Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Research Articles

Synthesis and electrochemical studies of NaCoPO4 as an efficient cathode material using natural deep eutectic solvents for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries

Synthesis and electrochemical studies of NaCoPO4 as an efficient cathode material using natural deep eutectic solvents for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries

The total tannins of Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense extracted by green and natural deep eutectic solvent: Extraction optimization, component identification and hypoglycemic activity

Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense (G. japonicum) is a cultivated medicinal plant and used as folk medicine, among which tannins are the main active ingredients. In this work, L-proline-lactic acid (Pro:La) as natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) was tailored for the total tannins extraction from G. japonicum with the optimal conditions as follows: water content of 29 %, solid-liquid ratio of 27:1 (mg/mL), extraction time of 48 min, and extraction temperature of 48°C. In high fat diet-induced obese mice, the total tannin extract of G. japonicum can significantly reduce the body weight and serum lipid levels, improve glucose tolerance impairment and insulin resistance, reduce islet hypertrophy and protect the liver. Targeted fractionation of the total tannin extract of G. japonicum led to the isolation of sixteen tannins. Notably, the isolated tannins, except for ellagic acid and 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid, possessed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50: 1.401–4.801 μg/mL) and dose-dependently inhibited glucose consumption of Caco-2 model system in vitro. These results indicate that the NADES (Pro:La) can effectively extract total tannins from G. japonicum and provide a reference for further applications in medicine and healthcare products.

Deep Eutectic Solvents and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction and Purification of Proteins from Animal and Botanical Sources - A Review

Deep Eutectic Solvents and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction and Purification of Proteins from Animal and Botanical Sources - A Review

Advanced Extraction Techniques Combined with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extracting Phenolic Compounds from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peels

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin. This work explores the efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for their extraction. Five NaDESs were evaluated by employing UAE (25 °C, for 50 min) to determine their total phenolic content (Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin contents (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD)). The NaDES composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol (Gly) (1:2, molar ratio) was the most efficient in the UAE when compared with the rest of the NaDESs and water extracts. Therefore, ChCl:Gly was further evaluated using PLE at different temperatures (40, 80, 120 and 160 °C). The PLE-NaDES extract obtained at 80 °C for 20 min at 1500 psi exhibited the highest contents of ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin compared to the rest of the temperatures and PLE-water extracts obtained under the same extraction conditions. Combining UAE or PLE with a NaDES emerges as a sustainable alternative for extracting ellagic acid and α- and β-punicalagin from pomegranate peel.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Cobalt(II) by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Air-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (AA-DLLME)

Cobalt is beneficial for human activity but has adverse effects when discharged in large quantities. Therefore, its precise and accurate quantification in samples is of importance. Here, a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), composed of camphor (H-bond acceptor) and menthol (H-bond donor), has been used for the preconcentration of Co(II) from water samples before determination by a spectrophotometer at 398 nm. The 8-hydroxyquinoline-Co(II) complex was transferred to the NADES using air-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (AA-DLLME). The extraction efficiency was enhanced through fine tuning of various parameters, including pH, NADES volume, and quantity of dispersant. Similarly, the centrifugation rate and time, quantity of the complexing agent, matrix effects, and salt concentration were also evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 37.5 and a preconcentration factor of 37.5 were obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.44 µg/L and 1.47 µg/L, respectively. For seven replicates of 50 µg/L Co(II), the relative standard deviation was 3.2%. The developed method was employed for the determination of Co(II) in water samples, with quantitative recovery values from 94.5 to 98.5%.

Using natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits

Traditionally used extraction methods are usually based on toxic and/or flammable solvents. Therefore, currently, increased attention has been focused on environmentally friendly green extraction techniques. We aimed to develop a green extraction procedure by using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to recover antioxidant compounds from cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.). Natural deep eutectic systems combined with maceration with shaking extraction were tested to recover of antioxidant compounds from cornelian cherry fruits. In this study, four different independent variables, namely solvent type (Glu-CA; Glu-Gly; LA-Glu), water concentration (30, 50, and 70 %; v/v), extraction time (30, 60, 90, and 120 min), and extraction temperature (25, 40, and 50 °C) were investigated. Glucose-glycerin (Glu-Gly; 1:1 M ratio) based solvent provided the best results. In addition, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization showed that a temperature of 25 °C, 120 min of extraction time, and water concentration of 50 % (v/v) to be the best extraction parameters for Glu-Gly based NADES extraction. The developed method has been successfully applied for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from 13 different cornelian cherry cultivars. NADES can be used safely to extract phenolic compounds from cornelian cherry fruits compared to conventional extraction solvents (water and 80 % (v/v) ethanol).

Optimizing carotenoids NaHDES extraction for enhancing spreadable chocolate's nutritional value

The potential to directly fortify food products using extracts obtained through green solvents is both innovative and promising. In pursuit of this goal, this study evaluated the possibility of directly fortifying spreadable chocolate with an optimized carotenoid-rich Natural Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaHDES) extract formulated with monoterpenes. The optimized extract (3.545 ± 0.126, 3.341 ± 0.023, and 0.049 ± 0.001 mg/mL for total carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein, respectively) was obtained using a thymol/DL-menthol molar ratio of 1:4, a solvent:sample ratio of 10 (v/w), and an extraction time of 30 min. Subsequently, commercial no-sugar-added spreadable chocolate was fortified with the selected extract at 14 and 28 % (v/w). The fortified products were analyzed for carotenoid content, antioxidant activity, physicochemical and textural properties. The findings revealed that the lower extract addition minimally impacts the investigated characteristics of spreadable chocolate. Considering the preserving effect of the selected NaHDES on carotenoids and antioxidant activity, this innovative approach holds great promise for enhancing fortified food products' nutritional value and stability.

Extraction of apple pomace polyphenols using natural deep eutectic solvents: A sustainable approach

To effectively utilize apple pomace resources, we extracted apple pomace polyphenols using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) as the medium, with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50 mL/g, for a duration of 120 min. Compared to conventional extraction solvents (ethanol and methanol), four NADES significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from apple pomace. Notably, NADES 1 (betaine: urea = 1:1, 30% water) and NADES 2 (betaine: malic acid = 1:1, 30% water) exhibited superior extraction capabilities, with maximum values reaching 5.245 ± 0.124 mg GAE/g pomace and 5.157 ± 0.164 mg GAE/g pomace, respectively, in Qinguan apple pomace. Both solvents reached their maximum extraction efficiency within 120 min, with NADES 1 achieving a maximum extraction amount of 4.8325 mg GAE/g and NADES 2 achieving 5.3039 mg GAE/g from Fuji apple pomace. NADES 1 and NADES 2 were more efficient in extracting monophenols such as quercetin, rutin, gallic acid, and procyanidin, whereas organic solvents (methanol and ethanol) were more effective for monophenols like methyl gallate and phlorizin. Furthermore, polyphenol extracts obtained using NADES from Fuji apple pomace displayed varying levels of antibacterial effectiveness, with NADES 4 (glucose: lactic acid = 1:5, 60% water) and NADES 2 showing superior efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This comprehensive study not only demonstrated the potential of NADES in extracting polyphenols from apple pomace but also highlighted their applicability as natural preservatives in the food industry.

Green and miniaturized ultrasonic-assisted extraction using natural deep eutectic solvents to extract phenolic compounds from tea samples

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as promising green solvents, particularly useful in sample treatment procedures. For the first time, different types of NADES were prepared and evaluated as potential phenolic extraction solvents from tea samples (Camellia sinensis). The NADES, composed of lactic acid:glycerol:water in a molar ratio of 1:1:3, provided the best results for the simultaneous extraction of the target phenolic compounds. This NADES was also characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the presence of nuclear Overhauser enhancement effects confirmed its supramolecular structure. The experimental conditions affecting the miniaturized ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were optimized to maximize extraction efficiency by performing a design of experiments. The proposed sample treatment was combined with ultra-high performance liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine 21 phenolic compounds including catechin derivatives and other minor compounds. The UAE-UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully characterized and applied to the analysis of various commercial green, black, white and red tea samples. In all cases, 18 phenolic compounds were determined with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 29,125 mg kg−1. The proposed sample treatment is a high-throughput, easy, fast and robust alternative to conventional procedures, which reduces organic solvent consumption and costs, aligned with green sample preparation principles.

Natural deep eutectic solvents for efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from by-product of industrial hemp processing: Pretreatment, modeling and optimization

Hempseed hull, an underutilized by-product of the hemp processing industry, is a valuable bio-based material. This study aims to optimize phenolic compound extraction by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with enhanced antioxidant properties (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS). By utilizing a chemometric approach, the research was conducted in three stages: selecting high-extractability NADES, identifying crucial extraction variables via screening, and optimizing conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). Fractional factorial experimental design was employed to identify the important variables, while a face-centered central composite experimental design (CCD) was utilized in combination with response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal extraction conditions. The optimal conditions were found using NADES based on L-proline and lactic acid (1:2 ratio) at 39°C for the liquid-solid ratio, 70°C for temperature, and 135 minutes for extraction time. By optimizing extraction conditions this study contributes to advancing our understanding of hempseed hulls' biochemical composition and its potential as bio-based material.

Electron beam irradiation coupled ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents extraction: A green and efficient extraction strategy for proanthocyanidin from walnut green husk

Proanthocyanidin (PAC) is recognized as a potent natural antioxidant that prevents various diseases. As societal awareness increases, eco-friendly and efficient natural product extraction technologies are gaining more attention. In this study, an electron beam irradiation (EBI) coupled with ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) extraction method was developed to enable the green and highly efficient extraction of PAC from walnut green husk (WGH). NADES, prepared with choline chloride and ethylene glycol, demonstrated excellent extraction capacity and storage stability for PAC. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the high compatibility between NADES and PAC, attributed mainly to a higher SASA value (207.85 nm2), a greater number of hydrogen bonds (330.99), an extended hydrogen bonding lifetime (4.54 ps), and lower inter-molecular interaction energy. Based on these findings, the optimal conditions (13 kGy EBI, 42 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 38 °C extraction temperature, 70 min extraction time) resulted in a maximum PAC extraction yield of 56.34 mg/g. Notably, this yield was 32.93 % higher than that observed in samples not treated with EBI and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Analysis of tissue morphology, extract functional groups and thermal behavior suggested a possible mechanism for the synergistically enhanced PAC extraction by the EBI-NADES-UAE method. Additionally, the PAC extracted using the NADES by the EBI coupled with ultrasound-assisted method exhibited outstanding antioxidant activity (comparable to Vc), digestive enzyme inhibition (IC50: 17–0.61 mg/mL), and anti-glycation capacity (IC50: 86.49 μg/mL). Overall, this work provided a green and efficient strategy for PAC extraction from WGH, elucidated the extraction mechanism and bioactivities, and offered valuable insights for potential industrial applications.

Amino acid based natural deep eutectic solvents: An efficient catalyst and solvent for N-acetyl-d-glucosamine conversion into organonitrogen chemicals

Organonitrogen chemicals are widely used and in great demand in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Hence, it is important to develop green and efficient synthesis paths to organonitrogen chemicals for their use as new resources. Herein, we propose the preparation of organonitrogen chemicals from chitin biomass monomer N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) promoted by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). The selective generation of 3-acetamido-5-(1′,2′-dihydroxyethyl) furan (Chromogen III) and 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran (3A5AF) from GlcNAc was achieved by the design of NADESs components. GlcNAc reacts in binary NADES proline-glycerol (Pro-Gly) to generate 26 % of Chromogen III and 39 % of 3A5AF in ternary NADES proline-glycerol-lactic acid (Pro-Gly-LA). In addition, the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in NADESs were confirmed through 1H diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR technology. And the results of 13C NMR chemical shift titration indicated interaction between NADESs and the C3 and C6 position of GlcNAc. Based on the NMR experiments a mechanism is proposed.

Bioactivity and application potential of O/W emulsions derived from carboxylic acid-based NADES-extracted total saponins from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

This study focuses on evaluating new methods for the green extraction of saponin compounds from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH). This study utilized a combination of carboxylic acid-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and various extraction techniques including conventional heat reflux-, ultrasound-, and microwave-assisted extraction. The primary objectives were to assess total saponin yield, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibition efficiency. Additionally, the solvents and extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of NADES extracts were also characterized and analyzed for stability. Results indicated that three NADES systems were effective in extracting saponins, with choline chloride and lactic acid (ChCl-LA) system being the most efficient. The ChCl:LA extract exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant activities superior to conventional organic solvent extracts. Additionally, it demonstrated maximum inhibitory activity (IC50 values: 0.98 ± 0.03 and 1.46 ± 0.07 mg/mL, respectively) against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The NADES extract as an aqueous phase significantly improved the stationarity of the O/W emulsion. Collectively, the study highlights the antimicrobial and technological advantages of NADES as a potential solvent for extracting saponin compounds from PCH.

Physical properties and oxidative stability of mayonnaises fortified with natural deep eutectic solvent, either alone or enriched with pigmented rice bran

This article explores the novel use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) in real food by incorporating them into mayonnaise, either alone or with pigmented rice bran (RB). Results showed that NaDES-fortified mayonnaises could prevent lipid oxidation. Notably, mayonnaises with NaDES2 (betaine:sucrose:water) significantly reduced the production of lipid hydroperoxides, which was maintained to an average of 2.6 mmol LOOH/kg oil, which is 2.9 times lower than the control (7.5 mmol LOOH/kg oil), or 7.4 times lower than mayonnaise with citric acid (19.1 mmol LOOH/kg oil). NaDES2-fortified mayonnaises maintained high tocopherols levels (0.97 g/Kg oil) and reduced volatile compounds from secondary lipid oxidation. This effect may result from NaDES altering the aqueous phase properties of mayonnaise, notably by reducing water activity by ∼0.1. Finally, pre-enrichment of the NaDES phase with bioactive molecules (e.g. from pigmented RB) represents an innovative perspective to promote the health benefits of formulated foods.

Sustainable liquid-liquid microextraction and determination of inorganic arsenic species in nut-based beverages using hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents

Arsenic (As) is a carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic element, making its determination in food and beverages essential for assessing its impact on human health. Since the total As content alone does not provide adequate information on toxicity and bioavailability, it is crucial to develop methods for the speciation of As(III) and As(V). The aim of this work was to develop an efficient and selective method for the determination of inorganic As (iAs) species in complex samples such as nut-based beverages. This method involves the application of a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (HNADES) in the vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME) technique based on the solidification of floating droplets. The As(III) species was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and extracted using 50μL of HNADES capric acid:lauric acid (CAP:LAU) (2:1). Then, As(III) species was determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). Optimization of the sample volume, HNADES volume, vortex stirring time, and cooling time was performed using a multivariate study. The method contributes to the development of a more environmentally friendly analytical approach and offers several advantages, including 100% As(III) extraction efficiency, low limits of detection (0.11μgL⁻¹ for As(III) and 0.30μgL⁻¹ for As(V)), and excellent selectivity.

Microwave assisted treatment of carpentry waste wood flour with natural deep eutectic solvents for nanocellulose production and removal of organic pollutants.

Row carpentry waste wood flour, constituted of poplar (∼60%) and fir (∼30%) biomass, was subjected for the first time to microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) treatment, with the purposes of solubilizing lignin and hemicellulose, leaving cellulose as solid residue, thus performing a biorefinery. Several acidic (choline chloride/oxalic acid; choline chloride/citric acid; betaine hydrochloride/oxalic acid) and alkaline (urea/choline chloride; glycerol/K2CO3) DESs were employed under the same reaction conditions. Since the highest extraction yield was obtained by using choline chloride/oxalic acid DES, the use of the latter was investigated by varying some parameters (temperature, manner of microwave irradiation, addition of water) aiming at increasing the solubilization yield, which in fact in some cases reached satisfying values (60%) under mild conditions. The solid residues (SRs) recovered after all treatments with all tested DESs were characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Tranform Infrared Spectroscopy, Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy, and titration of surface acid groups. All SRs were also ultrasonicated to produce cellulose nanoparticles which were in turn characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. In addition, the solid residues recovered from acidic DESs were able to decontaminate water from organic pollutants, such as p-nitrophenol, by an adsorption process. Thus, the proposed DES treatment efficiently converted carpentry waste wood flour into a valuable biomaterial useful for environmental decontamination.

Incorporation of Polygonatum cyrtonema extracts of NADES into chitosan/soybean isolate protein films: Impact on sweet cherry storage quality

This study developed a biodegradable food film, incorporating bioactive components of Polygonatum cyrtonema extracted using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) into a matrix of chitosan and soy protein isolate. The films containing varying concentrations (0 %–5 %) of P. cyrtonema extract (PCE) were characterized. The addition of PCE improved the mechanical (+25.9 MPa for tensile strength), optical (+11.29 mm−1 for opacity), and thermal stability (−14.39 % for weight loss) of the films. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates increased by approximately 1.1 times and 0.5 times, respectively, and malondialdehyde formation reduced by 8 %. The films also effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. The films showed complete biodegradability after 7 days. Using the NADES-PCE coated film reduced the weight loss of sweet cherries by 41.04 % while significantly decreasing the loss of hardness, total phenols, vitamin C, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity, thereby considerably extending the storage life of the sweet cherries. Overall, this study developed a new environmentally friendly packaging material and improved the functionality of the packaging film by leveraging natural plant extracts, demonstrating tremendous potential in the field of food preservation and packaging.

Natural deep eutectic solvents: A paradigm of stability and permeability in the design of new ingredients

Ascorbic Acid (AA) is a crucial component in the food industry, serving as both a quality and safety criterion. It is used to fortify foods due to its significant role in human health, acting as an antioxidant. Its benefits extend to both product quality and consumer health in the food and cosmetic industry. Due to their physicochemical properties, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have the potential to be used for the extraction and stabilization of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study is to characterize various NADES, simulate the solubility of AA, evaluate the antioxidant and protective capacity of NADES, and investigate the permeability of this vitamin through the skin and gastrointestinal membrane. Antioxidant capacity was measured using three methods: TEAC, DPPH, and ORAC. The solubility of AA in NADES systems was simulated using the COSMOTherm software. The degradation of AA was monitored by HPLC/UV–Vis for 30 days at two different storage temperatures. Additionally, the membrane solubility was measured using the PAMPA method in both skin and gastrointestinal. The results indicate that organic acid-based NADES are more polar than sugar and polyalcohol-based NADES. The solubility prediction shows that reduced ln(γ) in Choline chloride-based NADES results in low AA solubility, which positively correlates with higher pH values. AA degradation increased at lower pH, and its half-life time was longer at 4 °C, being the best choline chloride (ChChl):xylose. Moreover, betaine:malic acid, ChChl:tartaric acid, and ChChl:lactic acid gave worse stabilizing results than control. According to the PAMPA study, AA in lactic acid:glucose had the highest Pe (permeability coefficient) for both gastrointestinal (Log Pe: −4.99) and skin (Log Pe: −4.78). Malic acid:glucose, on the other hand, had the lowest LogPe value (−6.9). In this study, some NADES can play a protective role in the preservation of ascorbic acid. This statement could be extended to other bioactive compounds found in NADES extracts that may be impacted by oxidative processes. Moreover, not all NADES stabilized equally AA. These findings could be applied to the formulation of ascorbic acid-containing drugs, cosmetics, and food products.

Tailored NADES solvents for the extraction optimization of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Thalictrum foliolosum DC.- A potential phyto-nutraceutical source

From a perspective focused on phyto-nutraceuticals, alkaloids are considered to be the most significant metabolites, as they exhibit a broad range of pharmacological applications. Therefore, it is essential, to conduct a thorough investigation of the extraction techniques employed and to optimize the overall process. Considering this, we delved into tailor-made natural deep eutectic solvents coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction and macroporous resins aided recovery of therapeutics alkaloids from Thalictrum foliolosum DC. The extraction parameters including duty cycle (X1), extraction time (X2), water content (X3), and liquid-to-solid ratio (X4) were optimized through response surface methodology. Under the optimal extraction conditions [duty cycle- 61 %, ultrasonication extraction time- 10.35 min, water content- 30.51 %, and liquid-to-solid ratio- 30 mL/g], the yield of berberine (11.91 ± 0.12 mg/g DW), berbamine (11.85 ± 0.16 mg/g DW), magnoflorine (6.06 ± 0.05 mg/g DW), and palmatine (2.53 ± 0.015 mg/g DW) were found to be near the model prediction. Further, adsorption/desorption characteristics were investigated, and the results highlight AB-8 resin as most effective for the recovery of berberine and palmatine, while, XAD-7HP resin is best suited for berbamine and magnoflorine. FT-IR analysis shows similar spectra among the purified extracts with significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant and anti-glycemic activities. In conclusion, the developed method complies with the criteria of green extraction which can be harnessed as a natural antioxidant in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Natural deep eutectic solvents as green and homogeneous catalysts for the glycerolysis of stearic acid: Catalytic activity and kinetic studies

Emulsifier as the mixture of monoglycerides (MG) and diglycerides (DG) is widely used in the food industry such as bakery products, margarines, dairy products, and confectionary. This emulsifier can be produced by glycerolysis of fatty acids using acid catalyst. In this work, natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was chosen as a catalyst in the glycerolysis of stearic acid due to greener and sustainable catalyst with advantages such as low vapor pressure, non-toxic, biodegradable, and easy to reuse. The catalytic activity of the NADES, kinetic constants and activation energies for the reaction were investigated. The reaction was carried out at agitation speed (300 rpm), catalyst concentration (5 wt%), reaction temperatures (120 °C, 150 °C and 180 °C) and reactant mole ratios (1:2, 1:4 and 1:6). Choline chloride-sorbitol NADES has highest catalytic activity on the glycerolysis of stearic acid. The kinetic calculation results using choline chloride-sorbitol NADES as a catalyst validated that the reaction was pseudo second order with an activation energy of 64.04 kJ∙mol−1, and a collision factor of 196,696 L∙mol−1∙min−1. This kinetics data will be useful for reactor design in industrial applications.