Native French Research Articles

Typology of speech errors by native speakers (on the example of the French language)

Importance. The characteristics of the concepts “linguistic errors” and “linguistic norm” (subjective and objective) in the process of teaching native and foreign languages are given, which determines the significance of work in the modern multicultural space. The definitions of “speech culture” and “usus” are considered, and a typology of speech errors is described, which is divided according to aspects of the language: phonetics, grammar and vocabulary (stylistics).Research Methods. Examples of speech errors by French speakers are presented and analyzed based on the analysis of statistical data conducted by the French publications Le Figaro, Le Conseil Rédaction, Toploc, which clearly demonstrate how the language norm manifests itself and works.Results and Discussion. The conditions for describing the comparative and comparative analysis of contacting languages are substantiated as an important condition for identifying language difficulties and errors in language structures for the further application of this knowledge in the methodology of teaching both the native language and French and other foreign languages.Conclusion. The knowledge gained will allow students to improve their sociolinguistic competencies in the future, and the results of the study can be used in revising existing programs for the French language and organizing training in a more detailed consideration of the methodological support for teaching French: creating teaching aids, developing video materials and control.

Whole-mitogenome analysis unveils previously undescribed genetic diversity in cane toads across their invasion trajectory.

Invasive species offer insights into rapid adaptation to novel environments. The iconic cane toad (Rhinella marina) is an excellent model for studying rapid adaptation during invasion. Previous research using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3) gene in Hawai'ian and Australian invasive populations found a single haplotype, indicating an extreme genetic bottleneck following introduction. Nuclear genetic diversity also exhibited reductions across the genome in these two populations. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial genomics of cane toads across this invasion trajectory. We created the first reference mitochondrial genome for this species using long-read sequence data. We combined whole-genome resequencing data of 15 toads with published transcriptomic data of 125 individuals to construct nearly complete mitochondrial genomes from the native (French Guiana) and introduced (Hawai'i and Australia) ranges for population genomic analyses. In agreement with previous investigations of these populations, we identified genetic bottlenecks in both Hawai'ian and Australian introduced populations, alongside evidence of population expansion in the invasive ranges. Although mitochondrial genetic diversity in introduced populations was reduced, our results revealed that it had been underestimated: we identified 45 mitochondrial haplotypes in Hawai'ian and Australian samples, none of which were found in the native range. Additionally, we identified two distinct groups of haplotypes from the native range, separated by a minimum of 110 base pairs (0.6%). These findings enhance our understanding of how invasion has shaped the genetic landscape of this species.

Study on Word Formation and Coding of French and Romanian Table Separated Event Verbs

This article invites 10 native French and 10 Romanian speakers to describe 24 videos, and then compares the verbs representing separation events to conduct empirical research on separation events in French and Romanian. In the verb expression of separation events, both French and Romanian verbs use corresponding verb prefixes, indicating tension from "receiving" to "opening". However, when encoding the same separation event, the encoding focus of the two languages is different. Romanian focuses on the movement of a certain component after separation, while French focuses on the action itself. However, overall, both languages can be classified as dual frame languages with both satellite frame language and verb frame language features.

Language Practices of the Brothers Simolin, Russian Foreign-Born Diplomats, in the Second Half of the 18th Century

This article considers the usage of native and foreign languages in the multinational community of Russian diplomats in the second half of the eighteenth century, especially by the immigrants from the Ostsee (Baltic) provinces of the Russian Empire annexed as a result of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721. Incorporating the approaches of new diplomatic history that applies the methods of sociolinguistics and studies, among others, the national, social and cultural identities of international actors, the author examines language practices and language competences of Swedes Karl Gustav (Karl Matveevich) and Johann Matthias (Ivan Matveevich) Simolin in the context of their career strategies. The study refers to their correspondence with Russian monarchs and the leadership of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs over the 1740s–1780s kept in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents. The reconstruction of both brothers’ career paths reveals that they used similar language competences they initially had in different ways. Karl Gustav, the elder brother, translator, and polyglot, was responsible for correspondence in German in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs for many years. However, when he received an appointment to Mitau, his only diplomatic post, in 1758, he began to conduct official correspondence in the Russian language. Johann Matthias, the younger brother, spent most of his life abroad and, starting from 1758, held diplomatic posts in Regensburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm, London, and Paris. German that he spoke as a native speaker and French were his main languages of correspondence with the Russian monarchs and the leadership of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. French gradually replaced German in documents of all types as the language of international and court communication. In addition, Simolin understood the Russian language perfectly, which, from the mid‑1770s, spared the Collegium from having to translate rescripts sent to him on behalf of the empress. The analysis of both brothers’ language practices demonstrates that despite the introduction of French into the internal correspondence of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs in the second half of the eighteenth century, the new subjects of the Russian Empire found it necessary to learn Russian to gain promotion and become part of the Russian imperial elite.

Articulatory Insights into the L2 Acquisition of English-/l/ Allophony.

In many English varieties, /l/ is produced differently in onsets and codas. Compared with "light" syllable-initial realizations, "dark" syllable-final variants involve reduced tongue tip-alveolar ridge contact and a raised/retracted tongue dorsum. We investigate whether native French and Spanish speakers whose L1 lacks such positionally conditioned variation can acquire English-/l/ allophony, testing the hypotheses that (1) the allophonic pattern will be acquired by both groups but (2) learners will differ from native speakers in their phonetic implementation, particularly in codas; and (3) French-speaking learners will outperform their Spanish-speaking counterparts. The production of syllable-initial and -final /l/ (singletons and clusters) in words read in isolation and a carrier sentence by 4 French- and 3 Spanish-speaking learners as well as three native English speakers was analyzed via electropalatography and acoustic analysis. While some learners produced distinct onset and coda variants and all learners had moved away to some extent from their L1 production, they differed from the native speakers in certain ways. Moreover, between- and within-group variability was observed including greater target-like anterior and posterior contact reduction in codas in the L1 French versus L1 Spanish group and generally higher F2 values in both learner groups compared with their native speaker peers. A comparison of the learners' L1 and L2 production revealed L1-based patterns of positional reduction of the tongue tip and dorsum gestures. We conclude by addressing the contributions of EPG to our understanding of L2 speech and highlight avenues for future research including the study of both linguistic and speaker variables.

Quelle folle aventure! Adjective positioning in native French and translated American TV shows and movies

AbstractThis paper analyzes adjective positioning in French through the lens of language contact. Though some adjectives are nearly always either before their noun (pre-nominal) or after (post-nominal), others – usually adjectives that depict a positive or negative value – can be found in either position without any detectable semantic change. Our aim is to investigate the possible influence of English on the positioning of these adjectives by using a corpus of native French TV media as well as media translated from English. The categorical pre-nominal pattern of English might be causing a higher rate of pre-nominal adjectives to be used in translated media in comparison to native media. Our findings indicate that the translated corpus shows a preference for pre-nominal adjectives compared to the native French corpus. It was also revealed that some adjectives seem more flexible in translated media. Thus, while French media prefer one position over the other for a specific adjective, the translated media will more easily place the same adjective on either side of the noun. Therefore, we conclude that language contact has a role to play in the positioning of adjectives in TV media in French.

Rural Psychiatrists Know Multidisciplinary Care and Cultural Sensitivity

Rural Psychiatrists Know Multidisciplinary Care and Cultural Sensitivity

Revisiting ‘Two Jewish Historians in Extremis’: Elias Tcherikower and Marc Bloch

ABSTRACT Saul Friedländer’s ‘Two Jewish Historians in Extremis: Ernst Kantorowicz and Marc Bloch in the Face of Nazism and Collaboration,’ served as an inspiration for this essay, which sets the wartime musings of two Jewish historians in France – the Ukrainian-born Elias Tcherikower and the French-born Bloch against one another. Though different in nature, Tcherikower’s personal diary in Yiddish (still in manuscript) and Bloch's Strange Defeat, published posthumously, discussed in the essay, touch on the ways in which the inner being of individuals translates the dramatic moments of the period into their lives and responds to them; the so-called ‘ego-documents’ provide discrete moments of reflection and narration that enable the historian to consider a variety of historical insights that cannot be reduced to simple ‘objective facts’ alone – as emotions, musings, dreams, nightmares, and character, and how one came to make certain decisions are enmeshed in these texts. The ways in which an East-European Jew relates to the German occupation as opposed to those of a native French Jew are at the heart of this essay.

An Experimental Study of Chinese Disyllabic Tone Errors in Native French Speakers and an Investigation of Online Teaching Strategies

In the learning of Chinese as a second language, phonetic learning serves as the basis of the whole learning process, among which the learning of Chinese tones is of paramount importance. In this regard, this paper aims to explore the pronunciation of Chinese tones by native French speakers in the target language environment. First, through the experimental analysis as well as the recording of the tones of native French speakers, this paper selects a total of 237 disyllabic words, with a total of four combinations determined except for the combination of the same disyllabic neutral tone in the target language environment. Meanwhile, this paper utilizes PRAAT software to acquire the average frequency of tone sampling points, whereby the tone-pattern error of each tone combination can be clarified. Secondly, by comparing and analyzing the foregoing results with the tone patterns of Chinese students, this paper further finds out the tone-pattern errors of the same tone combination in disyllabic words, thus summarizing the corresponding error rules. Through the above experimental analysis, this paper concludes that the combination of Tone 3 and Tone 3 presents the highest pronunciation error rate, followed by the combination of Tone 2 and Tone 2. In addition, this paper reveals that the tone error is the main tone error and that there are also duration errors. Lastly, combined with the specific reasons for the errors, this paper proposes targeted online teaching strategies suitable for international Chinese education.

The Effect of Turkish Pronunciation Training on Brain: An fMRI Study

This study aimed to develop the pronunciation skills of students who learned Turkish as a foreign language and determine the extent of the instruction given for that purpose by observing its cognitive effects. It was designed as an in-class action research and carried out with nine students speaking different languages. Of those, five were bilinguals: Four were native speakers of their native tribal language and French, and one was a native speaker of Kazakh and Russian. The remaining four students were native speakers of Arabic. The fMRI findings at the beginning and the end of the study showed that phonological and reading motor processes were better for bilingual learners who were native tribal speakers and learned French and Mongolian as their country's official language, compared with native Arabic monolingual learners. Based on the analysis, it can be stated that an increase in foreign language sound awareness of learners results in the acquisition of more accurate pronunciation skills.

Cryptic lineages and standing genetic variation across independent cane toad introductions.

Widespread introduced species can be leveraged to investigate the genetic, ecological and adaptive processes underlying rapid evolution and range expansion, particularly the contributions of genetic diversity to adaptation. Rhinella marina, the cane toad, has been a focus of invasion biology for decades in Australia. However, their introduction history in North America is less clear. Here, we investigated the roles of introduction history and genetic diversity in establishment success of cane toads across their introduced range. We used reduced representation sequencing (ddRAD) to obtain 34,000 SNPs from 247 toads in native (French Guiana, Guyana, Ecuador, Panama, Texas) and introduced (Bermuda, southern Florida, northern Florida, Hawai'i, Puerto Rico) populations. Unlike all other cane toad introductions, we found that Florida populations were more closely related to native Central American lineages (R.horribilis), than to native Southern American lineages (R.marina). Furthermore, we found high levels of diversity and population structure in the native range, corroborating suggestions that R.marina is a species complex. We also found that introduced populations exhibit only slightly lower genetic diversity than native populations. Together with demographic analyses, this indicates founding populations of toads in Florida were larger than previously reported. Lastly, within R.marina, only one of 245 putatively adaptive SNPs showed fixed differences between native and introduced ranges, suggesting that putative selection in these introduced populations is based upon existing genetic variation. Our findings highlight the importance of genetic sequencing in understanding biological introductions and hint at the role of standing genetic variation in range expansion.

Is That "Mr." or "Ms." Lemon? An Investigation of Grammatical and Semantic Gender on the Perception of Household Odorants.

Linguistic relativism is the idea that the structure of language influences thought. The present study investigates linguistic relativism by asking whether people who speak a gendered language think of objects in a way that is consistent with the grammatical gender (more masculine or feminine) more than people who speak a language without that linguistic feature. Odorants are unique stimuli for examining this question, because they carry a semantic gender without a biological one, yet gender is thought to be a central dimension of their perception. Canadian participants in the present study (native French or native English speakers) described a set of labeled odorants that varied systematically in grammatical and semantic gender to produce an implicit gender measure and also explicitly rated them for gender. Analysis of the implicit femininity contained in participants’ descriptions showed a tendency for both native French and native English speakers to produce descriptions that were consistent with semantic gender; moreover, there were no effects of grammatical gender on implicit or explicit ratings. These results suggest that in a bilingual culture, French speakers may have been influenced by the anthropomorphism associated with odorants rather than grammatical gender.

The Role of the Diad PEACE-WAR Value in the Linguistic Worldview of the French Society Representatives

The article is devoted to the analysis of a number of values of native French speakers living in France. The relevance of this work is explained by the fact that at the present stage the composition of the population of France is changing as a result of the migration process, which entails the transformation of the value system and their hierarchy in society compared to traditional perception. It is interesting to trace the representation of this fact on the proverbial material and on the material obtained as a result of the questionnaire. The purpose of this article is to analyze the representation and role of the peace - war value dyad in the linguistic picture of the world of representatives of modern French society from the point of view of traditions and modernity. As a material for the study of traditional values in the framework of the axiological dyads analysis under study, 49 French-language proverbs about weapons were used, taught by a continuous sample from the heading La guerre et les armes of the dictionary of French proverbs and sayings. The study of images associated with weapons allowed us to characterize the metaphorical basis for describing various life value-generating situations, and the semantic analysis of proverbs made it possible to identify adjacent values: life, health, courage and thereby trace the features of the representation of the peace - war dyad in the French value system from the point of view of accumulated experience. In order to verify the results obtained from the analysis of paremiographic material and extract an idea of the functioning of this value dyad in the language picture of the world of representatives of modern French society, a questionnaire was conducted with the participation of 97 informants - native French and Turkish migrants. The analysis of the entire array of material allowed us to identify the common contiguous value of life. This fact, as well as the second place of the concept of peace, according to the informants, is located after the family on the value-conceptual scale, allows us to consider peace as one of the main vital values of representatives of modern French society.

Interaction between childbearing and partnership trajectories among immigrants and their descendants in France: An application of multichannel sequence analysis

While there is a large literature investigating migrant marriage or fertility, little research has examined how childbearing and partnerships are interrelated. In this paper, we investigate how childbearing and partnership trajectories evolve and interact over the life course for immigrants and their descendants and how the relationship varies by migrant origin. We apply multichannel sequence analysis to rich longitudinal survey data from France and find significant differences in family-related behaviour between immigrants, their descendants, and the native French. Immigrants’ family behaviour is characterized by stronger association between marriage and childbearing than in the native population. However, there are significant differences across migrant groups. Turkish immigrants exhibit the most conservative family pathways. By contrast, the family behaviour of European immigrants is similar to that of the native population. The study also demonstrates that the family behaviour of some descendant groups has gradually become indistinguishable from that of the native French, whereas for other groups significant differences in family behaviour persist. Supplementary material for this article is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2022.2049856

Radical conservatism and circumstantial multiculturalism: Jews, Christians and Muslims in a French Catholic School in Israel

ABSTRACT The French Saint-Joseph school in Jaffa is one of the few educational institutions in Israel that have survived, since 1882, three political regimes without relinquishing pedagogical or managerial autonomy. This article examines the emergence of circumstantial multiculturalism in the midst of radical political changes in a colonial-international school. Since 1948, the school has been founded on three constitutive contradictions: a Catholic school with a majority of Muslim and Jewish students; a French school whose vast majority of pupils are not native French speakers; and a colonial school designed to serve the French metropole and the interests of the Catholic Church, but which has been catering for the changing local elites. We show how the school produces a conservative pedagogical space that preserves religious and cultural recognition through a policy of de-politicization. The combination of pedagogical conservatism and pragmatic institutional pluralism posits a radical educational alternative to Israel’s public-school system and a political alternative to multicultural policy.

Saskatchewan Francophone language and culture in the 21st century

The study of the problems of linguistic territorial variation is associated with an understanding of the historical and geographical causes and conditions of the existence of the same language in various regions of the planet. The French language is not homogeneous not only on the territory of different countries, but also within one country, for example, Canada. Residents of the French-speaking province of Québec speak and write in the French-Québec version, in Ontario - in French-Ontario, in Manitoba - French-Manitoba, etc. The province of Saskatchewan, formed in 1905, has a minor community of Francophones, who for a century resisted the policy of suppression of the French language and language assimilation imposed by the federal government, preserving their native French at the level of home and communal communication, creating Francophone educational and cultural societies. Today, Franco-Saskatchewans (Fransaskois) continue to develop linguistic and cultural traditions, defend their linguistic rights, and position themselves as original representatives of the Francophone world.

Mastering second language humour: the ultimate challenge

This small-scale study on verbal humour takes place within a larger project entitled “From perception to oral production”, which aims to identify the links between comprehension and production processes and the sources of difficulty for French learners of English. The data consist of three comparable corpora of filmed semi-structured interviews with first (L1) and second (L2) language students: French-French L1; English-English L1; and English L1 with L2. The interviews revolve around the same extract of an American romantic comedy, which the students were asked to describe and comment upon. Instances of spontaneous humour were found to occur in all corpora and were analysed using the cross-cultural comparative model previously used for French-English comparative studies of verbal humour (Béal & Mullan 2013; 2017a; Mullan & Béal 2018a).The humour used by the native speakers of French (N=7) and English (N=7) served as the initial basis for comparison with the L2 English speakers (N=34). It was found that the humour and laughter in the L1 interviews were employed by both parties to achieve certain pragmatic functions related to this particular institutional setting: the participants used humour primarily to create a connection with the interviewer (often through implicit references, and especially where both participants were female). The French students speaking English as L2 tended to use self-oriented humour as a face-saving device to deflect from their production or comprehension difficulties.The use of humour by all L1 and L2 participants nevertheless reflected specific cultural tendencies outlined in Béal & Mullan (2013; 2017a) and Mullan & Béal (2018a), such as the prevalence of third-party oriented humour in French interactions and of self-deprecating humour in English. In sum, and perhaps unsurprisingly, we show that the French learners of English have mastered some aspects of humour in their L2, but still exhibit most of the characteristics of verbal humour from their native French.

Multilingual Global E-Learning Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Curriculum for Front Line Health Care Providers in Resource-Limited Countries: Development Study.

BackgroundElectronic learning (e-learning) is a widely accessible, low-cost option for learning remotely in various settings that allows interaction between an instructor and a learner.ObjectiveWe describe the development of a free and globally accessible multilingual e-learning module that provides education material on topics in pediatric endocrinology and diabetes and that is intended for first-line physicians and health workers but also trainees or medical specialists in resource-limited countries.MethodsAs complements to concise chapters, interactive vignettes were constructed, exemplifying clinical issues and pitfalls, with specific attention to the 3 levels of medical health care in resource-limited countries. The module is part of a large e-learning portal, ESPE e-learning, which is based on ILIAS (Integriertes Lern-, Informations- und Arbeitskooperations-System), an open-source web-based learning management system. Following a review by global experts, the content was translated by native French, Spanish, Swahili, and Chinese–speaking colleagues into their respective languages using a commercial web-based translation tool (SDL Trados Studio).ResultsPreliminary data suggest that the module is well received, particularly in targeted parts of the world and that active promotion to inform target users is warranted.ConclusionsThe e-learning module is a free globally accessible multilingual up-to-date tool for use in resource-limited countries that has been utilized thus far with success. Widespread use will require dissemination of the tool on a global scale.

Cultural Competency in Voice Evaluation: Considerations of Normative Standards for Sociolinguistically Diverse Voices

Significant differences exist in anatomical, acoustic, and aerodynamic parameters for nonspeech tasks between culturally and linguistically diverse sample populations. There is a need for expansion of the normative acoustic data to include sociolinguistically diverse groups to ensure that clinical objective measurements are accurately classifying the voice quality of all individuals. This study examined objective measures of voice quality assessment of monolingual speakers of Standard American English (SAE) with sequential bilingual, native (L1) French and Spanish speakers on perturbation, noise, spectral/cepstral analyses, and compared ratings on auditory-perceptual assessment with acoustic data secondary to degree of accentedness. Thirty speakers with normal voice quality were rated on the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice scale. Voice quality measures were analyzed using the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program and Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice. A measure of accentedness of SAE was calculated using an informal task by two evaluators. Objective acoustic measures of jitter and all-voiced cepstral peak prominence were statistically significant between SAE speakers and L1 Spanish and French speakers. SAE speakers demonstrated significantly higher group mean cepstral peak prominence for the all-voiced sentence ("We were away a year ago.") than native French and Spanish speakers. There were no significant differences in perception of voice quality and acoustic measures secondary to degree of accentedness of the non-native SAE speakers. It is important to engage and strengthen voice diagnostic measures to support culturally competent service delivery for the diversifying clinical population. Normative databases established on SAE speakers should reflect the statistically significant differences evidenced between diverse sociolinguistic populations in anatomical, auditory-perceptual, aerodynamic, and acoustical parameters.

Crecimiento, características de carcasa, peso de órganos internos y composición proximal de carne de seis genotipos de pollos criados en la región Andina del norte peruano

This study examined the growth, carcass characteristics, weight of internal organs, meat quality and meat proximate composition in six genotypes of chickens reared in Andean region of northern Peruvian, with intensive system, using 600 chickens one-day-old, divided in to six equally sized groups. The comparison included two Creole chicken breeds from Peru, improved and pure, and four imported chicken strains (Hubbard Red, Hubbard White, Native French, and Babcock). The animals were fed without restriction and slaughtered 13 weeks of age. Chickens of the imported strains, especially Hubbard chickens were heavier at slaughter than creoles breeds. Proportions of cuts: thigh, drumstick and head were similar among genotypes, carcass yield, breast meat and abdominal fat were lowest in the Creole breed and Native French. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) for meat pH, drip loss, and cooking loss in response to genotype. The breast meat of the two Creole breeds had lower contents of fat compared with that of the Hubbard strains.