Natural Colonization Research Articles

Hemostatic and hematological profiles of horses with natural occurrence large colon impaction and medically treated

Hemostatic alterations are common abnormalities in horses with acute abdomen in critical condition. However, there are few studies regarding hemostatic alterations in horses with acute abdomen and medically treated. This study aimed to evaluate the hemostatic and hematological profiles of horses with large colon impaction of natural occurrence and medically treated. For this, ten horses with large colon impaction formed the sick group (SG), and these animals were evaluated at the presentation (T0) and every 24 h for 3 days (T24, T48, and T72). The control group (CG) was composed of ten healthy horses evaluated at the same moments of SG horses (T0–T72). Erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet parameters, total plasma protein (TPP), fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were analyzed. Significant changes have been found in hemoglobin, RDW, leukocytes total, segmented neutrophils, monocytes, fibrinogen, PT, and APTT parameters. We can conclude that erythrogram and TPP concentration allowed to infer that animals did not have anemia or dehydration; white blood cell alterations were consistent to stress due to the obstruction, pain, and inflammatory process at the site of obstruction. Platelet count showed no abnormalities and fibrinogen level was higher at the initial moments. PT and APTT were altered until 48 h of admission.

Evidence of a remnant self-sustaining strain of lake trout in the Lake Michigan basin

Abstract Managers have long embraced the need to maintain diversity as a requisite condition for population and community sustainability. In the case of Great Lakes lake trout, diversity has been severely compromised. The identification of new gamete sources may be beneficial to lake trout reintroduction efforts, particularly in situations where native stocks have been completely extirpated such as in Lake Michigan. Lake trout from Elk Lake, Michigan, are genetically distinct from domestic hatchery strains and historical forms of lake trout from Lake Michigan. Importantly, Elk Lake fish were genetically distinct from Marquette strain lake trout which were previously stocked into Elk Lake. Elk Lake fish were most similar to Lake Michigan basin-derived Lewis Lake (LLW) and Green Lake (GLW) hatchery strains and to historical Lake Michigan populations from the Charlevoix, Michigan area. While all individuals exhibited characteristics of lean form lake trout, the body shape of lake trout from Elk Lake, stocked lean fish from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior wild lean strains from near Isle Royale differed. Elk Lake fish were more fusiform, elongate, and streamlined with a narrower caudal peduncle compared to hatchery lean strains and wild lean forms from the Isle Royale region of Lake Superior. The lake trout population in Elk Lake is a remnant of a now extirpated native Lake Michigan population that was established either by natural colonization or stocking from historical Lake Michigan populations. Elk Lake lake trout is as genetically diverse as other strains used in Great Lakes reintroduction efforts and likely represent a viable gamete source representing genetic diversity lost from Lake Michigan.

Matrix context and patch quality jointly determine diversity in a landscape‐scale experiment

The biodiversity of a habitat patch is predicted to be driven in part by interactions between patch quality and landscape context (i.e. type of regional matrix), but these interactions are rarely explored experimentally. Understanding the interaction between patch quality and matrix context can provide insight into the kind of dynamics that best describe a metacommunity and help predict how the diversity of a patch will respond to environmental change at different scales. We conducted a landscape-scale experiment to examine how regional and local aspects of the terrestrial matrix interact to affect biodiversity within artificial ponds designed to mimic generic features of freshwater ephemeral ponds. We manipulated both the kind of matrix surrounding ponds (open canopy grassland, pine forest, and hardwood forest) and pond quality (three different types of leaf litter substrate). Ponds were left open to natural colonization for three months by aquatic insects and amphibians. The terrestrial matrix had consistent and strong effects on biodiversity throughout the experiment: ponds in open canopy areas had more animal morphotypes than ponds in pine or hardwood forests. Leaf litter type affected biodiversity during the experiment, with more animal morphotypes in ponds with higher quality litter than ponds with lower quality litter, and this effect was stronger in open canopy areas. The effect of leaf litter, however, disappeared by the end of the experiment. Our results suggest that the matrix surrounding patches has strong effects on community dynamics and biodiversity within patches, and conservation efforts aimed at maintaining biodiversity requires simultaneous consideration of both matrix habitats and habitat patches.

Early colonization of root associated fungal communities on reclamation substrates at a diamond mine in the Canadian Sub-Arctic

Mining sites are harsh environments and establishment of root associated symbiotic fungi may be crucial for plant establishment and long term community development. Diamond mining in the Northwest Territories produces large amounts of processed kimberlite, and in some cases lake bed sediment and reclamation is needed for re-establishment of ecosystem function. This study investigated early fungal colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes on common reclamation substrates of different ages, relative to native tundra. Natural colonization of vegetation free sites with mycorrhizal spores on a trajectory associated with substrate age and type was very low. Fungal spore quantity and diversity was significantly accelerated by establishment of vegetation. Dark septate endophytes dominated native site Cyperaceae whereas reclamation site grasses were dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizae. Topsoil amendment was most effective for fungal colonization on reclamation substrates suggesting that a single application of topsoil can have a long term effect on the soil fungal community.

Assessment of natural mycorrhizal colonization and soil fertility status of lemongrass [(Cymbopogon flexuosus, Nees ex Steud) W. Watson] crop in subtropical India

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the changes on mycorrhizal root colonization (through natural infection into the lemongrass roots), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, available soil nutrients and soil enzymes of lemongrass in plant crop (1st year) and their subsequent crops [2nd year (1st ratoon) and 3rd year (2nd ratoon)]. The results showed that chemical and biological properties of the soil was significantly influenced by plant crop (1st year) and subsequent ratoon crops (2nd and 3rd year). Natural mycorrhizal root colonization was significantly observed in lemongrass crop. Maximum mycorrhizal root colonization (74%) was found in the 3rd year lemongrass crop. Soil pH significantly decreased in the 2nd and 3rd year crops as compared to the fallow soil. The maximum SOC (58%), total nitrogen (65%), available P (204%) and available K (52.9%) was build up in the 3rd year crop soil as compared to the fallow soil. Among all the crop years (1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year) NH4+–N had higher concentration compared to NO3−–N in lemongrass grown soil as well as fallow soil. The soil enzymes activity in lemongrass field was significantly higher as compared to fallow soil.

Analysis of the Start-Up of Natural Bio-Film Colonization of Constructed Rapid Infiltration System

Abstract this paper studied the start-up of natural bio-film colonization under the conditions where wet-to-dry ratio was 1:6, hydraulic load was 0.8m3/m2·d, and water temperature was 10°C-15°C, it took 25d in total to become mature, after the success of bio-film colonization, the removal rate of COD and NH4+-N can be stabilized at 80%, and the removal rate of NH4+-N can reach 90% above. The microorganism was divided into the following stages during bio-film colonization: 1.Reversible adhesion of cell on the surface of the carrier, 2.Irreversible adhesion of cell on the surface of the carrier, 3.Division of cell adhering to the surface of the carrier and formation of microcolony adhering to the surface of the carrier, 4.Growth of microcolony adhering to the surface of the carrier to be mature bio-film with three-dimensional structure. The process of natural bio-film colonization can be judged comprehensively according to removal rate of NH4+-N and COD, effluent pH as well as color of microbial film.

Natural plant colonization improves the physical condition of bauxite residue over time.

Freshly stacked bauxite residue in Central China has little vegetative growth probably as a result of its poor physical condition and chemical properties which deter plant establishment. Over the last 20years, spontaneous plant colonization on the deposits has revealed that natural weathering processes may improve bauxite residue to the extent that it can support vegetation. Bauxite residue samples were collected from a chronosequence and analyzed to determine the effect of natural processes over time. The freshly stacked residue showed considerable physical degradation, having a high bulk density, low porosity, and poor aggregate stability. Through natural processes over a 20-year period, the texture changed from a silty loam to a sandy loam, porosity was enhanced (43.88 to 58.24%), while improvements in both aggregate stability (43.32 to 93.20%) and structural stability (1.33 to 5.46%) of the stacked residue were observed. Plant growth had a positive effect on pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, soil organic carbon, water-stable aggregation, and structural stability, probably due to the presence of plant roots and associated microbial activity. It was concluded that natural processes of regeneration, stabilization, and attenuation have improved the hostile physical environment of bauxite residue allowing plant establishment to take place.

Bioactive extracts from berry byproducts on the pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic properties of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) in the presence of lethal and sublethal concentrations (SLC2LOG) of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) pomace extracts. Antimicrobial susceptibility, physicochemical properties, motility, biofilm formation ability, virulence gene expression patterns, and the ability of ST to colonize in chick cecum were evaluated in the presence of these bioactive extracts. HPLC-MS analysis indicated that the phenolics in the berry pomace extracts consisted, but not limited to, flavan, flavanone, flavones, glucuronides, glucosides, quinolones, catechol, coumarin, phenols, luteolines, tannins, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and xanthoxic acid. The SLC2LOG of both berry pomace extracts increased the rates of injured ST by ~50%; significantly decreased the hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, cellular motility, and invasion into cultured INT407, HD11, and DF1 cells. The relative expression of type III secretion system regulated genes, hilA, hilC, invA, invF, sirA, and sirB was significantly downregulated in ST. In addition, natural colonization ability of Salmonella in chick cecum was reduced by more than two logs in the presence of 0.5 and 1.0gGallicAcidEquivalent/L berry pomace extracts when provided as water supplement. Findings from this study reveal the high potential of phenolic extracts from berry pomaces as a green antimicrobial against enteric pathogen Salmonella and application in the reduction of pre-harvest colonization level of Salmonella in poultry gut.

Climate-mediated adaptation after mainland colonization of an ancestrally subtropical island lizard, Anolis carolinensis.

Climate-mediated evolution plays an integral role in species migration and range expansion. Gaining a clearer understanding of how climate affects demographic history and adaptation provides fundamental insight into the generation of intra- and interspecific diversity. In this study, we used the natural colonization of the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) from the island of Cuba to mainland North America to investigate the role of evolution at the niche, phenotypic and genetic levels after long-term establishment in a novel environment. The North American green anole occupies a broader range of thermal habitats than its Cuban sister species. We documented niche expansion in the mainland green anole, mediated primarily through adaptation to winter temperatures. Common garden experiments strongly suggest a genetic component to differences in thermal performance found between populations in different temperature regimes. Analysis of geographic variation in population structure based on 53486 single nucleotide variants from RAD loci revealed increased genetic isolation between populations in different vs. similar thermal environments. Selection scans for environment-allele correlations reveal 19 genomic loci of known function that may have played a role in the physiological adaptation of A.carolinensis to temperate environments on the mainland.

Sustainable cements in construction: magnesium phosphate cements to stimulate colonization by photosynthetic organisms of building materials

One topic related to the increment in the sustainability is the incorporation of photosynthetic organisms on the structures envelope. In this sense, the development of cementitious materials with enhanced bioreceptivity to stimulate natural colonization may provide a new solution. Accordingly, modifications on the bioreceptivity imply both chemical and physical properties, where the chemical properties may be easily adjusted by the use of magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) with lower pH than the Ordinary Portland Cement. This work aims to characterize specimens made of magnesium phosphate cement with different levels of bioreceptivity, which were obtained by means of different dosages in terms of aggregate size, water to cement ratios and amount of cement paste. Moreover, it also aims to evaluate the suitability of the materials to be colonized by living organisms under both laboratory and environmental conditions.

Clinical relevance of infections with zoonotic and human oral species of Campylobacter.

Genus Campylobacter has been recognized as a causative bacterial agent of animal and human diseases. Human Campylobacter infections have caused more concern. Campylobacters can be classified into two groups in terms of their original host: zoonotic and human oral species. The major zoonotic species are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, which mostly reside in the intestines of avian species and are transmitted to humans via consumption of contaminated poultry products, thus causing human gastroenteritis and other diseases as sequelae. The other campylobacters, human oral species, include C. concisus, C. showae, C. gracilis, C. ureolyticus, C. curvus, and C. rectus. These species are isolated from the oral cavity, natural colonization site, but have potential clinical relevance in the periodontal region to varying extent. Two species, C. jejuni and C. coli, are believed to be mainly associated with intestinal diseases, but recent studies suggested that oral Campylobacter species also play a significant role in intestinal diseases. This review offers an outline of the two Campylobacter groups (zoonotic and human oral), their virulence traits, and the associated illnesses including gastroenteritis.

Twenty years of woodland establishment through natural succession on a sandy landfill site in Berlin, Germany

This case study investigates natural colonization and woodland establishment over twenty years after beginning on bare ground on a sandy landfill site at Berlin–Malchow. The landfill, 6ha in extent, was capped with an N-poor, but Ca-rich, mineral soil from a construction site nearby. This deposited soil originated from deep horizons and therefore contained no seed bank. The focus of the paper concentrates on woody species, due to their dominant role during succession. A total of 35 tree species colonized the landfill within twenty years which represent more than 60% of the native and introduced naturalized tree flora of the region. The first colonizers and the dominant tree species were willows and poplars, especially Salix x rubens Schrank. Most tree species arrived within the first 6 years and built a tree layer >5m in height within the first decade. After 20 years of succession, mean species density from three 10m×20m sample plots was 58±10.6 species/200m2. Nearly half of the species were woody species (20±3.6 tree species and 6±1.0 shrub species). Mean total cover of the tree layer was 78.3±2.9%, and mean height was 13.3±1.5m. Mean basal area of trees >7cm DBH (in total 2500±391stems/ha) was 28.25±3.9m2/ha. The herb layer was dominated by perennial grasses, especially Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth. The processes of colonization and succession on the landfill site show that effects of contingency, such as surrounding vegetation, year effects and priority effects act as drivers of vegetation dynamics. The N-poor substrate and the lack of a soil seed bank were no obstacles to the establishment of a woody vegetation cover in a relatively short time.

Subaerial biofilms on granitic historic buildings: microbial diversity and development of phototrophic multi-species cultures

Microbial communities of natural subaerial biofilms developed on granitic historic buildings of a World Heritage Site (Santiago de Compostela, NW Spain) were characterized and cultured in liquid BG11 medium. Environmental barcoding through next-generation sequencing (Pacific Biosciences) revealed that the biofilms were mainly composed of species of Chlorophyta (green algae) and Ascomycota (fungi) commonly associated with rock substrata. Richness and diversity were higher for the fungal than for the algal assemblages and fungi showed higher heterogeneity among samples. Cultures derived from natural biofilms showed the establishment of stable microbial communities mainly composed of Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. Although most taxa found in these cultures were not common in the original biofilms, they are likely common pioneer colonizers of building stone surfaces, including granite. Stable phototrophic multi-species cultures of known microbial diversity were thus obtained and their reliability to emulate natural colonization on granite should be confirmed in further experiments.

Citizen science and invasive alien species: Predicting the detection of the oak processionary moth Thaumetopoea processionea by moth recorders

Invasive alien species, including pests and diseases of plants and animals, are a major cause of biodiversity change and may impact upon human well-being and the economy. If new, potentially invasive, taxa arrive then it is most cost-effective to respond as early in their establishment as possible. Information to support this can be gained from volunteers, i.e. via citizen science. However, it is vital to develop ways of quantifying volunteer recorder effort to assess its contribution to the detection of rare events, such as the arrival of invasive alien species. We considered the potential to detect adult oak processionary moths (Thaumetopoea processionea) by amateur naturalists recording moths at light traps. We calculated detection rates from the Netherlands, where T. processionea is widely established and poses a risk to tree health and human health, and applied these to the spatial pattern of moth recording effort in the UK. The probability of recording T. processionea in the Netherlands varied across provinces from 0.05–2.4% per species of macro-moth recorded on a list of species (so equalling 1–52% for a list of 30 species). Applying these rates to the pattern of moth recording in the UK: T. processionea could be detected (detection >0%), if it were present, in 69% and 4.7% of 10km and 1km squares, respectively. However, in most squares detection probability is low (<1% of 1km squares have annual detection probability of >10%). Our study provides a means to objectively assess the use of citizen science as a monitoring tool in the detection of rare events, e.g. the arrival of invasive alien species, occurrence of rare species and natural colonisation.

Optimising the bioreceptivity of porous glass tiles based on colonization by the alga Chlorella vulgaris

Green façades on buildings can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. An option to obtain green facades is through the natural colonisation of construction materials. This can be achieved by engineering bioreceptive materials. Bioreceptivity is the susceptibility of a material to be colonised by living organisms. The aim of this research was to develop tiles made by sintering granular waste glass that were optimised for bioreceptivity of organisms capable of photosynthesis. Tiles were produced by pressing recycled soda-lime glass with a controlled particle size distribution and sintering compacted samples at temperatures between 680 and 740°C. The primary bioreceptivity of the tiles was evaluated by quantifying colonisation by the algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), which was selected as a model photosynthetic micro-organism. Concentrations of C. vulgaris were measured using chlorophyll-a extraction. Relationships between bioreceptivity and the properties of the porous glass tile, including porosity, sorptivity, translucency and pH are reported. Capillary porosity and water sorptivity were the key factors influencing the bioreceptivity of porous glass. Maximum C. vulgaris growth and colonisation was obtained for tiles sintered at 700°C, with chlorophyll-a concentrations reaching up to 11.1±0.4μg/cm2 of tile. Bioreceptivity was positively correlated with sorptivity and porosity and negatively correlated with light transmittance. The research demonstrates that the microstructure of porous glass, determined by the processing conditions, significantly influences bioreceptivity. Porous glass tiles with high bioreceptivity that are colonised by photosynthetic algae have the potential to form carbon-negative façades for buildings and green infrastructure.

Evaluation of the effects of three European forest types on slope stability by field and probabilistic analyses and their implications for forest management

It is well known that forests play a crucial role in preventing soil erosion and landslides; however, forests are also subjected to dynamic evolution driven by natural processes and anthropogenic factors. This dynamic evolution affects spruce and chestnut forests in some European regions (e.g., Italian Alps, central and northern Europe), where these species have been forced by management practice to establish over long periods where other species, such as European beech, would be expected to occur as a result of natural processes.Using a large dataset of field and laboratory measurements of root density and root mechanical properties, the performances of Norway spruce, Sweet chestnut and European beech are analyzed from a slope stability perspective by using a model based on the limit equilibrium principle within a probabilistic framework.The results showed differences and similarities between the root systems of the analyzed species, both in terms of root distribution and mechanical properties. However, the probabilistic distribution that better fits the root reinforcement values obtained by the experimental work is, in all cases, a lognormal function.The developed method can be used to estimate the factor of safety for several combinations of geotechnical and hydrological parameters and different root reinforcement probability distributions using Monte Carlo techniques. The obtained values have been evaluated in terms of probability to have a factor of safety of less than 1 for increasing values of slope steepness.Although each single hillslope should be studied individually to account for local stand conditions that strongly affect root system performance, European beech is generally more efficient than Sweet chestnut and Norway spruce in terms of enhancing slope stability.Based on our results, in all cases where the stability of slopes represents a concern and spruce and chestnut communities are perishing, the natural colonization by European beech should be evaluated positively and possibly promoted by forest managers. Moreover, the developed method provides a general framework that could be applied to other species and conditions to define the consequences of different forest management scenarios in terms of slope stability.

Aging of bauxite residue in association of regeneration: a comparison of methods to determine aggregate stability & erosion resistance

Aggregate stability is a significant factor governing soil erosion resistance. Bauxite residue has poor aggregate stability and is therefore a major consideration in terms of its regeneration. Residue samples collected from different stacking ages were assessed in order to quantify aggregate formation and stability and determine their resistance to erosion following the modified Yoder’s method and the modified Le Bissonnais’ method. It was demonstrated that natural plant colonization increased mean weight diameter (MWD) and improved water stable aggregate proportions in bauxite residues. With increasing stacking age, the erodibility factor (K) decreased indicating improved resistance to erosion following natural weathering processes. For unrestored residues, the fast wetting test (FW) was the most efficient for disrupting soil aggregates which indicated that slaking was the major disaggregation mechanism of residue aggregates. For residues which could support plant growth, the erodibility factor (K) had little obvious change under three disruptive tests including the fast wetting test (FW), the slow wetting test (SW) and the wetting stirring test (WS). It was demonstrated that slaking, differential clay swelling or mechanical breakdown had little effect on the residues which had a stable aggregate structure. The MWD of the modified Yoder’s method was positively correlated to the MWD of the modified Le Bissonnais’ method for FW, SW and WS (r=0.984, 0.733 and 0.901 respectively, P<0.01) which indicated that Yoder’s and Le Bissonnais’ methods could effectively determine aggregate stability. Compared to the modified Yoder’s method, the modified Le Bissonnais’ method was more appropriate to determine the susceptibility to disaggregation mechanisms.

Variations in grain lipophilic phytochemicals, proteins and resistance to Fusarium spp. growth during grain storage as affected by biological plant protection with Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary)

Modern agriculture relies on an integrated approach, where chemical treatment is reduced to a minimum and replaced by biological control that involves the use of active microorganisms. The effect of the antagonistic yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans on proteins and bioactive compounds (alkylresorcinols, sterols, tocols and carotenoids) in winter wheat grain and on the colonization of wheat kernels by fungal microbiota, mainly Fusarium spp. pathogens, was investigated. Biological treatment contributed to a slight increase contents of tocols, alkylresorcinols and sterols in grain. At the same time, the variation of wheat grain proteins was low and not significant. Application of A. pullulans enhanced the natural yeast colonization after six months of grain storage and inhibited growth of F. culmorum pathogens penetrating wheat kernel. This study demonstrated that an integrated approach of wheat grain protection with the use of the yeast-like fungus A. pullulans reduced kernel colonization by Fusarium spp. pathogens and increased the content of nutritionally beneficial phytochemicals in wheat grain without a loss of gluten proteins responsible for baking value.

Soil protection in solar photovoltaic farms by revegetation with mycorrhizal native species

The installation of a photovoltaic solar farm involves modification of the original soil properties, which can be compensated for by revegetation of a proportion of the surface of the installation with native plants. Mycorrhizal plants can be used in the revegetation process because these plants are known to increase the structural stability of degraded soils and improve natural vegetation cover, thus increasing both survival and growth of the species, especially in semi-arid areas. The aim of the present study was to analyse mycorrhizal colonisation of native species to ensure success of revegetation in solar photovoltaic farms in Mediterranean areas. The present study was performed in the field because most studies on mycorrhizal species have been conducted in a controlled nursery environment. Four species were planted (Cistus monspeliensis L., Lavandula stoechas L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L.) with inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Once the percentage of mycorrhizal colonisation of inoculated plants was known, the survival percentage and apical growth were determined over 2 years. The mycorrhizal colonisation of inoculated plants was satisfactory at the end of the study period, although there was a natural colonisation of mycorrhizae in plants that initially had not been inoculated. Lavandula stoechas L. had the highest survival percentage (95.8% in mycorrhizal plants and 100% in non-mycorrhizal plants) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. had the highest apical growth (19 cm in mycorrhizal plants and 15.2 cm in non-mycorrhizal plants). The species factor had a significant effect on survival percentage and apical growth of the species studied.

Potential Biocontrol Effect of the Phylloplane Bacterium Bacillus mojavensis ABC-7 on the Olive Knot Disease

Olive knot disease, caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, is one of the most important biotic stress for olive cultivation in most olive cultivation areas, particularly in Mediterranean countries. It conducts to intense damage in olive groves, causing heavy production losses. Bacillus mojavensis A-BC-7, a natural colonizer of symptomless olive phylloplane, was determined as potential biocontrol agent against olive knot disease strain ITM317- Rif, a mutant strain resistant to Rifampicin (100 ppm). Bioassays on one-year-olive plants were carried out to survey the antagonism of A-BC-7 controlling knot development and pathogen populations when co-inoculated with the pathogen on stems with different ratios. Results showed that A-BC-7 was able to decrease knot weights and pathogen population size, producing less necrotic tumors. In particular, when we applied the mixture suspensions of ITM317-Rif+A-BC-7 with the ratio 1:9 that resulted of 43.11% of overgrowth inhibition at 30 days after inoculation, which increased to reach about 59% at 60 days after inoculation and then 75% at 90 days after inoculation. That may pose epidemiological consequences.