Nations Human Development Index Research Articles

Fitting data to a multiple structural measurement errors model

This paper proposes two new estimation methods to fit a multiple structural measurement error model when all variables are subject to errors. The new estimation methods were extensions of the Wald estimation method, one is the weighted grouping method, and the other is the iterative method. A Monte Carlo experiment is performed to investigate the performance of the new estimators compared with the classical estimation methods; the Maximum Likelihood Estimator and Method of Moment, in terms of root mean square error and its bias. The simulation outcomes demonstrated that the suggested estimators are more effective than conventional estimators. In addition, real data analysis is discussed to examine the relationship between the national gross domestic product, unemployment rate, and human development index after applying the two proposed estimation methods.

Strengthening Services for Secondary Education (SPM) and Equivalent Education SPM to Accelerate Human Development Index Improvement in Central Kalimantan Province

This research is motivated by the still low Human Development Index (HDI) achievements of Central Kalimantan Province. Over the past five years, comparing it with the National HDI, Central Kalimantan's HDI remains below the National HDI. This indicates challenges that need to be addressed to improve the quality of life in the province to match the national average. The purpose of this research is to examine which policies could be options for the local government in Central Kalimantan to improve HDI achievements in their region. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The data used in this research are secondary data collected through literature studies, visiting official sites such as BPS or the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, and visiting related agencies that are relevant data sources for the research. Based on the results of the study, it was found that one of the policies that can accelerate the improvement of the HDI in Central Kalimantan Province is through strengthening the implementation of Minimum Service Standards (MSS) in education, specifically the MSS for Secondary Education and the MSS for Equivalency Education

A Thermo-Economic Measure of Sustainability

Recently, an improvement of the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), named the Thermodynamic Human Development Index (THDI), has been introduced to link socio-economics to environmental and technical pillars of sustainable development. In this paper, the THDI is linked to the Kaya identity to bring out the quantities useful in energy economics and to obtain a clearer tool for the evaluation of sustainability. Moreover, the THDI has been normalized for use as an index for the analysis of sustainability. The component related to environmental emissions, which is included in the THDI, can be linked to the Kaya identity. This linkage allows us to use the THDI for the analysis of scenarios, which is useful for evaluating the possible impacts of any future actions on the development of countries.

Determinan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Periode 2011-2020

Sulawesi Province has 7 districts/cities with a Human Development Index level that is not much different from the national Human Development Index, several districts/cities in Sulawesi Province have a Human Development Index below the national Human Development Index. The aim of this research is to analyze the Human Development Index and the factors that influence it in the South Sulawesi region for the 2011-2020 period. This research is quantitative research. The variables used in this research are the Human Development Index, Economic Growth, Poverty Level, and Gini Index. The panel data method is used for analysis in the form of cross data from 7 districts/cities in the South Sulawesi region and time series data for 2011-2020. The results of this research show that Economic Growth has a negative and significant effect on the Human Development Index, Poverty Level has a positive and insignificant effect on the Human Development Index, and the Gini Index has a positive and significant effect on the Human Development Index in the South Sulawesi region for the 2011-2020 period.

Pemodelan Regresi Data Panel Pada Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Pulau Sumatera

The island of Sumatra has 10 provinces with a Human Development Index level that is not much different from the national Human Development Index, several provinces on the island of Sumatra have a Human Development Index below the national Human Development Index. The aim of this research is to analyze the Human Development Index and the factors that influence it in Sumatra for the 2018-2022 period. This research is quantitative research. The variables used in this research are the Human Development Index, Gross regional domestic product, Economic Growth, Poverty, and the Gini Index. The panel data method is used for analysis in the form of cross section data from 10 provinces on the island of Sumatra and time series data for 2018-2022. The results of this research show that Gross regional Domestic Product and Economic Growth have a negative and insignificant effect on the Human Development Index, Poverty and the Gini Index have a negative and significant effect on the Human Development Index in Sumatra for the 2018-2022 period.

Social Resources and Life Satisfaction: Country-Specific Effects?

Research has identified several factors that affect life satisfaction. The role of the state in this context, however, has been considered in only a few studies. Analyses of the relationships between national policies and life satisfaction have shown that the welfare state functions as a “resource giver” in creating inequalities in people’s quality of life. For this reason, we studied whether and how the effects of social resources on life satisfaction differ from country to country. Applying a multilevel analysis, we examined the resources embedded in networks and personal resources at one level as well as macro-information regarding the welfare state at another level. To this end, we used data from 27 countries drawn from the 2017 Social Networks Module of the International Social Survey Program and the United Nations Human Development Index. The results show that 7.4% of overall variance is at the country level. This can be partly explained by perceived inequality in a country, which we constructed for each country based on individual respondent data. Furthermore, in random-slopes analyses, we find evidence for country-specific effects of one of our central variables, goal attainment.

Establishing the Domains of a Hospital Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool: A Systematic Review.

Recent disasters emphasize the need for disaster risk mitigation in the health sector. A lack of standardized tools to assess hospital disaster preparedness hinders the improvement of emergency/disaster preparedness in hospitals. There is very limited research on evaluation of hospital disaster preparedness tools. This study aimed to determine the presence and availability of hospital preparedness tools across the world, and to identify the important components of those study instruments. A systematic review was performed using three databases, namely Ovid Medline, Embase, and CINAHL, as well as available grey literature sourced by Google, relevant websites, and also from the reference lists of selected articles. The studies published on hospital disaster preparedness across the world from 2011-2020, written in English language, were selected by two independent reviewers. The global distribution of studies was analyzed according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) six geographical regions, and also according to the four categories of the United Nations Human Development Index (UNHDI). The preparedness themes were identified and categorized according to the 4S conceptual framework: space, stuff, staff, and systems. From a total of 1,568 articles, 53 met inclusion criteria and were selected for data extraction and synthesis. Few published studies had used a study instrument to assess hospital disaster preparedness. The Eastern Mediterranean region recorded the highest number of such publications. The countries with a low UNHDI were found to have a smaller number of publications. Developing countries had more focus on preparedness for natural disasters and less focus on chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) preparedness. Infrastructure, logistics, capacity building, and communication were the priority themes under the space, stuff, staff, and system domains of the 4S framework, respectively. The majority of studies had neglected some crucial aspects of hospital disaster preparedness, such as transport, back-up power, morgue facilities and dead body handling, vaccination, rewards/incentive, and volunteers. Important preparedness themes were identified under each domain of the 4S framework. The neglected aspects should be properly addressed in order to ensure adequate preparedness of hospitals. The results of this review can be used for planning a comprehensive disaster preparedness tool.

Pengaruh Beberapa Faktor Strategis terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Periode 2015-2021

The human development index as an indicator in measuring of the development of a country or a region reflects the improvement in the quality of human resources that must be achieved as a goal of sustainable development proclaimed by the United Nations Development Program. West Nusa Tenggara Province as one of the provinces in Indonesia with a human development index which is in the medium level category in 2021 (68,65), is still below the average national human development index (71,94, 2020 ). This is a research with documentation data collection method, aims to determine the effect of strategic variables that are components in measuring the human development index, namely poverty level, dependency ratio, average length of schooling and life expectancy of the population, during the period 2015 – 2021. The result show that the poverty rate and population dependency ratio have a negative effect on the human development index while the average length of schooling and life expectancy show a positive effect. The provincial government of West Nusa Tenggara, is expected to accelerate development programs, especially those strategic variables used to increase the achievement of the human development index.

Relation of migration trend and gender of RMG labour force in Industrial areas in Bangladesh

Legitimate labour migration has, no doubt, got much attention in various economies and labour force irrespective of gender tempt for diverse employment. Industrial employment and job concentration in industrial cluster always provoke work driven migration. People relocate their whereabouts based on their secure livelihoods. And, economic centralization and targeted migration thus associate each other with no exception in Bangladesh. In the 5-decade long industrial history, many changes, reforms and challenges were noticed throughout our industrial ecosystem and labour dynamics. Labour force is a critical strength for efficient and low-cost productivity. In this regard, our mixed labour force, skilled, semi and unskilled workforce, has shaped our local industry and positioned as the most competitive regionally and contributed to gain productivity momentum and foreign trade growth. RMG industry, the forefront export-oriented sector of economy, has emerged as the largest employer of local migrated workforce of all contemporary industries in Bangladesh encouraging labour migration in urban area. This industry shares relatively large in GDP and export earning. With unprecedented contribution by RMG to economy, this study attempted to know whether any relationship of migration trend and gender status since this industry is a female dominant industry. The assessment of correlation is justifiably demanded due to women employment intensity since inception. But, this quantitative research-cause and effect study resulted that gender and migration condition and flow have no positive relationship and integration upon applying non-parametric test Chi-square test of significance. Around 252 independent samples from RMG factories in Dhaka and nearby districts where industrial hubs are located. It has obtained the null and rejected alternative hypothesis. These findings may help for national perspective planning and development planning. The drawn outcomes may also enable us national resource planning, mapping and human development index. As well, we can measure labour productivity in RMG industry and plan for future facility as well urban living and economic development.

Individual, household and area predictors of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in Nigeria

ObjectivesThis study aims to determine the prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in all states of Nigeria, including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and to quantify the predicted probabilities by individual, household and area factors. Study designThis study is a secondary analysis of data sets from two national representative cross-sectional surveys in Nigeria: the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2018 NDHS) and the National Human Development Index (2018 NHDR). The state human development index (HDI) and the state multidimensional poverty index (MPI) from the 2018 NHDR were incorporated into the 2018 NDHS. MethodsThe study included a weighted sample of 10,222 children aged 6–59 months. Both univariate and bivariate analyses were computed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anaemia status, respectively. Multiple binary logistic regression analyses with adjusted predicted probabilities (APPs) were performed to quantify the predictors’ probabilities. ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in Nigeria was 68.1% (6962/10,222). Zamfara state had the highest prevalence (84.0% [266/317]), while Kaduna state recorded the lowest (50.0% [283/572]). The APPs of being anaemic decreased from 82.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.0–85.8) for children aged 6–18 months to 60.6% (95% CI: 56.8–64.4) for children aged 43–59 months, when other predictors were held constant. The APP for a child of an anaemic mother is 10.2% points higher than the APP for a child whose mother is not anaemic. In addition, the APPs for children decreased as the age group of their mothers increased. A child from a state that is mildly deprived in the MPI has a lower APP (67.2% [95% CI: 62.2–72.2]) compared with a child from highly deprived MPI state (79.0% [95% CI: 73.4–84.5]). ConclusionsHealth strategies, including supplementation programmes, should be carried out at both ante-natal and post-natal clinics to reduce the prevalence of anaemia, especially in vulnerable population groups.

THE LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN CAPITAL AND CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCES

This study aims to find out the long-run relationship between human capital and the current account balances. The panel data analysis is carried out for the time period between 1990 and 2018. 88 developing and developed countries are included in the study. Panel cointegration analysis is applied to test the long-run relationships. The human capital is represented by two indexes. First one is The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) human capital index. Second one is United Nations human development Index. For both indexes, there are significant and positive long-run relationships between the human capitals with current account balances for high income countries. And there are negative long-run statistically significant relationships for all countries, all countries except industrial countries and all countries except industrial and African countries groups.

The relationship between urologic cancer outcomes and national Human Development Index: trend in recent years

ObjectivesTo describe the influence of the socioeconomic development on worldwide age-standardized incidence and mortality rates, as well as mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) and 5-year net survival of urologic cancer patients in recent years.MethodsThe Human Development Index (HDI) values were obtained from the United Nations Development Programme, data on age-standardized incidence/mortality rates of prostate, bladder and kidney cancer were retrieved from the GLOBOCAN database, 5-year net survival was provided by the CONCORD-3 program. We then evaluated the association between incidence/MIR/survival and HDI, with a focus on geographic variability as well as temporal patterns during the last 6 years.ResultsUrologic cancer incidence rates were positively correlated with HDIs, and MIRs were negatively correlated with HDIs. Prostate cancer survival also correlated positively with HDIs, solidly confirming the interrelation among cancer indicators and socioeconomic factors. Most countries experienced incidence decline over the most recent 6 years, and a substantial reduction in MIR was observed. Survival rates of prostate cancer have simultaneously improved.ConclusionDevelopment has a prominent influence on urologic cancer outcomes. HDI values are significantly correlated with cancer incidence, MIR and survival rates. HDI values have risen along with increased incidence and improved outcomes of urologic caner in recent years.

The global impact of adverse childhood experiences on criminal behavior: A cross-continental study

BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have been associated with a greater risk of later criminal offending. However, existing research in this area has been primarily conducted in Western developed countries and cross-cultural studies are rare. ObjectivesThis study examined the relationship between ACEs and criminal behaviors in young adults living in 10 countries located across five continents, after accounting for sex, age, and cross-national differences. Participants and settingIn total, 3797 young adults aged between 18 and 20 years (M = 18.97; DP = 0.81) were assessed locally in community settings within the 10 countries. MethodThe ACE Questionnaire was used to assess maltreatment and household dysfunction during childhood and a subset of questions derived from the Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) was used to determine past-year criminal variety pertaining to 10 acts considered crime across participating countries. ResultsPhysical and sexual abuse, physical neglect, and household substance abuse were related to criminal variety, globally, and independently across sexes and countries ranked differently in the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). In addition, three out of five experiences of household dysfunction were related to criminal variety, but subsequent analyses indicate that some forms of household dysfunction only hold statistical significance among males or females, or in countries ranking lower in the HDI. ConclusionsThis research strengthens the finding that there are cross-cultural mechanisms perpetuating the cycle of violence. It also indicates that forms of household dysfunction have an impact on criminal behavior that is shaped by gender and the country's levels of social well-being.

Modified Human Development Index using Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Composite Indicator is considered themathematical aggregation which has wide usage for monitoring performances,conducting benchmarks, analyzing policies, and communicating publicly. HumanDevelopment Index (HDI) is the most popular index which measures humandevelopment through average achievement in its main dimensions: Health status,education status, and living standard but it is faced with several critiques,positive and negative. Moreover, HDI was tested to have a positive andsignificant correlation with natural resource abundance. Therefore, based onMathematical Programming approaches, previously tested for Composite Indicators’development, this research proposes a new calculated HDI using a DataEnvelopment Analysis approach based on the Goal Programming model; includingmissing values’ estimation. This new proposed HDI was validated throughSensitivity Analysis of Normalization and Weighting methods; in addition toWilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The first test shows a positive high correlationbetween the proposed HDIs and the United Nations HDI. Those tests ensure thatHDI rankings are highly correlated and that they are unchanged given thedifferent normalization and weighting techniques. Moreover, they reflect thatthe paired sample mean is not the same. This highlights the advantageousproperty of the proposed HDI; preserving both the advantages of GoalProgramming and Data Envelopment Analysis approaches, in addition to others.

Systems thinking averts apocalypses now and in the future: why we should always look on the bright side of life

ABSTRACT Systems thinking and analysis from the civil and environmental engineering communities have been highly successful in mitigating the effects of natural and man-made hazards. Not surprisingly, the United Nations Human Development Index shows steady improvement for every nation since its implementation in 1990. The world has never been healthier, wealthier, or more educated than at the present. Climate change and sustainability remain as significant challenges to be faced. It will be shown, though, that economic and life-safety losses from climate change are often exaggerated and do not reflect wealth creation, human capital, and new improved technologies. There is an urgent need for systems-led approaches and there is a proud record of accomplishments in the past that should equally as well translate into the future. This paper will discuss these issues, as well as briefly describe the importance of systems engineering in dealing with new and emerging threats, as well as the political imperative. The paper will also highlight that there is much to be optimistic about the future, and in the ability of systems thinking to meet any challenges. And to quote Monty Python we should try to ‘Always Look on the Bright Side of Life’.

Human Capital, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Nexus: Why Investment in Free Compulsory Universal Education Matters for Africa

This study uses a quantitative correlational design model to investigate the effects of human capital and economic growth on poverty reduction. The study sampled and analyzed 140 countries’ data from United Nations Human Development Index report, 2010 to 2018. Comparing data from Africa, Europe and Asia, the study found that human capital had a positive effect on economic growth, while economic growth had a negative effect on poverty. The study argues that poverty reduction in Africa matters in creating sustainable global futures and recommends investment into free universal pre-tertiary education as a strategy to combat poverty.

Socio-economic disparity in visual impairment from cataract.

To investigate the association of visual impairment from cataract with human development index (HDI) by years lived with disability (YLDs). Published data on national age-standardized YLD rates caused by cataract and national HDIs in 2019 were obtained. Age-standardized YLD rates from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed to explore cataract burden among patients with different income levels. Age-standardized YLD rates in different HDI groups were compared by different degrees of visual impairment. Association between national age-standardized YLD rates and HDI in 2019 was analyzed. The age-standardized YLD rates of populations with visual impairment or blindness due to cataract declined from 1990 to 2019, especially among those with lower middle income. Multiple comparison tests revealed that countries with low HDI had significantly higher age-standardized YLD rates of blindness due to cataract than those with high and very high HDI (P<0.001). The age-standardized YLD rates of populations with blindness (β=-0.588, P<0.001), severe vision loss (β=-0.378, P<0.001), and moderate vision loss (β=-0.389, P<0.001) inversely correlated with HDI. Age-standardized YLD rates caused by cataract have declined since 1990. The burden of visual impairment due to cataract inversely correlate with national socioeconomic development and is more concentrated in countries with low HDI than those with high HDI, especially among the blind. These findings highlight the need to provide additional cataract services and cataract surgery coverage to developing countries to decrease the burden of avoidable blindness caused by cataract.

Well-Being as Human Development, Equality, Happiness and the Role of Freedom, Activism, Decentralization, Volunteerism and Voter Participation: A Global Country-Level Study.

We propose and test a new model for predicting multiple quantitative measures of well-being globally at the country level based on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), income inequality (Net Gini), and National Happiness Index (NHI; U.N. Sustainable Development Solutions Network world survey of life satisfaction). HDI consists of per-capita Gross National Income (economic well-being), average life expectancy (proxy for health well-being), and educational attainment (capabilities well-being). Using data on 105 countries representing 95% of the world’s population, a history of grassroots activism (Global Non-violent Action Database), civil liberties and political rights (Freedom Score), political and fiscal decentralization, and voter participation (Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) correlate with HDI and NHI. Citizen volunteering (Gallup Civic Engagement Index) predicts only NHI. In multivariate analyses, Freedom Score is the most robust predictor of all well-being measures, including income equality. Fiscal decentralization and voter turnout also predict HDI and NHI, controlling for other influences. Based on prior analyses in the Global Development of Applied Community Studies project, implications and recommendations are discussed for developing community human research and professional resources across 12 disciplines in countries where they are needed based on social justice, citizenship, well-being, inequality, human rights, and other development challenges. We recommend individual and community-level and qualitative analyses of the above predictors’ relationships with these same conceptualizations of well-being, as well as consideration of other social, cultural and political variables and their effect on well-being.

Eye diseases burden in China in the past 30 years.

To investigate the national burden of eye diseases in China from 1990 to 2019. The national burden of eye diseases in China, including case numbers, prevalence rate, age-standardized prevalence rate (ASR), disability-adjusted life year (DALY), DALY rate and age-standardized DALY rate (ASD) were calculated and stratified by sex and age. The trends of eye diseases burden from 1990 to 2019 and the correlation between eye diseases burden and human development index (HDI) were analyzed. In 2019, the total case number of eye diseases in China was 0.21 billion, the ASR was 9511/10, the total number of DALY was 4.72 million, and the ASD was 247.4/10. Near vision loss caused the greatest burden, followed by refraction disorders and cataract, with ASD being 73.8/10, 70.3/10 and 59.2/10, respectively. Men had lower risks of eye diseases than women. People aged old and old had the greatest burden of eye diseases. Compared with the year 1990, the total case number increased by 134.6% and DALY by 113.0% in 2019. The ASD of all decreased by 7.5%, and was negatively correlated with national HDI. Near vision loss, refraction disorders and cataract are of heavy disease burden in China. Although the ASD of eye diseases is decreased with the development of the national socioeconomic status, the eye diseases burden in China still increased with population growth and aging.

Planning for tomorrow: global cancer incidence and the role of prevention 2020-2070.

Cancer is currently the first or second most common contributor to premature mortality in most countries of the world. The global number of patients with cancer is expected to rise over the next 50 years owing to the strong influence of demographic changes, such as population ageing and growth, on the diverging trends in cancer incidence in different regions. Assuming that the latest incidencetrends continue for the major cancer types, we predict a doubling of theincidence of all cancers combined by 2070 relative to 2020. The greatest increases are predicted in lower-resource settings, in countries currently assigned a low Human Development Index (HDI), whereas the predicted increases in national burden diminish with increasing levels of national HDI. Herein, we assess studies modelling the future burden of cancer that underscore how comprehensive cancer prevention strategies can markedly reduce the prevalence of major risk factors and, in so doing, the number of future cancer cases. Focusing on an in-depth assessment of prevention strategies that target tobacco smoking, overweight and obesity, and human papillomavirus infection, we discuss how stepwise, population-level approaches with amenable goals can avert millions of future cancer diagnoses worldwide. In the absence of a step-change in cancer prevention delivery, tobacco smoking will remain the leading preventable cause of cancer, and overweight and obesity might well present a comparable opportunity for prevention, given its increasing prevalence globally in the past few decades. Countries must therefore instigate national cancer control programmes aimed at preventing cancer, and with some urgency, if such programmes are to yield the desired public health and economic benefits in this century.