Natural Mucilage Research Articles

Use of Mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica in the Manufacture of Probiotic Cream Cheese

Cream cheese is a type of fresh cheese with a thin consistency with great potential for adding probiotics. However, artificial thickeners have been used in its production, decreasing consumer satisfaction. This study suggests natural mucilage, specifically from the Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica, as a replacement for artificial thickeners due to its thick gelatinous properties. This study evaluated different cream cheese formulations by adding varying concentrations of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Four formulations were created: formulation C (control, without mucilage), F1 (containing 1 mL/kg mucilage), F2 (2 mL/kg), and F3 (3 mL/kg mucilage). The physicochemical characteristics (pH, 4.90–5.57; 0.15–0.20% acidity; 1.78–2.42% protein; 29.98–30.88% fat; 38.27–41.63% moisture; and 1.25–1.63% ash) and microbiological analysis met the quality standards required by Brazilian legislation, and the cream cheese showed probiotic potential, with L. acidophilus counts above 108 CFU/mL within four weeks of storage. Regarding sensory evaluation, the texture received one of the highest scores (7.89), followed by aroma (7.11). Therefore, the Cactaceae mucilage has proven to be a viable alternative to replace artificial thickeners in cream cheese, making it an excellent option for probiotic supplementation.

Exploring the Potential of Momordica charantia Fruits Mucilage as a Novel Pharmaceutical Excipient

Background: The discovery and developments of new drug formulations are inspired by medicinal plants. Polysaccharides, such as mucilage or gum from medicinal plants, have a variety of physicochemical properties and are commonly used in pharmaceutical applications. Objectives: The current study's objectives are to construct and assess Metformin HCl tablets employing Momordica charantia (MC) natural mucilage as a binder and release modifier. Methods: The mucilage was isolated from the fruits of MC. The tablet was made using a wet granulation process, and the formulation included several mucilage ratios (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%). Results: It was found that the granules and tablets had good flow qualities based on results of the pre- and post-compression parameters. The release kinetic study showed that F4 showed the first order release kinetics and F8 showed the zero and the higuchi’s release kinetics. In low concentration of mucilage tablets showed good binding properties with immediate release properties. As the concentration was increased, tablets showed good binding properties with sustained release properties. Conclusion: The isolated mucilage from Momordica charantias has the potential to be used as a tablet binder and as an intermediary in the development of a sustained-release drug

Natural okra gum as functional binder enables highly stable Lithium–Selenium batteries

Lithium–selenium (Li–Se) batteries are garnered significant attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity, high volumetric energy density and moderate output voltage. Nevertheless, Li–Se batteries are still restricted by severe volume expansion and “shuttle effect” of polyselenides, resulting in deteriorated electrochemical performance. Binders are a crucial component of Li–Se batteries, playing a key role in addressing the mentioned issues. Herein, a non-toxic, bio-friendly, hydro-soluble binder of okra gum (OG) extracted from okra pods is proposed to ameliorate the electrochemical performance of Li–Se batteries. The as-prepared OG binders are rich in branched-chain polysaccharides (glucoside) and polar functional groups (–C–O–C–, –COOH), which not only have a good interpenetrating binding network to ensure the mechanical stability of Se cathode, but also have excellent interfacial chemical binding force for immobilizing polyselenides. Consequently, the OG binder endows Li–Se batteries with high initial discharge capacity (607 mA h g−1 at 0.2C), good cycling stability (218 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2C), and remarkable rate performance (364 mA h g−1 at 1C), all of which are superior to Li–Se batteries with PVDF binder. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of natural mucilage as functional binder for Li–Se batteries and paves a research path in developing natural plant-based binders to stabilize electrode materials for reliable high-energy batteries.

Natural Mucilage From Phoenix dactylifera L. as an Alternative for Artificial Saliva

The sensation of dry mouth is a clinical illness known as xerostomia. Treatment is necessary for alleviating symptoms in patients who experience either transient or persistent dry mouth. It is essential to develop artificial saliva for this purpose. The fruit of the Phoenix dactylifera is edible and has been used in food. Its mucilage from dried fruits was extracted by soaking in distilled water and precipitated with 90% v/v ethanol. The mucilage of P. dactylifera was used for producing artificial saliva and was combined with other components including proteins and electrolytes. The translucent light brown gel solution was seen in the artificial saliva using P. dactylifera mucilage. The measured relative density ranged from 1.02 to 1.15 g/mL. Artificial saliva had to become more viscous with the addition of P. dactylifera mucilage and its concentration. Their pH values ranged between 6.98 and 7.15. The produced artificial saliva had a wetting time ranging from 7.53 to 9.70 min, which is similar to the typical human saliva. Artificial saliva could form a film in the mouth after certain periods. It was found that artificial saliva exhibited many adsorption bands corresponding to various biomolecules, such as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, and had a unique peak at 275 nm. The results of this investigation suggest that a formulation including mucilage from P. dactylifera may be utilized to treat xerostomia patients by temporarily lubricating and hydrating their mouths when they experience persistent dry mouth.

Investigation of Natural Mucilage for Enhanced Oil Recovery: the Potential of Corchorus Olitorius Hydrocolloid.

The need for an effective offshore enhanced oil recovery (EOR) solution led to the focus on natural hydrocolloids. Polysaccharide hydrocolloid research is constantly expanding in a variety of petroleum applications such as drilling, flow assurance, and EOR. Corchorus olitorius is being examined in the present study as a potential natural polymer for chemical flooding. This study investigated the rheology and fluid flow characteristics in porous media, focusing on the effects of the concentration, temperature, and salinity of the fluid. Furthermore, core flooding was carried out to evaluate the potential recovery was characterized and found to contain a significant amount of polysaccharides and cellulose. The rheological behavior demonstrated an increase in viscosity with concentration. The relationship between viscosity and temperature is inversely proportional. Additionally, the mucilage viscosity significantly increased in the presence of 35,000 ppm NaCl, varying from 39 to 48 cp. The improvement of oil recovery by a unit PV injection is around 10 and 20% at 0 and 35,000 ppm of NaCl, respectively. In sandstone with a moderate porosity and permeability, the overall oil recovery ranges between 59 and 70%. C. olitorius has complex polysaccharide/cellulose derivatives that improved rheology and produced results that are promising for future offshore applications.

Fabrication, Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation Chemically Cross Linked Polymeric Material: A Proof of Concept

Background: Natural mucilage is a highly beneficial biodegradable polymeric material. Natural mucilage is non-toxic, biodegradable and easily available.
 Aim: The current study is required to determine the properties of a basil seed mucilage-based polymeric network and its toxicity.
 Method: By using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator, microwave-assisted synthesis, a green approach was used to produce a graft copolymer of a polymeric blend of Basil seed mucilage (BSM) and acrylamide (AM). Variable amounts of AM and KPS were used to optimize the best grade based on the highest percentage of grafting efficiency, and the results were investigated using intrinsic viscosity measurement, Fourier Transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DSC, H-NMR spectra, and X-ray diffraction. The degree of swelling is determined by the concentration of mucilage, monomer, and the density of crosslinking in the polymeric network. 
 Result: The microwave irradiation process with potassium persulfate as the redox initiator is a visible, green, and cost-effective method. The BSM-4 batch showed 464% grafting and 107.23 % grafting efficiency. FTIR, DSC, H-NMR, and XRD analysis showed results about completing the grafting process and changes in functional groups. The BSM-4 batch proved that the basil seed mucilage polymeric network is safe for oral drug delivery of BCS class II and IV drugs. The findings of the toxicity study indicate that the developed polymeric network is safe and non-toxic, and it may eventually prove to be a superior option for many established and cutting-edge drug delivery methods when administering drugs orally.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the Basil seed mucilage-based polymeric network will encourage long-term delivery of any BCS Class II or IV drug, and acute toxicity testing proved that the mucilage-based network is secure for oral drug delivery.

Design and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets a Novel Natural Superdisintegrant is used in the Development of a BCS Class -II Drug

The main objective of the present investigation was to develop fast dissolving tablets for aceclofenac employing Ocimum gratissimum mucilage, a novel superdisintegrant by using 23factorial design. The mucilage was extracted from the seeds of Ocimum gratissimum and tested for flow properties. The senior development of fast dissolving tablets of Aceclofenac with novel natural mucilage as a superdisinitegrant in different ratios (0-5%) by using the direct compression method and Pre-compression and post-compression characteristics like water absorption (percent) and percent of drug dissolved at 5 min were evaluated for all of the formulated fast dissolving tablets. In all acceptable solvents and buffers, the mucilage powder was found to be a fine, free-flowing amorphous powder with good swelling properties. According to the FTIR and DSC investigations, there were no interactions between aceclofenac and the novel natural mucilage powder. In terms of drug content (98.0±0.14 to 99.9±0.05), hardness (3.8±0.03to 3.9±0.31), and friability (0.11±0.012 to 0.12±0.79), all of the formulation batches are of excellent quality. The batch with the improved formulation had a shorter disintegrant time (27±0.83). The improved formulation F2 has a shorter In–Vitro wetting time (19±0.69). The designed tablets' water absorption ratio was determined to be within the limit at (392.1±0.81). In 10 minutes, the cumulative drug dissolved in the optimised formulation F2 was determined to be (99.93%). As an outcome, it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide an immediate release of the contained drug within 5 minutes.

A Bird Eye View on Natural Gums and Mucilage used in Drug Delivery System

Natural mucilage is utilized in drug delivery systems (DDS) to accomplish a variety of duties, including directly or indirectly regulating the rate and amount of drug release in specific circumstances. Gums are biomolecules composed of carbohydrates that may attract water and form gels. Proteins and minerals are typically found in the creation of the gums. Gums exist in a number of types, including mucilage gums, seed gums, exudate gums, and others. Plant gums are among the most important gums because of their bioavailability. Excipients are being used in unique dosage forms to fill specific tasks as a result of advances in drug delivery technology. In some cases, these additives have a direct or indirect effect on the amount and/or rate of drug release and absorption. Given the present trend toward the use of natural goods derived from plants, the substitution of synthetic additives with natural ones is important. The world is getting increasingly interested in natural drugs and excipients. Natural mucilage has advantages over synthetic mucilage because it is more easily available, less expensive, and chemically inert. They now compete with several polymeric materials for use as diverse drugs and have advanced from being an excipient to cutting-edge drug carriers. Extensive research has gone into the development of safe and effective natural-based mucilage particulate drug delivery systems. Natural gums and mucilage are examined, as well as their isolation, purification, standardization, and characterization properties, as well as their applications. This article provides an overview of natural excipients used in both traditional dosage forms and innovative drug delivery systems.

Design and Evaluation of Natural Mucilage Microspheres of Sesamol for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery

Design and Evaluation of Natural Mucilage Microspheres of Sesamol for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery

Gastroretentive Drug Delivery through Natural Mucilage Based Microspheres: A Concise Review

Gastroretentive Drug Delivery through Natural Mucilage Based Microspheres: A Concise Review

Innovative synthesis of a novel ZnO/ZnBi2O4/graphene ternary heterojunction nanocomposite photocatalyst in the presence of tragacanth mucilage as natural surfactant

Developing interfacial connections is one of the breakthrough strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity of graphene/p-n heterojunction systems. Herein, natural tragacanth mucilage, for the first time, was employed as cost-effective and ecofriendly surfactant to prepare highly efficient ZnO–ZnBi2O4/graphene hybrid photocatalyst. The results indicated that the methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ZnO–ZnBi2O4/graphene-mucilage heterojunction, containing 10 wt% ZnBi2O4 and 1 wt% graphene, was ∼1.2, 1.4, 3.1 and 8.3 times higher than that of ZnO–ZnBi2O4/graphene, ZnO–ZnBi2O4, ZnBi2O4 and ZnO samples, respectively. This significant improvement in the photocatalytic performance could be mainly ascribed to the desirable advantages of using natural mucilage as surfactant, including uniform distribution of ZnO–ZnBi2O4 nanoparticles on the surface of graphene sheets, increasing of the effective surface area, and improving of the charge carriers separation. Based on the trapping experiments, electron spin resonance and photoelectrochemical Mott-Schottky tests, direct Z-Scheme charge transfer mechanism with hydroxyl radicals as main active species was suggested for photocatalytic degradation of MB on the ZnO–ZnBi2O4/graphene-mucilage nanocomposite. This study provides a new insight to fabricate more homogeneous and close contact interfaces in graphene-based hybrid photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation.

Formulation and Development of Metoprolol Succinate Sustained Release Matrix tablet using Remusatia vivipara tubers mucilage

The purpose of this research was to formulate and evaluate sustained release tablet by using novel polymer Remusatia vivipara tubers mucilage. Currently natural gums and mucilages are being used extensively comparable to synthetic drug release modifiers. Natural plant materials possess various advantages. These are very cheap, biocompatible, biodegradable and free from side effects. In present research Metoprolol succinate matrix tablets were prepared by using Remusatia vivipara tubers mucilage. For the formulation of sustained release matrix tablets, direct compression method was used. The formulated matrix tablets were then evaluated for thickness, diameter, hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content, swelling index, in-vitro drug release and stability studies. The formulated sustained release tablet passed all tests required. The dissolution profile of prepared tablets showed sustained release of drug up to 11 hours compared to the reference tablet formulation PROLOMET XI 100. Drug release data were then fitted in to release kinetic models such as zero order kinetic, first order kinetic, Higuchi model and Korsmeyer-Peppas model to study the release pattern of drug from each formulation. The prepared sustained release tablet formulation was compared with marketed formulation (reference formulation) for drug release study and factor f1 (difference factor) and f2 (similarity factor) were determined. From this study it can be concluded that as the concentration of Remusatia vivipara mucilage increases, there is decrease in the rate of drug release from the formulation. The best formulation was found to be F3 which consists of 20% Remusatia vivipara mucilage but did not give comparable drug release profile to the reference formulation with factor f1 69.4 % and f2 34.8%. But it can be said that Remusatia vivipara gum mucilage can be used in tablet formulation to give sustained release effect up to 10 hours or in combination with other natural gum mucilage it may enhance the release retardant effect of drug up to or more than 20 hrs. The release kinetic study showed that the prepared sustained release tablet formulation shows anomalous (non-fickian) diffusion pattern and follows both diffusion controlled and swelling controlled mechanisms for drug release.

Enhancement of Solubility Ibuprofen by Solid Dispersion Technique on Natural Mucilage

In this study generally solid dispersions (SDs) of ibuprofen were prepared by for all intents and purposes melt dispersion technique using natural mucilage of Lemon seed as carrier, which really is quite significant. Physical mixtures (PMs) of ibuprofen literally were also prepared with the same carrier and in the same drug-carrier ratio (1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:1.5) to compare the dissolution profile, which generally is fairly significant. The solid dispersions and kind of physical mixtures for all intents and purposes were investigated for drug loading, saturation solubility and dissolution behavior in a subtle way. Saturation solubility study really actually was basically carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 0.1 N HCL solution and distilled water, which kind of literally is quite significant. Solid dispersions for all intents and purposes particularly were mostly really found definitely fairly effective to literally kind of enhance the solubility of ibuprofen significantly in all the media, which actually is quite significant. Dissolution test specifically was mostly carried out in two different media, phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.1 N HCL. Solid dispersion containing Lemon seed mucilage at the ratio of 1:1.5 (drug: carrier) basically showed faster and sort of definitely higher drug release and basically was specifically really found to for the most part actually be most sort of effective among all the very actually solid dispersions in a generally big way, which kind of is fairly significant. Drug carrier interactions specifically specifically were studied by comparing Fourier definitely mostly Transform generally Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) of particularly solid dispersions with pure drug which essentially revealed that the SDs specifically were kind of really stable in a pretty big way, which is fairly significant. So, fairly very solid dispersion may particularly be an definitely really effective technique to specifically enhance dissolution rate of ibuprofen, which kind of literally is fairly significant in a fairly big way.

Use of natural mucilage extracted from the Stenocereus griseus (Cardón Guajiro) plant as a coagulant in the treatment of domestic wastewater

Coagulants can be extracted from vegetal material and applied in the treatment of wastewater. These coagulants are derived from seeds, leaves, bark, roots and fruits. This study focuses on the use of the mucilaginous extract of Stenocereus griseus (known as Cardón Guajiro) for removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids, turbidity and color in domestic wastewater from a pumping station in the city of Cartagena (Colombia). The optimal dose of S. griseus extract was determined by a pitcher test employing an E&Q F6-300 digital flocculator. All physicochemical tests were carried out following the specifications of the standard methods for wastewater (APHA). When 1400 mgL-1 of natural coagulants were used in the sewage treatment, the turbidity obtained was 29.57 TNU, representing removal of 67.24%, considering the initial turbidity. This parameter decreases until 68.61 PCU, for a 72.12% removal at the same coagulant dosage regarding the color. It must be noted that significant statistical differences were found between all tested doses of the coagulant. The mucilaginous extract of S. griseus exhibited useful properties in the primary treatment of domestic wastewater.

Natural mucilage as suspending agent

Natural mucilage as suspending agent

Development and Characterization of Niosomal Gel System using Lallementia royaleana Benth. mucilage for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Niosomes structural framework comprises of non-ionic surfactant-based microscopic lamellar structures which carries the potential to sustain the effect of drug from its delivery system. In present work, the attempt was made to identify the effect of different ingredients such as effect of Tweens and natural mucilage of Lallemantia royaleana Benth. on the performance of developed niosomal gel formulations in order to prolong the duration of action of drug and to minimize its side effects of topical conventional drug administration. All Ibuprofen loaded niosomes formulationswere prepared by ether injection method; using cetosteryl alcohol with different variants of Tweens and Spans. Various evaluation parameters were performed to confirm niosome formation. Further, the niosomes were incorporated into gel system and evaluated for in-vitro permeability study (ex-vivo) on excised rat skin by membrane diffusion method and in-vivo study by carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. The best selected niosome formulation F9 gave no sedimentation, layer separation and unchanged particle shapes and thus selected for gel preparation using Lallemantia royaleana Benth. mucilage and carbopol in different ratios. Ex-vivo and in-vivo studies indicated high skin retention and penetration rates within the skin for tests niosomal gel formulations (G1 & G2). The present study suggested that developed topical gel formulation provides enhance permeability and longer duration of drug action over conventional gels.

Effects of Natural Mucilage as an Edible Coating on Quality Improvement of Freshly-cut apples

Effects of Natural Mucilage as an Edible Coating on Quality Improvement of Freshly-cut apples

Review on natural gums and mucilage and their application as excipient

Natural mucilage’s are included in novel drug delivered (NDDS) to multitask functions and in any cases directly or indirectly control the increase and rate of drug release. Substantial research efforts have been directed towards develop safe and efficient natural based mucilage particulate drug delivery systems., natural gums and mucilages and their isolation, purification, standardization and characterization characteristics along with their applications are covered. Recent trend towards the use of plant based and natural products demands the replacement of synthetic additives with natural ones. Today, the whole world is increasingly interested in natural drugs and excipients. These natural mucilages have advantages over synthetic ones since they are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive, and widely available.

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET CONTAINING CASSIA TORA MUCILAGE

All the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the formulation and evaluation of matrix tablet of Metformin HCL using natural mucilage of Cassia tora as a release retardant. The matrix tablet was formulated using different drug polymer ratio. The developed formulation of tablet was evaluated for pre-compression and post–compression method. The result of the pre-compression parameter like Bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio were found to be with the limits indicating good flow properties of the granules. Swelling index reveals that with increasing mucilage concentration there is increased swelling showing 61% for F-2 at the end of 5 h whereas for F-3 it was around 89.9 % respectively. In- vitro drug release for F3 formulation was found to be 75% at the end of 10 h. With increases in mucilage concentration the drug release from the matrix tablet got retarded. In- vitro, drug release data obtained were fitted to various release model excess the possible mechanism of the drug release. The results of all these parameters are tabulated and depicted graphically in the result and discussion section. IR spectral studies revealed that the drug, polymer and excipients used were compatible.  Drug release profile of all formulation was plotted in different kinetics. The calculated regression coefficients showed a higher r2 value with higuchi equation (r2= 0.958). Hence the release data of the Tablet obeyed higuchi model and release the drug diffusion. Keywords: Cassia tora, mucilage, granules, drug release, polymerÂ

Thermal and Rheological Properties of the Mucilage from the Fruit of Cordia lutea

In recent years, natural gums and mucilages have been shown to be useful in the food and pharmacological industries. In this study, the mucilage of the fruit of Cordia lueta has been extracted and characterised in order to explore its potential applications. Thermogravimetric tests were used to measure the water content of this natural mucilage. Differential scanning calorimetry allowed assessing thermal transitions and thermal degradation of the samples. Steady flow rheometry was used to measure the viscosity of the samples as a function of the shear rate. Dynamic oscillatory rheometry was used to study the variation of the storage and loss modulus of the mucilage as function of the oscillatory frequency and stress. The results showed that this mucilage is a polysaccharide network that behaves as a pseudoplastic fluid. Its storage modulus is not completely independent from the oscillation frequency. In addition, the stress sweeps showed that C. lutea mucilage has a reversible stress softening behaviour. The findings reported in the present work suggest that this mucilage can be used as a rheology modifier for commercial foods and biomedical materials.