalt consists of a granular material; usually limestone or sandstone. In its natural state, it contains bitumen intimately dispersed throughout its mass, while the remainder of the material is a solid mineral matter. This research was conducted in Sorowalio, Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the content and the percentage of minerals contained in the rocks by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The method of research is a preliminary survey, sampling and laboratory analysis. XRF reports chemical composition, including Si (quartz) and Ca (calcite). The results indicate the content and the percentage of element dominate the rock sample is Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, and SiO2. Research results using XRF show that there are four metal oxide dominant elements. Hematite (Fe2O3) is dominant in all locations of sampling. Magnesium oxide (MgO) has the highest levels found in sample number six and the lowest is in sample number five. Silicates (SiO) has the highest levels at sample number six and the lowest in sample number seven. Calcium oxide (CaO) is dominant in all sampling locations. The sample of asbuton contains 37.90% asphalt, 43.28% carbonate, and18.82% other minerals.

Effect of Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) on compressive stress-strain behavior of asphalt emulsion mixture

The natural rock asphalt which available in abundance in the southeast of Buton Island, Indonesia was attempted to use in production of cold mix asphalt. The purpose of this study is to replace of petroleum bitumen with local materials such as natural rock asphalt. Small granular size of natural rock asphalt that referred to Buton granular asphalt (BGA) was blended with petroleum bitumen as droplet phase in the asphalt emulsion mixture. Mixture with 5.5% of asphalt emulsion mixture made with cationic slow setting (CSS), that corresponded to the optimum asphalt emulsion content was used as a mixture control. At optimum asphalt emulsion content, bitumen of BGA was used for petroleum bitumen partial replacement in the asphalt emulsion mixture production. Test result revealed that utilizing BGA in asphalt emulsion mixture has proved for improving compressive strength where compressive strength of all mixture with BGA superpassed the compressive strength of mixture without BGA. Furthermore, mixture with BGA has less crack number as compared with the mixture without BGA.

Performance evaluation of petroleum bitumen binders and mixtures modified by natural rock asphalt from Xinjiang China

Previous studies have showed that the property and modification outcomes of rock asphalt (RA) is dependent on RA sources and their chemical components. The RA from Xinjiang China was used to modify the petroleum bitumen. RA with five different dosages were added into petroleum bitumen: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. A comprehensive performance of the RA modified bitumen binders and mixtures were evaluated in this study, including the high temperature performance, low temperature performance, moisture susceptibility, tensile strength, and fatigue performance. The tests conducted included dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, wheel track test, three-point bean bending fracture test, and three-point bean bending fatigue test. It was found that the results for the bitumen binders agreed well with that for the bitumen mixtures. The addition of RA improves the high temperature performance of petroleum bitumen binders and mixtures. The moisture damage resistance, tensile strength and fatigue performance of petroleum mixture were enhanced as well with the addition of RA. The low temperature performance was slightly sacrificed after the addition of RA. However, the final PG grade width of the RA modified bitumen binders were broadened by one or two grades. Overall, the RA from Xinjiang China is a very good modifier for petroleum bitumen for performance improvement.

The Assessment of Natural Rock Asphalt for Thin Surfacing Mixture Design

Thin surfacing hot mixed asphalt is one of the alternatives to anticipate the problem of thickness on overlay that are being developed as environment-friendly pavement, but the use of thin surfacing was still not maximum with some weakness. One way to improve the qualities of bitumen is by the use of the modification which has been available in the market. A new materials available in market is retona. Retona (Refined Buton Asphalt) is produced by the extraction of the natural asphalt from Buton island, Indonesia that were developed with a distillation process and extraction. The study has been carried out to define optimum bitumen content and characteristic in hot mix thin surfacing by using retona blend 55 and asphalt penetration 60 / 70 with the experimental method using the Marshall to define the stability, flow, density, percentage number of pores, Marshal Quotient (MQ). Result of Marshall test thin sufacing hot mix asplhat for optimum bitumen content retona belnd 55 asphalt is 5,87%, using the same gradations achieved optimum bitumen content of asphalt penetration 60/70 of 5.80%. In each of the asphalt on the conditions of optimum bitumen content obtained difference for characteristic and properties. Stability value retona blend 55 asphalt 525,61 kg, and asphalt penetration of 60/70 is 651,16 kg. The density value of retona blend 55 asphalt 2,06%, and asphalt penetration 60/70 is 2,11%. The percentage of the pores value of retona blend 55 asphalt is 18,45%, and asphalt penetration 60/70 is 15,8%. Flow value retona blend 55 asphalt is 2,11mm, and asphalt penetration 60/70 is 2,23mm. Thus asphalt penetration have resistance to traffic loads which is stronger, with a more solid density value, the value of smaller pores and higher flow values than the natural rock asphalt blend retona 55 asphalt.