National Housing Research Articles

Elementos determinantes de la satisfacción de la vivienda en México: análisis estimando un Modelo Probit Ordenado

This paper performs an analysis of the elements that determine housing satisfaction, as well as evaluates the probability that a household may be satisfied with it. For this purpose, an Ordered Probit Model was estimated. The data was collected from the National Housing Survey, 2020, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico. In particular, this paper estimates the probability of satisfaction concerning specific variables to the housing and the environment. The main findings are households in lower socioeconomic levels are the most dissatisfied with their housing. When estimating the Ordered Probit Model, it is found that having a dining room, garage, water tank, and garden increases the probability of satisfaction, while suffering from humidity and subsidence decreases levels of satisfaction. Likewise, the presence of garbage and noise in the area decreases the probability of satisfaction. The relevance of taking these statistical approaches lies in the fact that they become a tool that facilitates the targeting of housing policy, allowing adequate management of programs and projects associated with improving the quality of life.

Pengaruh Sosial Ekonomi terhadap Perilaku Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga di Kota Jambi

The rate of increase in waste generation in Jambi City continues to increase every year in line with the increasing population of Jambi City. The biggest source of waste problems is household waste. The purpose of this study was to analyze and determine the influence of socio-economic factors of the people of Jambi City on their behavior in household waste management and to provide recommendations in the form of suggestions related to household waste management in Jambi City. This study uses data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), Health and Housing Modules carried out by the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2019. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression, with a sample of 159 respondents, and with the help of the SPSS data processing tool version 20. Descriptive analysis shows that the people of Jambi City do not have sufficient awareness in managing waste. This is reflected in the high number of respondents who do not separate organic waste from inorganic waste and in terms of separating B3 waste. With binary logistic regression analysis, it can be concluded that the socio-economic factor that influences the behavior of how to dispose of garbage is education. Meanwhile, age, working status, per capita income, and residence ownership status did not affect the behavior of how to dispose of household waste. The resulting odds ratio interpretation is: the probability of respondents with higher education (high school graduates and above) to dispose of waste indiscriminately is 4.301 times the chance of respondents with junior high school education and below. This means that respondents with higher education (high school graduates and above) are more likely to dispose of waste indiscriminately than respondents with lower education. This reinforces the existing theory, namely that the higher a person's level of education, the better his behavior in waste management (the more he cares about the environment).

REVIEW OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN RENT TO OWN (RTO) SCHEME IN MALAYSIA

This paper focuses on the review of risk management in Rent to Own (RTO) scheme in Malaysia. The objectives are to review the risk management factors in RTO scheme and the strategies to overcome the risk. This study employs a desktop study by collecting the research papers and data in the online databases. RTO Scheme is a concept that employs the rental market like Private Rented Sector (PRS) in the properties that allows ownership after the tenancy period has been expired. The RTO scheme is a type of financial schemes that allows property leasing for between twelve (12) months to five (5) years and ownership upon the maturity of the leasing period. This is an initiative by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) to implementing the National Housing Policy 2018-2025. The RTO scheme is for home buyers to have financial planning to rent before they buy. The calculation of the mortgage loan for RTO Scheme is based on the rental income and the rental deposit. Additionally, preliminary case study has been conducted to the RTO schemes through onsite and interview with the Developer. The results are to review the risk factors in the RTO Scheme and the marketing strategies. The outcomes of the research are to give input to the house buyers to be confident to buy houses under the RTO Scheme.

Evaluating the Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Housing Provision in Nigeria: A Case Study of Niger State

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) is a joint effort by the public and private sector for the financing, development, operation, and or ownership of public housing and infrastructure. The rapid increase in population and urbanization in Nigeria has resulted in a housing deficit of about 17-23 million. Mortgage financing which is the predominant means of funding housing eludes the low income earners due to their inability to access mortgage facilities. This paper evaluated the implementation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as an option for public housing delivery in Nigeria using Niger State as a case study. Questionnaires were administered to 200 built-environment professionals in public and private sectors in Niger State and interview was conducted with NSPPPA officials on project conception and management. Official reports and guidance documents on PPP implementation for housing were also reviewed. The responses to the questions were categorized into political, project, financial, and environmental factors and the mean score of responses to each question were calculated before calculating the mean score of each category. Political (4.28) and project (4.24) factors were found to have the greatest influence in implementing PPPs in Niger State. Interview and document reviews also revealed that out of eight housing projects conceived under the Niger State PPP program in 2013 only four were implemented. Of the four implemented projects, two were completed while two were delayed due to lack of funds and disagreements between public and private sector partners. The study recommends among others that all stakeholders in Nigeria’s housing sector should work together to realize the goal of PPPs in housing as stated in the New National Housing and Urban Development Policy (NNHUDP) of 2002 and that government should focus more on the provision of housing for the low income earners as they are the most affected by the housing problem in Nigeria.

Design and delivery of national housing in the UAE: an alternative approach

The provision of national housing to citizens in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is considered a crucial topic. Over the past four decades, the process of developing national housing has emerged into multiple housing programs and schemes, all with the same aim of offering affordable and high-quality housing to citizens, in addition to meeting the needs of local families regarding spatial configurations while maintaining cultural values. However, despite all these efforts, the question has always remained: are the offered housing practices suited for family needs, socioeconomic trends, and environmental challenges? This study aims to offer an alternative approach for the design and delivery of national housing practices in the UAE. The proposed process is structured based on the following ethos: first, a conceptual approach for design flexibility toward offering customization while maintaining contextual and cultural qualities for inhabitants; second, a computational design strategy for facade optimization that illustrates the significance of incorporating environmentally conscious design strategies in response to local climatic conditions toward enhancing overall building performance; and third, a hybrid production model that relies on a prefabricated building approach that combines precast concrete systems with 3D printing technology. The efforts described in this article represent a significant phase of an ongoing research endeavor that explores how technological capacities could help rethink national housing in the UAE.

Post-disaster recovery and bargaining with patriarchy: A case study from Macapaya, Philippines

In disaster policy and implementation, there is a tendency to overestimate what women gain from participating in disaster recovery efforts and underestimate the true cost of gender impacts. This qualitative study's objective is to highlight the inadequacies of disaster recovery and reconstruction policies in the Philippines as experienced by women after Tropical Storm Sendong (international name Washi). To achieve these aims, we conducted 20 online interviews with women from the National Housing Authority-Cagayan de Oro Bayanihan Village Phase 1 or Macapaya in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Using Kandiyoti's patriarchal bargaining as a framework, we argue that a more nuanced understanding of how women navigate post-disaster spaces helps deconstruct the binary framing of women as victims or agents, and understand how women cope with gender-insensitive recovery responses. It also paves the way for post-disaster policies and programs that are holistic and have greater potential to positively impact women's lives.

Seismic vulnerability assessment of Portuguese masonry buildings

According to the 2011 National Housing Census, masonry buildings comprise more than 50% of the Portuguese building stock. This type of construction has demonstrated a poor performance during the destructive events that struck Portugal in the last century (e.g., 1909 M6.3 Benavente, 1969 M7.8 Algarve, 1980 M6.9 Azores). While some efforts have been made towards the vulnerability assessment of individual masonry buildings or the residential building stock at the national scale, this building class has been the target of limited research. In this study, a comprehensive database of material and geometric properties of granite and limestone buildings was used to generate complex 3D numerical models. These models were subjected to nonlinear time history analysis to derive fragility curves considering the record-to-record and building-to-building variability. The structural damage was defined using two novel engineering demand parameters, and the resulting fragility functions were compared against other existing models. These results can be used directly to generate earthquake scenarios at the country scale or in probabilistic seismic risk analysis to identify regions where risk reduction measures should be prioritized.

Planning regulation and land value capture in Italy between traditional approaches and new perspectives

Urban development and regeneration processes are both influenced by changes in the level of land rents over time and space. Public intervention in land markets, including planning regulation, affects rent dynamics through discretionary decisions that create clear advantages and inequalities in landowner treatment. Focusing on Italian approaches to planning regulation and land value capture (LVC), the research investigates the evolution of the theoretical debate on windfalls for wipeouts and the different approaches and instruments for managing urban rents. The characteristics of the national housing market and the relevant socio-economic and territorial disparities require a better understanding of contemporary rent dynamics. The conclusions suggest that the traditional and mainstream conception of urban rent, as an unearned gain for the landowner, needs to be revised and LVC should be addressed to support regeneration policies.

Eradicating Homelessness and Improving the Living Standards of the Poorest of the Poor in Greater Port Harcourt City, Nigeria

Homelessness and poverty are significant challenges facing Greater Port Harcourt City in Nigeria. This paper discusses these issues and proposes a solution through the development of an inclusive and sustainable agropolitan residential housing project. The project aims to provide affordable housing for young unmarried, newly married, and married individuals with young children, falling within the income groups of 'No income,' 'Low Income,' and 'Lower Medium Income' as defined by the 2012 National Housing Policy Document (NHPD) of Nigeria. It will create sustainable, mainly agro-based livelihoods through integrated farming and other activities, such as real estate, power generation, waste management, and recycling. This will enable beneficiaries to take care of their housing and other needs while generating employment and revenue. The proposed housing project aligns with the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan and will complement the city's proposed beautiful townscape. The paper concludes that eradicating homelessness and improving the living standards of the poorest in Greater Port Harcourt City requires sustainable and inclusive housing solutions that provide access to employment and income-generating activities. A comprehensive and collaborative approach involving various stakeholders such as the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations is necessary to address this complex issue.

Impact of Housing Microfinance on Socio-Economic Indicators: A Study of Prime Minister’s Low-Cost Housing Scheme in Pakistan

The objective of this paper is to check the impact of dividend policy and firm Housing Microfinance / Low-Cost Housing Scheme has been promoted to fill the national housing demand/supply gap in Pakistan in recent years. Prime Minister’s Low-Cost Housing Scheme (PM-LCHS) was introduced with the aim of providing financial assistance to poor and deserving families enabling raise in their living standards. A total of Rs. 8.54 billion has been disbursed so far through Akhuwat Islamic Microfinance. The study aims to empirically test the impact of PM-LCHS loan utilization on beneficiaries’ welfare in terms of socio-economic indicators. This research also proposes to assess governance and administrative efficiency and design effectiveness of the initiative The total population of 17, 344 beneficiaries is sampled using Proportionate Stratified Sampling; Group 1 (stratum 1) constitutes beneficiaries who are in utilization phase and Group 2 (stratum 2) constitutes beneficiaries who are repaying the loan post 100% loan utilization. The proposed frameworks are tested using data collected from 463 beneficiaries. Key findings show that PM-LCHS utilization improved sense of security, societal standing and psychological conditions of respondents. Moreover, the loan utilization has enhanced multiple components of sanitation conditions and housing infrastructure; yet the repayment amounts causing no negative impact on their financial wellbeing. However, PM-LCHS utilization is not found to have any effect on beneficiaries’ health. Furthermore, Akhuwat has administered PM-LCHS efficiently and beneficiaries are satisfied from its governance. Thus, any other financial institution interested in offering such a HMF initiative must have appropriate human resource and skillset to reach the eligible clientele and address their financial requirements like AIM. Though, respondents are satisfied from the scheme as a whole, the study elucidates concerns about some design elements, namely financing limit, repayment period and number of disbursement instalments. These findings again have policy implications for the institutions seeking to enter the HMF market; incorporate these results to formulate the HMF/LCHS product that better suit the financing needs of low-earning people. The originality of this study is theorizing and empirically testing the effect of Housing Microfinance/ Low-Cost Housing Scheme and analyzing the linkages between PMLCHS loan utilization and beneficiaries’ living standards and welfare in Pakistani context.

From Doxiadis Class Communities’ Model to “Doxiadis Pattern”.

Doxiadis urban planning ideas have been implemented from 1950ies until the 80ies in a number of Middle East and Asian cities. In 1957 he introduced a model for neighbourhood design which was first implemented in the National Housing Program of Iraq. The model seems to have been adopted in other countries and cities where fast urbanization created urgent need for rapid urban expansions. Variations of the original pattern have been created and have been used as basic units for building new residential areas. This paper will analyse similarities and differences between the original Doxiadis class community models and the “Doxiadis pattern” which has been used for the development of the northern part of Najran city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the early 80ies. It will try to associate the transformation of the original pattern with the cultural context of the specific society.

Doxiadis and His Legacy: Retrospective of the Lebanon Case - From Sketch to Stretch

In 1957-8 Doxiadis Associates undertook the National Housing Project of Lebanon, a fast-track national development plan created in response to the imperative to house large parts of the population living in inadequate conditions. This national reconstruction plan is indicative of a heroic period of planning post-WWII. The legacy of CIAM - the Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne (1928-1959) – had been the spawning of modern movements, including Doxiadis’ newly born theory of Ekistics, that envisioned national scale development while furthering US hegemony in the cold war era. The National Housing Project of Lebanon arose in this context, and Doxiadis’ approach would distinguish him from his contemporaries. Consisting of a “sketching” phase involving data collection using diaries featuring photographic depictions and 500 sketches from 2.500 human settlements in Lebanon, and a “stretching” phase resulting in proposals for immediate implementation, specifically, housing schemes at the periphery of Beirut, Doxiadis’ approach was distinctive for mixing different functions to enhance social encounter, for grounding future typologies in existing localities, and for prioritizing community-sensitive planning by insisting on the importance of human scale. Unfortunately, political changes after the plan’s submission in May 1958 lead to its eventual abandonment, and problems in the wider area still prevail. The persistence in the region of violent conflicts, population flows, and the destruction of cities that leave the poorest living in slums and camps suggests that the planning strategies proposed by Doxiadis and his contemporaries did not fail, but instead, reveal the complex nature of the planning process itself, including its susceptibility to political forces. As such, the National Housing Project of Lebanon and other unrealized initiatives offer a rich resource for understanding the problems of human settlements which remain with us today.

Estimating the electric vehicle charging demand of multi-unit dwelling residents in the United States

Early battery electric vehicle (EV) adopters can access home chargers for reliable charging. As the EV market grows, residents of multi-unit dwellings (MUDs) may face barriers in owning EVs and charging them without garage or parking availability. To investigate the mechanisms that can bridge existing disparities in home charging and station deployment, we characterized the travel behavior of MUD residents and estimated their EV residential charging demand. This study classifies the travel patterns of MUD residents by fusing trip diary data from the National Household Travel Survey and housing features from the American Housing Survey. A hierarchical agglomerative clustering method was used to cluster apartment complex residents’ travel profiles, considering attributes such as dwell time, daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT), income, and their residences’ US census division. We propose a charging decision model to determine the charging station placement demand in MUDs and the charging energy volume expected to be consumed, assuming that MUD drivers universally operate EVs in urban communities. Numerical experiments were conducted to gain insight into the charging demand of MUD residents in the US. We found that charging availability is indispensable for households that set out to meet 80% state of charge by the end of the day. When maintaining a 20% comfortable state of charge the entire day, the higher the VMT are, the greater the share of charging demand and the greater the energy use in MUD chargers. The upper-income group requires a greater share of MUD charging and greater daily kWh charged because of more VMT.

Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of the Housing Problem: A Compact Analytical Framework with Reference to Saudi Arabia

The housing problem has attracted great attention since the industrial revolution to improve sustainability and well-being of our cities. The main cause of the problem is a lack of sufficient housing supply coupled with the rapid increase of the global population and the associated socio-economic challenges. However, this problem should not be merely presented as an issue of supply and demand. Instead, housing problem analysis should consider multiple interacting factors. Therefore, this study aims to summarise the causes, impacts, and solutions of the contemporary housing problem using a compact analytical framework. This framework offers a systematic thinking approach to understanding the magnitude and dimensions of the problem and offers solutions based on international recommendations. This problem is investigated using a descriptive analytical approach for the case of Saudi Arabia. The study concludes that systematic strategic thinking is vital in housing problem analysis. In this regard, it is more practical to divide the causes, impacts, and solutions of the problem into main and secondary factors. It is also essential to set a national housing target to be achieved within a given period to ensure proper availability for all people deprived of housing.

Experimental Study on CO2 and Radon Mitigations in an Apartment Using a Mechanical Ventilation System

The public interest in indoor air quality has rapidly increased in Korean society, and ventilation systems can play an essential role in improving indoor air quality. This study aims to estimate the reduction in indoor CO2 and radon, which can be effectively mitigated by air exchange, according to the operation of mechanical ventilation in an apartment with the national standard housing size (85 m2) and shape in Korea. The time required to meet Korea’s mandatory indoor CO2 standard (1000 ppm) was 167, 98, 66, and 51 min under air change rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ACH (air change per hour), respectively. Regarding indoor radon, the removal rate increased with increased ventilation volume, and the minimum concentration level was low and sustained for a prolonged duration. Nonetheless, an air change rate of 0.5 ACH may not offer sufficient ventilation. Additionally, it is imperative to note that indoor radon concentrations tend to escalate swiftly when a mechanical ventilation system is deactivated. Thus, to enhance indoor air quality, it is necessary to reconsider strategies to augment the air change rate and guarantee uninterrupted ventilation.

KAJIAN PEMAHAMAN AKAD MURABAHAH PADA ANGGOTA KOPERASI SYARIAH

This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. This research aims to find out the understanding of murabahah contracts among members of Islamic Cooperatives. The research was conducted at KSPPS BMT Makin Amin. The research location is at Jalan Jambu Raya No. 79, Housing National Housing, Kamal District, Bangkalan. The data collection method is by conducting in-depth interviews and observing informants related to the research theme. Based on predetermined criteria, 18 informants were obtained, with the disbursement of 16 KSPPS members and 2 people from KSPPS BMT Makin Amin employees. The results of the study show that BMT Makin Amin members who are currently/have done murabahah financing are included in the understanding category. Based on the understanding indicators put forward by Anderson & Krathwohl (2010: 106) the informants in this study were included in the category of disconnection, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, concluding, and being able to compare. factors that influence members' understanding of murabahah financing at BMT Makin Amin Factors include internal factors and external factors indicating that understanding factors affect the level of understanding of members of murabahah financing. This is because informants can receive or remember an understanding or knowledge previously obtained, then can provide explanations again in a different language. So that the understanding of BMT Makin Amin members on murabahah contracts is also influenced by the factors previously mentioned.

Implications of macroeconomic risks on NHFC'S incremental housing finance in South Africa

PurposeThe challenge of accessibility to adequate housing in several countries by a large percentage of citizens has given rise to different housing programs designed to facilitate access to affordable housing. In South Africa, the National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) was created to provides housing loans to low- and middle-income earners. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the implication of the macroeconomic risk elements on the performance of the NHFC incremental housing finance.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a mixed-method approach to examine the time-series data of the NHFC over 17 years (2003–2020), relative to selected macroeconomic indicators. Additionally, this study analysed primary data from a 2022 survey of NHFC Executives.FindingsThis study found that incremental housing finance addresses a housing affordability gap, caters to disadvantaged groups, adapts to changing macroeconomic conditions and can mitigate default risk. It also finds that the performance of the NHFC’s incremental housing finance is premised on the behaviour of the macroeconomic elements that drive its strategy in South Africa.Originality/valueUnlike previous works on housing finance, this case study of the NHFC considers the implication of macroeconomic trends when disbursing incremental housing finance to low- and middle-level income earners as a risk mitigation measure for the South African market. Its mixed method use of quantitative and qualitative data also allows a robust insight into trends that drive investment in incremental housing finance in South Africa.

Queering Housing Policy: Questioning Urban Planning Assumptions in Namibian Cities

Heteronormative models of the home have permeated housing policies for decades, only adding to economic and spatial inequalities in a landscape of housing injustices. Half of the urban population in Namibia lives in precarious housing conditions. Cities like Windhoek and Walvis Bay are among the most unequal in the world. Such inequalities translate into significant gaps in housing quality, security, and service provision. These inequalities are acutely felt by LGBTIQ+ populations that already face other forms of exclusion from economic and social life and fundamental human rights. A new National Housing Policy—emphasizing the right to housing—is about to be adopted in Namibia, but would it address the concerns of queer populations? This article asks what it means to engage with Namibia’s new National Housing Policy through the lens of queer decolonial thought. It presents an exploratory study of the questions emerging at the margins of the discussion on the National Housing Policy. The objective was to develop an exploratory research agenda for a queer decolonial perspective on housing in Namibia. In the context of enormous housing shortages, a queer decolonial perspective emphasizes radical inclusion as a principle for housing provision. The exploration of shared queer experiences in accessing housing suggests that the themes of belonging, identity, and safety may support the development of such an agenda. Queer decolonial thought has thus three implications for an agenda of research on housing in Namibia. First, it calls for understanding what community and belonging mean for LGBTIQ+ people. Second, queer decolonial thought poses questions about citizenship, particularly given the shift to a view of the state as creating housing opportunities (through land rights and basic services) and support mechanisms for incremental housing. Queer decolonial thought calls for identifying the multiple ways the state misrecognizes individuals who do not conform to prescribed identities and sexual orientations. Third, queer decolonial thought invites reflection on the constitution of safe spaces in aggressive urban environments and the multiple layers of perceived safety constructed through diverse institutions and public spaces.

Fractures within Fair Housing: The Battle for the Memory and Legacy of the Long Fair Housing Movement

This article examines how white supremacy diluted the nationwide struggle to eliminate racial residential segregation known as the Fair Housing Movement. As the sole civil rights organization dedicated to fair housing, the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH) fought valiantly to help African Americans buy homes in white neighborhoods and generated the political momentum necessary for the passage of fair housing laws from 1950 through 1987. However, it also disseminated a moderate vision of fair housing that depended on white Americans’ comfort. This vision left the NCDH vulnerable to criticism from Progressive and Black Power fair housing activists who believe in fair housing on African Americans’ terms or advocate for reinvestment in African American neighborhoods. Although these factions remain ignored and underfunded, they challenge the notion of a unified national Fair Housing Movement and offer an alternative, more equitable vision of this often-overlooked portion of the Civil Rights Movement.

Effects of individual and neighborhood social risks on diabetes pay-for-performance program under a single-payer health system

BackgroundEnrollment in and adherence to a diabetes pay-for-performance (P4P) program can lead to desirable processes and outcomes of diabetes care. However, knowledge is limited on the potential exclusion of patients with individual or neighborhood social risks or interruption of services in the disease-specific P4P program without mandatory participation under a single-payer health system. ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of individual and neighborhood social risks on exclusion from and adherence to the diabetes P4P program of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Taiwan. MethodsThis study used data from Taiwan's 2009–2017 population-based National Health Insurance Research Database, 2010 Population and Housing Census, and 2010 Income Tax Statistics. A retrospective cohort study was conducted, and study populations were identified from 2012 to 2014. The first cohort comprised 183,806 patients with newly diagnosed T2D, who had undergone follow up for 1 year; the second cohort consisted of 78,602 P4P patients who had undergone follow up for 2 years after P4P enrollment. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of social risks with exclusion from and adherence to the diabetes P4P program. ResultsT2D patients with higher individual social risks were more likely to be excluded from the P4P program, but those with higher neighborhood-level social risks were slightly less likely to be excluded. T2D patients with the higher individual- or neighborhood-level social risks showed less likelihood of adhering to the program, and the person-level coefficient was stronger in magnitude than the neighborhood-level one. ConclusionsOur results indicate the importance of individual social risk adjustment and special financial incentives in disease-specific P4P programs. Strategies for improving program adherence should consider individual and neighborhood social risks.