This paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of BrainQuest, an interactive gamified educational web application for children aged 5–12 years, built using the MERN stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js). BrainQuest addresses the growing need for engaging, curriculum-aligned digital learning tools by applying gamification principles — including XP-based progression, badge rewards, level systems, and daily missions — to four core learning modules: Math Challenges, Jigsaw Puzzles, a Drawing Board, and Science Quizzes. The platform employs a three-tier client-server architecture with JWT-based authentication, RESTful API design, and a document-based MongoDB schema optimized for real-time progress tracking. A Parent Dashboard provides parents with monitoring tools, playtime controls, and weekly progress reports. Performance testing across 107 test cases achieved a 100% pass rate, with page load times under 1.4 seconds and API response times averaging 210ms. Results confirm that the MERN stack is highly effective for building scalable, interactive EdTech applications, and that gamification significantly enhances learner engagement. Future extensions include AI-powered adaptive learning, multiplayer modes, and React Native mobile deployment. Keywords—MERN Stack, Educational Technology, Gamification, React.js, MongoDB, Node.js, Children's Learning, Parent Dashboard, Web Application Development, XP System

Refolding of protein from denatured structure caused by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was examined using agarose native gel electrophoresis and circular dichroism (CD). Refolding of protein from SDS complex was induced with the addition of non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents followed by agarose native gel electrophoresis. The native gel electrophoresis was done without both SDS and non-ionic detergents in the agarose gel and running buffer. The electrophoretic mobility of bovine serum albumin (BSA) drastically increased with the addition of 1% SDS to the samples indicative of SDS-BSA complex formation. The SDS-denatured BSA returned to the native mobility by the addition of non-ionic Tween 20 and Triton X-100 and zwitterionic CHAPS as a function of detergent concentration. Refolding, at least partially, was confirmed by CD, which was done in the presence of both SDS and non-ionic detergents, a condition different from the native gel electrophoresis done in their absence. When BSA was denatured by both 1% SDS and a disulfide-reducing dithiothreitol, even 10% Tween 20 was insufficient to restore the native BSA mobility on agarose native gel electrophoresis. When BSA was denatured by 1% Sarkosyl and sodium lauroyl-glutamate, Tween 20 restored the native structure at Tween 20 concentration lower than the Tween 20 concentration used for SDS denaturation. A similar refolding by non-ionic detergents was also observed for a rabbit monoclonal IgG, but not for lysozyme. The results with lysozyme suggest strong SDS binding and difficulty in dissociating the bound SDS by non-ionic detergents due to high isoelectric point of the protein and thereby more SDS binding.

Python plays a big role in today's software engineering when it comes to creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It offers a diverse set of libraries for this purpose. This review takes a close look at important Python libraries for modern UI development. We aim to compare these libraries based on their design, features, how they render graphics, which platforms they work on, how active their communities are, how well they perform, and what limits they have. This research used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method to gather information from peer-reviewed papers, software repositories, and trusted technical guides. Our main findings show different types of libraries: basic toolkits (Tkinter) advanced desktop frameworks (PyQt/PySide, and wxPython), mobile-focused and custom-rendering options (Kivy, Flet, and Toga), speed-optimized choices (DearPyGui), libraries that use web tech (Eel, Flexx, and PyWebIO), and specialized interfaces for AI/ML apps (Streamlit, and Gradio Chainlit). This study reveals current usage trends, points out ongoing issues like maintaining consistency across platforms and performance bottlenecks, and spots gaps in areas such as mature native mobile toolkits and standard accessibility support. The results give developers a factual basis to choose libraries and show paths for future research and community efforts to set standards.

Healthcare is undergoing a fundamental shift as native mobile technologies merge with artificial intelligence, creating new possibilities for patient care beyond traditional clinical settings. This article investigates how specialized expertise from the automotive and enterprise sectors can be translated to healthcare applications through native Kotlin or Java development. These approaches deliver crucial advantages, including enhanced performance, minimal processing delays, and seamless medical device integration—features that directly impact clinical outcomes in monitoring scenarios. The combination of native architecture with on-device AI transforms applications from basic information tools into intelligent health companions capable of behavior analysis, physiological monitoring, diagnostic support, and treatment management without constant cloud connections. Such an architectural solution will allow complex functionality such as local predictive analytics, situation-sensitive symptom assessments, and a customizable interface to diverse user groups. It looks at the practical issues associated with computation efficiency, data protection, and regulatory requirements, along with opportunities arising in wearable integration, privacy-preserving learning techniques, and immersive guidance systems that can be implemented to augment healthcare access in a variety of populations through voice-based assistants.

ABSTRACT We study the impact of the 2015 mass arrival of refugees in Germany on housing rents. Using data on county‐level refugee populations and offers of flats for rent from Germany's leading online property broker ImmobilienScout24 , we find strong and robust evidence in DiD and IV regressions that refugee immigration adversely affected rental price growth. Additional explorations into native (German) mobility responses, related housing market metrics, and regional effect heterogeneity by prevalence of anti‐refugee crimes, crimes against natives involving refugee suspects, neighborhood (1 km grid) characteristics, and local exposure to different types of refugee housing suggest that perceptions of refugee immigration as a (source of) disamenity are major drivers of our findings.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a child safety system integrating real-time attendance and location tracking.It features a React Native mobile app and a MERN-based web portal.The system allows users to register children, verify identities via live face recognition, and log attendance actions ("Picked up," "Dropped," "Absent").Real-time location tracking enhances safety, displaying user movement on a Vite-powered web portal.Upon successful identity verification, SMS notifications inform parents of their child's status.The system ensures robust security by leveraging real-time data and advanced authentication mechanisms.This paper explores the technological challenges, scalability concerns, and implementation strategies used to develop a secure and user-friendly solution for child protection.The proposed approach offers a seamless, data-driven method to enhance parental awareness and improve school transportation safety.

International and internal migrations are increasingly analysed together. We expand existing knowledge by comparing the mobility of natives, immigrants and native-born children of immigrants living in Norwegian municipalities of varying centrality. We propose a theoretical framework from which we derive predictions about international and internal moving behaviour of urban versus rural immigrants, natives, and native-born children of immigrants (‘second generation’). Further, we test these predictions using a trinomial logit model with random effects and a high-quality register panel dataset covering the full population in Norway for the period 2014–2020. In line with our predictions, we find that emigration propensities do not differ significantly between rural and urban immigrants, nor between rural and urban ‘second generation’. Natives, on the other hand, have considerably higher emigration propensities if they live in central municipalities. For internal migration, the patterns are different: immigrants and second-generation individuals who live in rural areas have clearly higher probabilities of moving to another municipality than their peers in more urban areas. Among natives, no such clear patterns are found. All three groups are generally less likely to move abroad than to another Norwegian municipality, but exceptions exist, for instance, for single immigrants in the Oslo area without a job.

BACKGROUND:Considering the importance of the spiritual health promotion of Mothers of Children with Acute Leukemia (MoCwAL), designing a native mobile health (mHealth) application that is compatible with the beliefs, values, and cultural context of Iranian society is essential. This study aims to develop a Spiritual Health Promotion Program (SHPP) for MoCwAL based on a mHealth application, including design, implementation, and evaluation.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This is a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study (qual → QUAN). This study will be conducted in four phases. The first phase includes the development of the content of the SHPP using Ewles and Simnett’s (2010) designing pattern. After finalizing the SHPP, at the beginning of the second phase (mHealth application development), a panel of experts will be present. Based on the outputs obtained from this panel, the research team will proceed to design the application. The output of the second phase will be an initial version of the mHealth application. In the third phase, the usability and quality of mHealth application questionnaires will be evaluated. Results will be refined by the expert panel, and the final version of the application will be available. In the fourth phase, the SHPP for MoCwAL based on mHealth will be implemented as a quasi-experimental intervention, and mothers’ spiritual health be evaluated.CONCLUSION:This program can be useful in providing care, education, policy-making, and future research. Providing the SHPP in the form of an application will enable program users to benefit from the many advantages of information technology and will contribute to the expansion of the role of mHealth in the healthcare system and the strengthening of policies related to digital health in the field of chronic diseases.

English

This article analyzes and contrasts the use cases, Cultivation Methods, Tools, and User Experiences of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and Mobile Native Applications. It notes that since 2015, the use of PWAs has surged as a result of faster download times, offline usability, lower development costs, and enhanced engagement. Key PWAs For the Building of PWAs includes Service Workers, Web App Manifests and Responsive Web Design; the article showcases practical code examples for registering service workers, and handling notifications, as well as caching resources for a seamless user experience. Popular frameworks for PWA development includes Angular, React and Vue.js. For the user interface, Framework7, React Native, Ionic and Onsen UI provide a native user interface and feature design and offer enhanced usability. To empower PWAs, best practices include notifications and caching for heightened user reliability. Exercises in the article include tables showing the advantages and disadvantages of methods, tools sticks, and practices which outline the best routes for the developers. In essence, the article states that PWAs provide high-performance levels, are scalable, secure, and user-engaging, thus going through the same competition as native applications besides maintaining development and maintenance costs to their lowest. As the browser capabilities advance, it will become an ever-important chair for modern web development.

This study investigates the rise of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and their impact on the landscape of web applications. PWAs, built on standard web technologies, bridge the gap between traditional websites and native mobile apps by offering features like offline functionality, push notifications, and app-like user experiences. This research delves into the core functionalities of PWAs, exploring how they address the limitations of web apps and provide an enhanced user experience.The study aims to Analyze the key characteristics and capabilities of PWAs, Evaluate the impact of PWAs on user engagement and accessibility, Explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with PWA development and adoption for businesses and discuss the future potential of PWAs in shaping the evolution of web applications. By examining PWAs through these lenses, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of their potential to revolutionize user experiences and redefine the way we interact with web applications. Progressive online Apps (PWAs), which bridge the gap between conventional webpages and native mobile applications, represent a paradigm shift in online technology. This study intends to explore the complex world of PWAs, examining their features, benefits, history, and consequences for the digital environment.The paper starts with a thorough investigation of the fundamental ideas that guide PWAs. It outlines the fundamental characteristics that set these apps apart, including their solid security procedures, responsiveness on many devices, dependability under erratic network situations, and interaction through app-like experiences. These qualities serve as PWAs' cornerstones, allowing them to leverage the adaptability of web technologies to deliver immersive user experiences that compete with native applications.In addition, this research carefully analyzes the intrinsic benefits of PWAs. It clarifies their accessibility, removing the obstacles related to app downloads and guaranteeing their general availability via web browsers. One important factor that stands out is cost-effectiveness: PWAs eliminate the need for separate platform development initiatives, which reduces overhead and compatibility difficulties. Additionally, they are more visible in search results and load faster, which adds to their allure and increases user engagement and retention. Additionally, the study looks at how PWAs are changing a variety of businesses and use cases. Case studies from well-known companies like Flipkart, Starbucks, and Twitter Lite demonstrate the effectiveness of PWAs in providing customers with quicker, more interesting, and more accessible experiences. These practical applications highlight the observable advantages of PWAs and demonstrate how they may transform social networking, e-commerce, and service-oriented applications. The study also explores the technical foundations that support PWAs, highlighting the function of caching methods, HTTPS protocols, and service workers in guaranteeing robust security measures, faster loading times, and offline capability. It clarifies the best practices for development and architecture that make it possible to create PWAs, promoting a better comprehension of the technical aspects supporting these apps. This study concludes by promoting PWAs' transformational potential in transforming the digital landscape. It emphasizes their function as a driving force behind providing exceptional user experiences that combine the finest aspects of mobile and online applications. PWAs are positioned to change web development standards as they continue to develop and gain popularity. They provide organizations and users with an attractive alternative that puts accessibility, engagement, and efficiency first.

The mobile revolution has influenced students’ preferences for various educational platforms in the new digital era, especially regarding young learners’ utilization of mobile devices such as smartphones, iPads, and other gadgets for mobile learning (m-learning). Because of this, universities that implement learning management systems (LMS) through standard web-based platforms should explore the potential for integrating mobile devices and technologies into m-learning platforms. Through the utilization of this technology, LMS can facilitate continuous user interaction and enhance user awareness of any revisions made to the material. To reach the majority of LMS users, mobile applications must be developed for all major mobile platforms. By utilizing the Web View API, this research combined native mobile and web technologies to develop the mobile application. This strategy was adopted in anticipation of the requirement to create and maintain the application across multiple mobile platforms. It was anticipated that this approach would reduce the time needed for creation, maintain a consistent interface, and enable the use of platform-specific features. It also makes sense to provide mobile device access to some of the LMS virtual classroom’s functions. The K-means algorithm is used for analyzing course material and learning. Nevertheless, achieving this goal might not be an easy process. To enable this form of connection between the LMS and the m-learning applications, this chapter assesses the challenges involved in achieving that goal and presents various common interchange designs and related research and development efforts.

Out of step: Code clone detection for mobile apps across different language codebases

In the dynamic e-commerce environment, social commerce has emerged as a revolutionary force, transforming how consumers interact and transact online. This paper investigates the differences in customers’ search and purchase patterns between a prominent online retailer’s burgeoning social commerce channel, the WeChat mini-program, and its native mobile app. We analyze the customers’ entire journey through a sequential search model that encapsulates decisions from channel selection to product search, search termination, and the final purchase. This study contributes to the search model literature by being the first to estimate both fixed and marginal search costs in a sequential search model in an omnichannel retail environment. We calculate fixed search costs, marginal search costs, and preferences for each channel, revealing differences in customers’ behaviors across channels. Our analysis shows that customers’ fixed search costs are higher, but marginal costs are lower on WeChat channel compared to the App channel. Also, customer characteristics like historical spending levels and search timing influence their search costs. From these insights, we suggest strategies tailored to each channel capitalizing on the differences in customers’ search costs. The first strategy encourages search initiation by lowering fixed search costs through peer-to-peer link sharing in the WeChat channel. The second strategy aims to minimize marginal search costs using search-triggering coupons in the App channel. Implementing these strategies significantly boosts conversion rates and profits for the online retailer. This research is one of the first to explore the differences between traditional retail channels and emerging social commerce channels.

Sleep problems are common and costly in the US military. Yet, within the military health system, there is a gross shortage of trained specialist providers to address sleep problems. As a result, demand for sleep medicine care far exceeds the available supply. Telehealth including telemedicine, mobile health, and wearables represents promising approaches to increase access to high-quality and cost-effective care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient engagement and provider perceived effectiveness of a novel sleep telehealth platform and remote monitoring assessment in the US military. The platform includes a desktop web portal, native mobile app, and integrated wearable sensors (ie, a commercial off-the-shelf sleep tracker [Fitbit]). The goal of the remote monitoring assessment was to provide evidence-based sleep treatment recommendations to patients and providers. Patients with sleep problems were recruited from the Internal Medicine clinic at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Patients completed intensive remote monitoring assessments over 10 days (including a baseline intake questionnaire, daily sleep diaries, and 2 daily symptom surveys), and wore a Fitbit sleep tracker. Following the remote monitoring period, patients received assessment results and personalized sleep education in the mobile app. In parallel, providers received a provisional patient assessment report in an editable electronic document format. Patient engagement was assessed via behavioral adherence metrics that were determined a priori. Patients also completed a brief survey regarding ease of completion. Provider effectiveness was assessed via an anonymous survey. In total, 35 patients with sleep problems participated in the study. There were no dropouts. Results indicated a high level of engagement with the sleep telehealth platform, with all participants having completed the baseline remote assessment, reviewed their personalized sleep assessment report, and completed the satisfaction survey. Patients completed 95.1% of sleep diaries and 95.3% of symptom surveys over 10 days. Patients reported high levels of satisfaction with most aspects of the remote monitoring assessment. In total, 24 primary care providers also participated and completed the anonymous survey. The results indicate high levels of perceived effectiveness and identified important potential benefits from adopting a sleep telehealth approach throughout the US military health care system. Military patients with sleep problems and military primary care providers demonstrated high levels of engagement and satisfaction with a novel sleep telehealth platform and remote monitoring assessment. Sleep telehealth approaches represent a potential pathway to increase access to evidence-based sleep medicine care in the US military. Further evaluation is warranted.

PurposeThis teaching case aims to analyze the business model of Amaro, a company that directly sells lifestyle goods to end consumers (B2C), focused on the women's market. Amaro's original business model is introduced and a challenging dilemma is proposed: could Amaro innovate its business model, moving from a digitally native vertical brand (DNVB)-type company to a platform, specifically a vertical marketplace focused on the female audience? Would Amaro be prepared for this evolution or would it be more appropriate to focus on or strengthen the DNVB model?Design/methodology/approachThis teaching case was developed based on in-depth interviews with Amaro's leadership. The teaching notes were proposed based on business model innovation, competitive positioning and market trends concepts. The teaching case considers a new type of business model called DNVB. Students can review the concepts, create analyses and recommend which strategic options can leverage the company for a new growing cycle.FindingsUsing the case study in the classroom should promote the discussion and reflections on business model innovation and the future of retail in omnichannel contexts - Amaro offers products online (on an e-commerce platform and native mobile applications) and physically in locations called guide shops. The authors suggested the adoption of frameworks and tools (e.g. the competitive positioning map to allow students to visualize ways to compare strategies and make decisions).Research limitations/implicationsThe case introduces a fictional dilemma related to the decision to maximize offline or online investments or completely change the company's business model by adding a new vertical marketplace approach.Practical implicationsThis teaching case contributes to the student's learning about business model innovation and evolution. Case discussions could explore contemporary concepts such as value proposition, disintermediation and omnichannel commerce.Originality/valueOffering goods directly to the consumers by using modern technological architecture through vertical integration within the supply chain makes the DNVB business model an original topic in the start-up segment.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant decline in international immigration to the USA between 2020 and 2021. This paper documents the timing, characteristics, and heterogeneity of the change in immigration across states and economic sectors. Additionally, we describe the trends in internal native mobility in the USA prior to and after the pandemic, investigating whether natives responded to the decrease in immigration by relocating either geographically or across sectors. Despite the substantial drop in international migration, we do not observe any significant changes in native internal mobility. Employing a panel regression and a shift-share IV, we study the effect of foreign immigration, the emergence of remote-work, and changes in labor demand on cross-state native mobility. Our results indicate that the decline in immigration following COVID-19 and the differential availability of remote-work opportunities across sectors and states did not drive changes in natives’ cross- state or cross-sector mobility.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder. People living with MS (plwMS) require long-term, multidisciplinary care in both clinical and community settings. MS-specific mHealth interventions have advanced in the form of clinical treatments, rehabilitation, disease monitoring and self-management of disease. However, mHealth interventions for plwMS appear to have limited proof of clinical efficacy. As native mobile apps target specific mobile operating systems, they tend to have better interactive designs leveraging platform-specific guidelines. Thus, to improve such efficacy, it is pivotal to explore the design characteristics of native mobile apps used for plwMS. This study aimed to explore the design characteristics of native mobile apps used for adults living with MS in academic settings. A scoping review of studies was conducted. A literature search was performed through PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library. Per native mobile apps, characteristics, persuasive technology elements and evaluations were summarized. A total of 14 native mobile apps were identified and 43% of the identified apps were used for data collection (n=6). Approximately 70% of the included apps involved users (plwMS) whilst developing (n=10). A total of three apps utilized embedded sensors. Videos or photos were used for physical activity interventions (n=2) and gamification principles were applied for cognitive and/or motor rehabilitation interventions (n=3). Behavior change theories were integrated into the design of the apps for fatigue management and physical activity. Regarding persuasive technology, the design principles of primary support were applied across all identified apps. The elements of dialogue support and social support were the least applied. The methods for evaluating the identified apps were varied. The findings suggest that the identified apps were in the early stages of development and had a user-centered design. By applying the persuasive systems design model, interaction design qualities and features of the identified mobile apps in academic settings were systematically evaluated at a deeper level. Identifying the digital functionality and interface design of mobile apps for plwMS will help researchers to better understand interactive design and how to incorporate these concepts in mHealth interventions for improvement of clinical efficacy.

Decomposing the impact of immigration on house prices

Fifth-generation mobile communication networks (5G)/Beyond 5G (B5G) can achieve higher data rates, more significant connectivity, and lower latency to provide various mobile computing service categories, of which enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) are the three extreme cases. A symmetrically balanced mechanism must be considered in advance to fit the different requirements of such a wide variety of service categories and ensure that the limited resource capacity has been properly allocated. Therefore, a new network service architecture with higher flexibility, dispatchability, and symmetrical adaptivity is demanded. The cloud native architecture that enables service providers to build and run scalable applications/services is highly favored in such a setting, while a symmetrical resource allocation is still preserved. The microservice function in the cloud native architecture can further accelerate the development of various services in a 5G/B5G mobile wireless network. In addition, each microservice part can handle a dedicated service, making overall network management easier. There have been many research and development efforts in the recent literature on topics pertinent to cloud native, such as containerized provisioning, network slicing, and automation. However, there are still some problems and challenges ahead to be addressed. Among them, optimizing resource management for the best performance is fundamentally crucial given the challenge that the resource distribution in the cloud native architecture may need more symmetry. Thus, this paper will survey cloud native mobile computing, focusing on resource management issues of network slicing and containerization.