This study aims to examine the historical stages of the formation of Pasangkayu Regency through a literature review approach. The main focus of this study is to investigate the historical, social, political, and administrative dynamics underlying the region's formation as an autonomous region. This study is a library research, which mainly gathering and analyzing various relevant sources from history records, government documents, scientific journals, and archives related to the regional expansion process. The study's findings indicate that the formation of Pasangkayu Regency was inseparable from the aspirations of local communities seeking improved public services, accelerated development, and strengthened regional identity. Furthermore, geographic factors, natural resource potential, and strategic government considerations played an important role in the regional expansion process from its parent region. This process involved a lengthy process, from the discourse of expansion, administrative struggles, to official determination by the central government. The formation of Pasangkayu Regency resulted from a complex interaction between historical, social, and political factors that developed at the time. This study is expected to enrich the local historical studies for further research on the dynamics of regional expansion in Indonesia.

Antiviral constituents of the Korean endemic plant Irisodaesanensis inhibit hepatitis C virus through multiple targets.

Regional Public Companies (Perumda) have a strategic role in supporting regional original income and community economic development. One of the Perumda operating in West Sumbawa Regency (KSB) is Perumda Bariri Aneka Usaha (Barinas). Perumda Barinas KSB is experiencing a multidimensional crisis characterized by directors never completing their terms of office, the absence of a standard corporate organizational structure, non-functioning management systems, and the lack of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) implementation. This study aims to analyze the internal-external conditions, determine the strategic position, and formulate development strategies for Perumda Barinas. A qualitative approach with a case study method was employed through in-depth interviews with 12 informants (local government officials, former directors, supervisory board members, employees, and partners) and SWOT weighting questionnaires distributed to 15 respondents. The identification results revealed three strengths (full regional ownership, substantial assets, broad business scope) and nine dominant weaknesses (leadership crisis, absence of a standard structure, GCG not yet implemented). External factors include five opportunities (natural resource potential, workforce, industrial zone-smelter, presence of private companies, population growth) and three threats (negative stigma, unhealthy competition, political dynamics). The SWOT analysis yielded an IFAS score of -0.41 and an EFAS score of 0.63, placing Perumda Barinas in Quadrant IV (Turnaround Strategy). The strategies are formulated in three stages: short-term (0-6 months) stabilization through the recruitment of definitive directors and a forensic audit; medium-term (6-18 months) GCG implementation and strategic partnerships; long-term (18-36 months) business expansion in logistics and agriculture. The practical implication is that the Regional Government needs to immediately undertake organizational restructuring and capital injection. The research is limited to a single case study where the SWOT weights depend on the perceptions of the informants.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in the development of the Indonesian economy, which is a forum for Indonesian people to express the creativity of business actors by utilizing potential natural resources from each region that have not been optimally utilized, and also plays a role in reducing unemployment rates by absorbing a lot of labor. One of the MSMEs in Samarinda City that uses agricultural commodities is garlic as its raw material is Jamu DW. This research was carried out to identify internal and external factors affecting its development, and formulate strategies through SWOT analysis of the business garlic Juice of Jamu DW. The research was conducted at Jamu DW MSMEs Samarinda from December 2023 to March 2024. Sampling using the purposive sampling method with the owner of Jamu DW and the reseller as the respondents. Data analysis using the calculation of enterprise analysis and the SWOT analysis method. The results of the research show that the total production costs obtained from the sale of garlic juice by Jamu DW amounted to IDR 9.012.194,00 month-1, revenue of IDR 16.807.200,00 month-1, and income of IDR 7.795.006,00 month-1. Based on the analysis of the SWOT, the result of the matrix calculation in Quadran I is the S-O strategy, or support an aggressive strategy. The company can maintain the quality of the product according to the standard, provide friendly and professional service, and take advantage of the strategic location of the business. The results of the research showed that internal factors in Jamu DW’s garlic juice business are the availability of labor, the location of the business, halal certificates, friendly and professional service, simple means of production, simple product packaging, social media content and limited capital, as well as external factors such as government support, fewer competitors, partnerships, alternative treatments, customer reviews, changes in tastes, prices and availabilities of raw materials, and government regulations.

Regional economic inequality remains a persistent challenge in developing economies, particularly in peripheral regions characterized by fragmented geography and uneven development. This study examines spatial spillovers in regional economic inequality by integrating spatial econometric analysis with remote sensing-based indicators. Using district-level data from Eastern Indonesia, the analysis captures how inequality is shaped by spatial interdependence and localized development patterns rather than isolated regional characteristics. Regional economic inequality is measured using a district-level relative Williamson-type index, allowing inequality to vary across space within provincial contexts. To account for spatial dependence, the study employs a spatial econometric framework and evaluates alternative model specifications. In addition to conventional economic indicators, the analysis incorporates satellite-derived measures of economic activity, urbanization, and energy potential to capture spatially observable dimensions of regional development. The results reveal pronounced spatial clustering of regional economic inequality, indicating that disparities are structured by localized spatial interactions. Economic development and spatially distributed urbanization are closely associated with inequality patterns, while the dispersion of economic activity appears to be linked to more balanced regional outcomes. In contrast, natural resource potential alone does not systematically explain spatial inequality, highlighting the importance of complementary institutional and spatial factors. This study contributes to the regional economics literature by demonstrating the value of integrating remote sensing-based indicators into spatial inequality analysis. The findings underscore the need for spatially explicit, place-based development strategies to address persistent regional disparities in peripheral regions of developing economies.

The article analyzes changes in the territorial and sectoral structure of the regions of the Russian Far East based on gross value-added indicators for 2021. The aim of the study is to identify the spatial features of the investment attractiveness of specific types of economic activity and to determine key development trends within the framework of state structural policy. The findings demonstrate that the formation of territorial production complexes is shaped by a combination of natural resource potential, favorable economic and geographical position, as well as infrastructural and demographic factors. It is shown that the investment attractiveness of northern regions is primarily associated with extractive industries, while southern regions benefit from transport and logistics advantages. The study concludes that strengthening manufacturing and infrastructure sectors is necessary to achieve a more balanced socio-economic development of the macroregion.

Community-based tourism village development has emerged as a strategic approach to sustainable rural development in Indonesia. However, the success of tourism village development is not solely determined by natural resource potential and infrastructure support, but is strongly influenced by the social capacity of local communities. Social capital, comprising trust, social norms, and social networks, plays a crucial role in fostering village autonomy in tourism management. This study aims to examine in depth the role of social capital in strengthening the autonomy of Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Patuk District, Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, which is widely recognized as a successful example of sustainable community-based tourism development. This study adopts a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants, including village officials, tourism managers (Tourism Awareness Group/Pokdarwis), community leaders, youth groups, and local residents. Data collection was complemented by field observations and document analysis. Qualitative data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The analysis framework follows a structure of empirical field findings, verbatim quotations from informants, and theoretical interpretation based on social capital theory. The findings reveal that social capital plays a significant role in strengthening the autonomy of Nglanggeran Tourism Village. Trust is built through transparency in tourism management and village financial administration, which encourages consistent community participation

Ecotourism development in Barru Regency currently faces complex challenges stemming from the disparity between abundant natural resource potential and the readiness of regional government institutions. This study aims to identify and analyze the roles of government and non-government actors, while simultaneously dissecting the relationship between local political dynamics and the effectiveness of ecotourism policy in Barru Regency. The research method applied is a qualitative approach with an exploratory case study design, in which primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants from the legislative and executive branches and local communities, using an interactive data analysis model. The results indicate that local political dynamics are the primary determinant of policy effectiveness, as budget politics prioritize large-scale physical infrastructure development over environmental conservation. This condition creates institutional challenges in the form of a regional regulatory vacuum, leading to bureaucratic fragmentation and confusion over authority among technical agencies within the executive branch. Empirical data show a drastic decline in visitation and revenue at government-owned tourism attractions, while the private sector is experiencing massive growth. The weakness of these formal state institutions prompts the emergence of grassroots initiatives from non-government actors at the village level who self-manage governance roles, although these initiatives are threatened by stagnation due to the absence of systemic support. This study concludes that collaborative governance practices in Barru Regency have not yet ideally materialized due to the absence of an inclusive decision-making forum. As a recommendation, the regional government must urgently draft a regional regulation mandating the establishment of a collaborative ecotourism council to synergize the roles of government, village, and private-sector managers into a single sustainable development vision.

Karimunjawa Islands is a national park that has abundant natural resource potential and high biodiversity, especially in coral reef ecosystems. However, the utilization of coral reef ecosystems for marine tourism development has a negative impact on the condition of coral reefs. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical conditions of waters, the growth forms of coral reefs, and the condition of coral reefs in the marine tourism utilization zone of Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa Islands. A survey method was used for this research. Data were collected at four stations using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method and analyzed using CPCe software. The results showed that the physical and chemical conditions of the water, including temperature, brightness, and pH, were still suitable to support the survival and growth of corals. There were 13 types of coral growth forms found, including Acropora Branching (ACB), Acropora Digitate (ACD), Acropora Encrusting (ACE), Acropora Submassive (ACS), Acropora Tabulate (ACT), Coral Branching (CB), Coral Encrusting (CE), Coral Foliose (CF), Coral Heliopora (CHL), Coral Massive (CM), Coral Millepora (CME), Coral Mushroom (CMR), and Coral Submassive (CS). The highest percentage of hard coral cover was found at station 2, with a value of 84.17%, and the lowest was found at station 3, with a value of 62.01%. Overall, the condition of coral reefs in the marine tourism utilization zone of Menjangan Kecil Island was in the high category.

Despite the significant potential of diverse natural, agricultural, cultural, and historical resources, Northern Kazakhstan, as well as the whole country, demonstrates the underdevelopment and unpopularity of agritourism and rural tourism. By Kazakh standards, it is characterized by relatively well-developed agriculture. At the same time, it is characterized by a monopolized rural labor market, lack of a service sector, low incomes, and progressive depopulation of the population. During the implementation of the research project, secondary data analysis (content, historical, statistical) were used. According to the study, the key factors determining the paradoxical underdevelopment of rural tourism and agritourism in a key agricultural region include the state policy of supporting agriculture, the conservatism of farmers, and passive rural stakeholder attitudes, which are influenced by the Soviet past. In addition, the lack of attractiveness of rural tourist and recreational resources in the eyes of travelers plays a significant role. To activate the tangible and intangible assets of rural areas in order to develop the tourism and hospitality industry, both administrative and utilitarian measures are proposed that can diversify the rural economy. This paper is not only a case study of tourism barriers in Kazakhstan, but a theory-informed diagnosis of rural modernization failure.

Sustainable mangrove ecotourism development can provide economic benefits from the mangrove ecosystem without damaging it, one of which is mangrove ecotourism in Lantebung. This ecotourism development involves various actors such as local government, community management groups (JEKOMALA) and non-governmental organizations. This cross-actor collaboration reflects the process of collective action interacting with one another according to the interrelationships and roles they play in solving problems. This study aims to analyze the form of collective action in the development of a mangrove ecotourism program in Lantebung, Makassar City. Using a qualitative case study approach, this study adopts the collective action theoretical framework developed by Carlsson (2000), which includes six dimensions, namely: (1) Contextual Factors, (2) Problem Definition, (3) Growth and Spread of Common Beliefs, (4) Trigger Factors, (5) Actor Mobilization, and (6) Coordination and Control. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, document studies and field observations involving local government, non-governmental organizations, and civil society. The research results indicate that contextual factors, such as natural resource potential and community involvement, are the primary foundation for collective action. However, Lantebung ecotourism management still faces challenges such as suboptimal coordination and role allocation between stakeholders, low human resource capacity, and weak community management institutions. Nevertheless, the community's enthusiasm for environmental conservation and collective awareness of the importance of mangrove conservation are key strengths in maintaining ecotourism sustainability. This research confirms that the success of mangrove ecotourism development depends not only on natural potential but also on the effectiveness of collective action among stakeholders in creating synergy and sustainable collaborative governance.

The social entrepreneurship program in Mojorejo Village is expected to have a significant impact on the community's social and economic conditions. By creating new jobs, the program can help reduce unemployment and increase family incomes. The implementation location is Mojorejo Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This location has unique and diverse characteristics, making it an interesting research location for its relationship to community empowerment through entrepreneurship. Mojorejo Village is known for its potential natural resources and ancient local culture, which can be utilized for business development and innovation. The implementation method uses mentoring techniques using a participatory approach, skills training, monitoring and evaluation, group discussions, individual approaches, facilitating financial access, and providing technical assistance. The program's implementation results indicate that social entrepreneurship mentoring can improve the community's knowledge, skills, and awareness in managing businesses based on local potential. The Mojorejo Village community, which previously ran traditional businesses, began to understand the importance of business planning, simple financial management, product innovation, and more adaptive marketing strategies. These changes reflect an increased community capacity to run businesses more independently and sustainably.

The article examines the key trends and structural changes in Ukraine’s foreign economic activity under conditions of prolonged economic instability and wartime challenges. Special attention is paid to the analysis of export and import dynamics of goods during the period 2020–2024, which reflects both the impact of global shocks and the consequences of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The study shows that in 2024 the European Union market finally consolidated its position as the main destination for Ukrainian exports. The share of the EU in the geographical structure of Ukraine’s goods exports increased significantly, from 39.3% in 2021 to 59.5% in 2024, indicating a deepening of trade reorientation toward European markets. Despite the positive dynamics of export redirection, the article emphasizes a number of persistent structural problems. A substantial share of Ukrainian exports continues to consist of raw materials and semi-finished products, i.e. goods with low added value, which limits export revenues, technological development, and long-term competitiveness. The paper identifies the main barriers constraining the expansion of Ukrainian exports, including logistical disruptions caused by damaged infrastructure and blocked transport routes, currency regulation restrictions imposed under martial law, and a shortage of qualified labor resulting from mobilization, migration, and demographic losses. In addition, insufficient effectiveness of state financial instruments to support exporters and the reluctance of foreign partners to cooperate due to heightened military and security risks negatively affect export performance. The article argues that Ukraine’s export policy should serve as an organic continuation of business initiatives rather than function in isolation. Although Ukrainian producers are not yet members of the European Union, many of them already operate in accordance with European technical, environmental, and quality standards. This creates a unique competitive advantage, enabling domestic firms to integrate more rapidly into EU and global value chains. By effectively leveraging human capital, natural resource potential, and a favorable geographical location, Ukraine can strengthen state export policy, stimulate structural transformation of exports, and scale up the production of higher value-added goods and services that are in growing demand on international markets.

This study aims to assess Multi Forestry Business (MUK) planning in the agroforestry system at PT Inhutani UMHA Pimping located in Bulungan, North Kalimantan. MUK is a forest management strategy that combines various business sectors, including agriculture and ecotourism, to maximize the potential of natural resources and improve the welfare of the surrounding community. Thus, PT Inhutani plans to implement an agroforestry system based on intercropping between vanilla and coffee plants. These two commodities were chosen because of their suitability to the tropical climate and the potential for high selling prices in local and export markets. This research used a descriptive qualitative method based on a case study in the PT Inhutani I UMHA Pimping area and data sources were obtained by observation, interviews and literature studies. This research also identifies strategies that can be applied to overcome weaknesses and take advantage of existing opportunities. The results of the SWOT analysis show that PT Inhutani has great potential to develop agroforestry businesses, but successful implementation depends on the ability of managers to overcome threats such as pest attacks and market price fluctuations. Therefore, it is important to conduct intensive training for farmers and build infrastructure that supports the development of ecotourism. Thus, this research is expected to contribute to the development of sustainable forest management strategies and increase state revenue from the agricultural sector which is currently still relatively low

The concept of integrated farming is a relevant approach to supporting sustainable agriculture in rural areas. Suci Village, Panti District, Jember Regency, has potential natural resources that support the development of an integrated farming system, particularly for sweet potatoes. However, farmers' limited knowledge and skills in applying appropriate cultivation techniques result in suboptimal production results. This community service activity aims to improve partners' knowledge and skills through training and mentoring on sweet potato cultivation to support the implementation of integrated farming. The activity method includes preparation, training, mentoring, and evaluation. The activity was carried out from July to October 2025 through lectures, focus group discussions (FGDs), and direct practice of organic sweet potato cultivation in polybags using organic fertilizer from local livestock waste. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding and skills in environmentally friendly sweet potato cultivation techniques and support the implementation of an integrated farming system in Suci Village.

The Aisyiyah Branch Leadership (ABL) of Kedungwuluh Kidul, Patikraja District, is part of the Aisyiyah organization that focuses on women's empowerment. Kedungwuluh Kidul has abundant potential for natural resources, including organic waste from households and agriculture. This waste can be used to cultivate earthworms, which produce high-value products: vermicompost and the worms themselves. However, members of the ABL Kedungwuluh Kidul do not yet have the knowledge and technical skills related to earthworm cultivation and its business processes, so planned educational efforts are needed to optimize local potential. Therefore, through community service activities, the knowledge, abilities, and skills of the Aisyiyah Branch Leadership cadres of Kedungwuluh Kidul, Patikraja District can be improved. Community service activities are carried out through a theoretical approach (lectures), practice (training), and mentoring (evaluation). The training results showed that there was an increase in partners' understanding and skills on the benefits of vermicompost, earthworm cultivation techniques, and business prospects for earthworms and vermicompost, from the initial 70% of participants did not understand and even 30% did not understand, to 65% of participants who understood, many understood, and 35% understood. Not a single participant did not understand.

The article examines the place of sustainable land use and restoration in the legal framework for environmental and resource security in Ukraine in the context of wartime and post-war challenges. It is argued that land, as a basic element of the country’s natural resource potential, performs economic, social, and environmental functions simultaneously and therefore requires a special legal regime for its use, protection, and restoration. It is argued that land degradation, pollution, and damage, exacerbated by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, pose a significant threat not only to the ecological, but also to the food, economic, and overall national security of Ukraine. These circumstances require the search for effective organizational and legal methods and tools to preserve the national resource base and ensure guarantees for the realization of both land and environmental rights of citizens. The authors analyze doctrinal approaches to understanding ecological and resource security, its relationship with environmental, economic, and food security, and define the substantive characteristics of the categories of sustainable, ecologically balanced land use and land restoration. The content of the principle of priority of environmental safety requirements in land legislation is revealed, in particular through the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Land Protection” and other normative acts that establish the obligations of landowners and land users to preserve soil fertility and prevent negative anthropogenic impact on the state of land resources. Particular attention is paid to legal responses to violations of environmental standards in land use, in particular the termination of land rights. It is concluded that the formation of an effective organizational and legal model for the sustainable use and restoration of land is a necessary prerequisite for ensuring environmental and resource security, fulfilling Ukraine’s European integration commitments, and successfully implementing the post-war restoration of the state.

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) contribute more than 61% to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employ more than 97% of the workforce in Indonesia. The MSME sector has a high adaptability, especially in commodity-based businesses that utilise the potential of local natural resources. The purpose of this study is to determine strategies that encourage the development of the Sale Pisang Mak Mixsyen business in Suka Jaya Village, South Bengkulu, and to formulate appropriate development strategies through SWOT analysis and the determination of strategic priorities using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative-quantitative research type. This research was conducted at the Sale Pisang Mak Miksen MSME. The data collection techniques were interviews and SWOT questionnaires. The data analysis techniques used in this study were SWOT matrix calculations and strategy weighting using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study showed that the factors in the development of the ‘Mak Mixsyen’ banana sale business were that the product had a distinctive taste and was durable (strength) with a score of 1.74, limited capital, few product variants, and unstructured business management (weaknesses) with a score of 1.05, the use of digital technology and government support for MSMEs (opportunities) with a score of 1.92, and unstable raw material prices (threats) with a score of 0.64. Based on the SWOT analysis results, the appropriate strategic alternative for developing the ‘Mak Mixsyen’ banana sale business is in Quadrant I with coordinates 0.68:1.28, namely the S-O strategic alternative, which includes improving quality and adding variants, utilising social media for promotion, and utilising government support for MSMEs. The AHP results prioritise the strategic alternatives for developing the ‘Mak Mixsyen’ banana sale business as improving quality and adding variants, utilising social media for promotion, and utilising government support for MSMEs, as well as improving business management

The ecological situation in the Polissia region of Ukraine is critical due to the Russian invasion and environmental pollution. All natural resources in the region have suffered significant negative impacts. The degree of degradation of the natural resource potential due to the war still needs to be assessed and understood. Therefore, it is essential to develop strategic directions for the region’s recovery, which should be based on its competitive advantages and the principles of sustainable development. In the post-war period, a key strategic direction for state and regional policy must be providing ecological security. This will not only restore the state of the environment but also enhance the efficiency of using the region’s natural resource potential. The study of the ecological security of the Polissia of Ukraine in the post-war period requires special attention. The study should consider the reference of the Concept of sustainable development to the reduction of environmental pollution, the preservation of natural ecosystems, and the creation of an effective environmental monitoring system. The purpose of the study is to assess the ecological security of the Ukrainian Polissia before the war on Ukraine’s territory and forecast the ecological state in the post-war period in accordance with the sustainable development goals of Ukraine until 2030. The ecological security of Polissia of Ukraine is in a state of crisis as a result of the full-scale invasion of Russia into the territory of Ukraine. In the post-war period, the key strategic direction of both state and regional policy should be to ensure environmental safety. To analyze the ecological security situation at the regional level and acknowledge progress in achieving sustainable development, the DPSIR model has been proposed to determine the ecological security of the region. It consists of five groups of indicators that reflect various aspects of ecological security at the regional level: 1) Driving Forces – encompasses natural, social, economic, and institutional factors that affect the environment, resource utilization, and air pollution; 2) Pressure – reflects the human-induced burden on the environment through pollution and resource exploitation; 3) State – characterizes the current condition of ecosystems and changes in the environment; 4) Impact – shows the consequences of human activities on the natural environment and the ecological security of the region; 5) Response – includes specific actions addressing environmental problems. The proposed approach to assessing the state of ecological security does not consider many indicators due to the complexities of calculations or data access limitations; others are still under development. The prospect for further research lies in developing a methodology for constructing and scaling an integrated ecological security index for its application in practical activities.

Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of global mortality, with hypercholesterolemia representing a major modifiable risk factor. Growing interest has emerged in plant-based strategies, particularly fruit utilization, as sustainable approaches for cholesterol regulation. This study aimed to systematically review the pharmacological mechanisms of fruit-derived secondary metabolites involved in cholesterol lowering and to explore their relevance within plant-based natural resource management. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrates that various fruits including Gedong Gincu mango, sweet orange, red dragon fruit, buni fruit, Rosa roxburghii, pineapple, Synsepalum dulcificum, mulberry, and Hiyung cayenne pepper contain bioactive secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, carotenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, dietary fiber, and antioxidant enzymes. These compounds exert cholesterol-lowering effects through multiple pharmacological pathways, including inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, enhancement of bile acid excretion, modulation of lipid metabolism–related gene expression, and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. Several fruit-based interventions showed significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL levels, with some demonstrating efficacy comparable to conventional hypolipidemic agents. These findings highlight the potential of fruit-based natural resources as functional, sustainable, and scientifically supported strategies for cholesterol regulation and cardiovascular disease prevention.