National Education System Research Articles

Exploring Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Beliefs Among Saudi Female EFL Undergraduates: A Case Study at Majmaah University

Learning vocabulary effectively is still a major issue for many English language learners, enrolled in English programs at universities. These students have particular obstacles to their lexical development that stem from cultural customs, limited exposure to real world English communication situations outside of the classroom, and differences in their learning styles and aptitudes. This mixed-methods study aimed to examine vocabulary techniques and beliefs among students at Majmaah University, identify the vocabulary learning strategies employed by Saudi female undergraduate students, and examine variations in strategies between junior and senior levels. Finding helpful vocabulary-building strategies will assist maximize results, especially for this important learner population in the nation's educational system. A validated online survey explored participants' frequency and views about their preferred technique. The experiences of learners in vocabulary acquisition were then profoundly qualitatively revealed through further semi-structured interviews. Using dictionaries, cognitive inferencing, and activation emerged as the most common cognitive strategies, according to quantitative evaluation. Less often, metacognitive and social techniques were described. Qualitative research revealed strategic flexibility associated with the competency level and barriers to flexible language use related to ideological foundations. Saudi female undergrads demonstrated a greater reliance on direct memorization than on thoughtful approaches. Official regulations outlined certain acceptable language uses. To gradually increase vocabulary retention over time, educators might suggest experimenting with extra strategies and flexibility in pedagogical language activities.

Ki Hajar Dewantara's Critique of the 2022 Sisdiknas Bill: Implications for Islamic Education in Indonesia

This research is a critical text study of the Philosophical Foundations contained in the Academic Text of the National Education System Draft Law (Sisdiknas Bill) which was socialized in August 2022. This philosophical study was carried out considering that the text of the Philosophical Foundations has fundamental weaknesses in it when viewed from a logical perspective. as well as Islamic spirituality, and Ki Hajar Dewantara's educational views as the founder of the educational philosophy in Indonesia with a religious and humanist character. This study aimed to explore Ki Hadjar’s thought as critics on Sisdiknas Bill and its implication of Islamic Education in Indonesia. The research questions are twofold. Firstly, what are the basic errors contained in the 'Philosophical Foundations' of the academic text of the 2022’s National Education System Bill. Secondly, what are the implications of the critics toward Islamic education in Indonesia. By using Bernadib's language philosophical method, the fundamental problems found in the 'Philosophical Foundations' text in the academic text of the 2022 National Education System Bill are uncovered. The analysis is then continued with the formulation of implications for Islamic education in Indonesia which is of concern to the majority of the Indonesia Muslim population. This research concludes there are crucial philosophical problems in 2022’s Sisdiknas Bill that could be in conflict with Islamic Education in Indonesia.

Personalized Learning in the Croatian National Education System: A Study of AI Implementation in the e-Class Register

Personalized Learning in the Croatian National Education System: A Study of AI Implementation in the e-Class Register

Analisis Kebijakan Desentralisasi Sistem Pendidikan Nasional dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pendidikan Madrasah

This article aims to analyze the decentralization policy of the national education system and its impact on madrasah education. This research employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach. Data sources are obtained through a literature study relevant to the impact of implementing the decentralization policy of the national education system. The study addresses several issues, including: 1) the decentralization of the national education system; and 2) the impact of decentralization on madrasah education. Data collection techniques involve a systematic literature search related to education decentralization policy based on systematic inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as data organization based on themes. Data analysis is conducted through reading and marking, thematic analysis, and synthesis. This research shows that the decentralization of the national education system aims to grant local governments the authority to manage and develop an education system that aligns with the needs, characteristics, and challenges of the local community. However, in its implementation, decentralization faces various challenges, particularly in the context of madrasah education. Madrasahs often experience budget, infrastructure, and resource gaps compared to public schools, which affect the quality of education in madrasahs.

Institutional Transformations of Higher Education: Key Gaps and New Practices.

Institutional transformations of higher education in Russia are currently being carried out under the influence of geopolitical factors and a set of gaps between the demands of modern society and the established institutional characteristics of higher education. This article defines the essence of institutional transformations of higher education, systematizes the gaps and contradictions that shape their context in modern Russia, and identifies the main trends in the transformation of the educational and scientific practices of universities that determine the direction of institutional changes. The analysis was conducted using both theoretical and empirical methods, including a content analysis of strategic and reporting documents from 62 leading Russian universities, as well as a secondary analysis of data from the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM). It is concluded that the main gap in the institutional transformations of domestic higher education currently lies between trust and value, and the main mechanism is the construction of new practices for educational and scientific activities by universities. The analysis of these practices led the authors to conclude that the direction of institutional changes in the field of educational activities is more associated with the transformation of traditional institutional characteristics, while in the field of scientific activities, it is associated with the formation of new institutional foundations, with a general focus on increasing the integration potential of universities and inter-institutional interaction. The prospects for forming a new national system of higher education are tied to the possibility of consolidating these practices at the systemic level as stable regulatory and organizational characteristics.

The Concept And Role Of Teacher Personality For Children With Special Needs In The Perspective Of The Qur'an

Teacher personality is a crucial competency, significantly shaping their influence on students, particularly those with special needs who, despite limitations, deserve quality education to reach their potential. Teachers play a central role beyond instruction, nurturing the inherent capabilities in each child. According to Indonesia’s National Education System Law (UU SISDIKNAS), all children, including those with specific needs, are assured equal access to quality education, promoting development, knowledge, and active participation. Effective teaching relies not only on professional skills but also on personal character. This article examines the Qur'anic perspective on teacher personality, focusing on traits essential for special education teachers working with students with disabilities. Using a qualitative approach, the study includes content analysis of Qur'anic verses, interviews, and observations from special education settings to construct a framework of ideal teacher qualities, such as patience, compassion, integrity, and justice. Data Analysis Model The data obtained was analyzed using the Miles and Huberman qualitative analysis model. Findings reveal that these traits foster inclusive, supportive learning environments, enhancing student engagement, emotional well-being, and academic progress. The study highlights the need for Qur'anic values in teacher training, especially in special education, suggesting that character-based development benefits teaching effectiveness and enriches the learning experience. Policymakers and educational institutions may utilize this framework to strengthen recruitment, training, and professional development, ensuring educators embody values that positively impact students with special needs. Appendices provide selected Qur'anic verses, their interpretations, and applications in teaching practices.

УНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКА ОСВІТА В ІСТОРІОГРАФІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ КОМПАРАТИВІСТИКИ: КРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ ВЕКТОР

The article deals with the analysis of the country studies vector of Ukrainian comparative studies on the development of higher and university education in order to identify the achievements, bottlenecks and prospects for the formation of historiography of this problem. It has been revealed the complexity, multidimensionality and interdisciplinary nature of Ukrainian historiography on the development of foreign higher and university education. Taking into account the territorial-spatial and thematic-content orientation of the research, its structure includes five conditional interrelated blocks of works that consider higher and university education: 1) as a global and regional education system; 2) in the context of the phenomena «Bologna Process/European Education Area - foreign countries – Ukraine»; 3) in certain regions (mainly European); 4) in different countries; 5) in terms of the main subject of the study. The paper identifies three stages of development of the historiographical process, which reflected the peculiarities, nature, and trends in the study of national systems of higher and university education in foreign countries: 1) the post-Soviet period (1991-2001), when their targeted study began in the mid-1990s; 2) pro-European (2002-2011/12), when the perspective of studying this problem moved to the context of understanding the process of integration of foreign countries into the European Higher Education Area; 3) country studies (since 2012), when scholars began to study foreign higher education systems as separate socio-cultural phenomena. It has been revealed a narrow country studies vector of Ukrainian comparative scholars, who focused on the study of mainly five to six national higher education systems. The author characterises the phenomenon of numerous studies that have the same subject matter: on the one hand, it is objectively determined by the research interests of the authors, on the other hand, it leads to duplication of factual material and theoretical provisions.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗДОРОВ’ЯЗБЕРЕЖУВАЛЬНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ БАКАЛАВРІВ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ: ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ВИМІР

Reforming the national system of higher education in Ukraine implies the application of the experience of European countries in solving the issues of developing high-quality professional training for future bachelors of physical therapy. The article describes the regulatory documents of the European Confederation and the Ukrainian Association of Physical Therapy on the definition of the leading competencies that constitute the content of their health-saving competence: linguistic, communicative, cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, social, professional, and temporal. The purpose of forming health-saving competencies for future bachelors of physical therapy is defined through the mastering of systematic professional knowledge; rules of conducting professional activities following ethical standards; skills and experience of interpersonal and intercultural interaction and effective teamwork; motives for achieving a joint goal in professional activities; skills of communication in state and foreign languages, both orally and in writing; skills of searching, analysing, processing and systematisation of necessary information from various sources use information and communication technologies in their own professional training and the future in their professional activities; experience in performing socially responsible professional activities; their rights and observance of duties of a member of society in accordance with the values of civil society, based on the rule of law, human and civil rights, and freedoms in Ukraine, etc. It has been proved that acquiring special competencies, which are part of the health-saving competence, ensures the quality of professional activity in the future.

ЄВРОПЕЇЗАЦІЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ФАХІВЦЯ ГОТЕЛЬНО-РЕСТОРАННОЇ СПРАВИ: МОЖЛИВОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ

The purpose of the study is possibilities and prospects of using artificial intelligence for Europeanization of professional training of future specialists in hotel and restaurant business. To achieve this goal, we set several tasks: to study European standards of professional training of specialists; to evaluate current trends in application of artificial intelligence in education; to identify opportunities and challenges of AI integration into educational process of professional training of future specialists in hotel and restaurant business. During the scientific search, a complex of methods was applied: bibliographic, analysis and synthesis for the study of psychological and pedagogical literature (theoretical). A monographic method was used for logical presentation of the results. Results. Europeanization of professional training of future specialists in hotel and restaurant business of Ukraine as an important stage of adaptation of national education system to international standards has been studied. Main standards are considered through partial characterization of a number of documents. Challenges of Europeanization are characterized, namely: standards and accreditation, updating of curricula and programs, human resources, financing. Possibilities of Europeanization of professional training of future specialists in hotel and restaurant business, including improving quality of education, possibility of international internships and exchanges, increasing prestige of the profession of future specialists in the field of hotel and restaurant business and likely attraction of investments, have been allocated. Role of artificial intelligence in professional education has been investigated. Importance of AI has been proved through the implementation of a number of innovative solutions that can significantly improve educational process, namely: adaptive learning systems, virtual simulators, learning management systems. Conclusions. Main results of the study show that use of artificial intelligence has great potential for Europeanization of professional training in the field of hotel and restaurant business. Prospects for further research may include studying the impact of AI on specific aspects of educational process, developing new technologies for educational purposes, and analyzing long-term effects of AI integration on the labor market. Key words: professional training, future specialists, hotel and restaurant business, higher education institution, artificial intelligence, Europeanization.

Evaluation of Physical Education Curriculum for Non-Sports Major Students in Universities: An Empirical Survey

Physical education is a compulsory subject in the national education system, in which the university level has regulations, which are mandatory for this level of education. To properly evaluate the physical education curriculum in universities, this study surveyed 117 people who are managers, lecturers, and students in several universities on the following issues: Objectives of physical education curriculum in universities, content of physical education curriculum in universities, teaching methods of physical education subjects in universities, tasks of physical education curriculum in universities, openness of physical education curriculum in universities. The research results show that the problems in the university physical education curriculum have met the requirements of comprehensive education, but there are still some limitations that need to be further overcome in the coming time.

Islamic Religious Education in the National Education System: Opportunities and Challenges for Character Building

This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the concept of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in the context of Indonesia's national education system. It analyzes the role of PAI in shaping the character, morals, and spirituality of students to produce individuals who are devout, pious, and possess noble character. Using a qualitative case study approach, data was collected through interviews, direct observation, and analysis of relevant documents. The findings highlight that although PAI plays a crucial role in character development, there are challenges such as limited instructional time, lack of interest from students, and a disconnect between religious and general education. The study suggests reforming PAI through innovative teaching strategies, increased family support, and professional development for teachers. The research concludes that PAI has significant potential to contribute to character education in Indonesia, forming morally sound individuals who contribute positively to society. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman mendalam mengenai konsep Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dalam konteks sistem pendidikan nasional Indonesia. Penelitian ini menganalisis peran PAI dalam membentuk karakter, moral, dan spiritual siswa untuk menghasilkan individu yang beriman, bertakwa, dan berakhlak mulia. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi kasus, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi langsung, dan analisis dokumen terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun PAI berperan penting dalam pengembangan karakter, terdapat tantangan seperti keterbatasan waktu pengajaran, rendahnya minat siswa, dan ketidakselarasan antara pendidikan agama dan umum. Penelitian ini menyarankan reformasi PAI melalui strategi pembelajaran inovatif, peningkatan dukungan keluarga, dan pengembangan profesionalisme guru. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa PAI memiliki potensi besar dalam pendidikan karakter di Indonesia, membentuk individu yang berakhlak baik dan berkontribusi positif bagi masyarakat.

The alternative education pathway to higher education in non-anglophone contexts: themes and implications from a systematic scoping review on IBDP

ABSTRACT As an exemplary alternative education pathway to higher education, the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) has gained significant global traction, with an increasing number of graduates in non-Anglophone contexts. Employing a systematic review method to analyse studies in emerging contexts from the past 20 years, this research examined IBDP’s contributions to higher education, including university preparation, academic performance, and post-graduation trajectories. The findings highlight themes pertinent to other international education frameworks: (1) higher education outcomes are largely influenced by school environments and student demographics, (2) tensions exist between globalised curricula and localised educational systems, and (3) the dual examination requirements within national university admission processes pose obstacles to the programme’s successful implementation and scaling-up. This study recommends that future research and policy on international and alternative education programmes should focus on the following: less advantaged school populations, long-term impacts, and admission recognition processes within national higher education institutions and systems.

Using professional development to promote inclusive education in Latin America: possibilities and challenges

ABSTRACT Drawing on evidence from a series of projects that explored the value of professional development in promoting inclusive practices in Latin American countries, this paper concludes that there is untapped potential in schools that can be mobilised. It points to a series of promising approaches that builds on this potential. The paper also throws light on the changes that are needed in order to use these approaches and the sorts of contextual challenges that are likely to inhibit such efforts. A series of strategies that are required in order to make effective use of professional development to promote inclusion within Latin American contexts are suggested. These recommendations have significant implications for the various key stakeholders within national education systems. In particular, for those who administer school systems, this means adjusting their priorities and ways of working in response to improvement efforts that are led from within schools. It is suggested that the ideas presented about the value of professional development for promoting inclusive practices are relevant to other parts of the world, not least because of the emphasis placed on the importance of contextual analysis.

Інститут вищої освіти: перша чверть століття

The article presents the main conceptual and organizational foundations of the Institute of Higher Education of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine. The main circumstances and concrete efforts to implement the plan for the creation and development of this Institute have been witnessed from the first person. The creation of the Institute of Higher Education was supposed to contribute to the fulfillment of such basic tasks of higher education. First, the development of higher education stimulated the formation of a young Ukrainian state, ensured the establishment of norms and values characteristic of a democratic state, and the development of the best qualities of human capital in Ukraine. Secondly, it was necessary to carry out radical changes in the entire system of higher education of Ukraine, to create a coherent national and modern system of higher education, which involved not only the implementation of changes at the national level, but also a significant restructuring of the universities themselves. Thirdly, the reform of higher education should have taken into account modern civilizational changes that necessitated transformational processes in the global university environment, such as the development of student-centeredness, the widespread introduction of new digital learning technologies, deeper integration into globalization processes, etc. Fourthly, despite the heated debate in political circles in the first years of Ukraine’s independence regarding the geopolitical orientations of the country’s development, more and more citizens became supporters of European integration, which was a natural, but difficult to implement, result of Ukraine’s accession to the Bologna process. The main achievements of the Institute of Higher Education in the conceptualization and instrumentalization of these and other tasks are described. Renewed on this basis, the higher education of Ukraine should become a driving force of society, capable of providing an innovative breakthrough in the scientific-technological, industrial-economic, social-humanitarian spheres.

MALTectomy and psoriasis risk in women: A prospective study in the French E3N prospective cohort.

The involvement of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) in the development of an autoimmune response in the skin is unclear and unstudied. In this study we sought to assess the relationship between removal of MALT tissues (MALTectomy) and the risk of development of psoriasis (overall or moderate-to-severe). We conducted a prospective observational study based on E3N, a French cohort composed of 98 995 women born between 1925 and 1950 and insured by the health insurance of the national education system (MGEN). The study population included the 90 119 women that completed the 1990 baseline questionnaire with available information on MALTectomy and a valid incident diagnostic date for psoriasis. During the 1990-2018 follow-up period 2 433 incident cases of psoriasis were identified through self-reports while during the period for which drug reimbursement data were available from the MGEN database (2004-2018), 120 cases of moderate-to-severe psoriasis were identified. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for known or putative psoriasis risk factors. Appendectomy was associated with an increased risk of psoriasis both in the univariate [HR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08-1.27)] and multivariable models [HR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.05-1.24)]. A suggestive association with appendectomy was observed for moderate-to-severe psoriasis risk [univariate HR: 1.40 (95%CI: 0.97-2.02); multivariable HR: 1.36 (95%CI: 0.94-1.96)]. No association was observed between tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy both for overall and moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The observed association between appendectomy and risk of psoriasis warrants further investigations as they may help to elucidate the disease etiology and improve risk prediction.

A Quantitative Analysis of University Admission Results for Hungarian Ethnic Minority Students in the Carpathian Basin

This study analyses the higher education admission results of Hungarian ethnic minority students in Hungary originating from Central and Eastern European countries (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania) by secondary education background (national system vs. foreign system) and school-leaving qualification background (advanced and intermediate levels in Hungary and their native country). Students (n = 759) take (or have taken) part in undivided (5-year) and bachelor (3-year) programs at universities in Hungary and, for historical reasons, live as ethnic minorities in their home countries in the Carpathian Basin. There are significant differences in the number of students according to their secondary education background. Of the admitted students, 83.7% graduated from a national system secondary school and 16.3% from a foreign system secondary school before entering higher education. Using a Mann–Whitney U-test, we confirmed that the admission scores of students from the national secondary education system are significantly different from the scores of students who graduated from a foreign secondary education system (p < 0.001). The results of the Jonckheere–Terpstra test demonstrated that students with advanced-level exam results performed significantly better than those who entered higher education with intermediate-level or native country examination results (p < 0.001). However, there is no detectable difference (p > 0.05) between students who graduate at the intermediate level and students who graduate with a native country certificate. A regression model, based on the median admission scores, exhibited a trend of improving results for foreign students. The R2 quadratic determination coefficient is 0.705. This study provides insights into the educational pathways and decisions of Hungarian students residing abroad, underlining the influence of the national context and public education systems on their educational trajectories.

Eurocentrism and the constraints in alternative knowledge production: the case of Pakistani international relations

This article addresses the persistent Eurocentrism in the national IR academies within the Global South, notwithstanding continued appeals for pluralization of the global field of IR. Focusing on the discipline of IR in Pakistan, the study explores the implications of Western intellectual dominance through in-depth interviews with local IR academics. The findings demonstrate a marked dependence on realist ideas (the classical strand in particular), which emphasize state-centric and security-focused views of world politics. This restricted approach corresponds with realpolitik because of its pragmatic focus on state security and interests, while ignoring broader theoretical assumptions. These realist ideas are sustained through academic norms, establishing a pattern which perpetuates Eurocentric perspectives in the Pakistani IR community. The article recognizes Western intellectual gatekeeping practices, and the national higher education system of Pakistan, as notable hindrances to the advancement of the discipline in Pakistan. Additionally, lax academic standards in local knowledge production, tied to professional progression, confine Pakistani IR academics to domestic publishing platforms. This discursive environment incentivizes state and security-oriented research, leading to IR scholarship in Pakistan that lacks originality and quality, remains predominantly Eurocentric, and primarily supports state security policies. The study underscores the necessity for a more diverse and contextually relevant approach to IR in Pakistan, which would better capture the country’s unique realities and contribute to a richer global discourse.

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION ABROAD IN THE STUDIES OF UKRAINIAN COMPARATIVISTS

The article presents a synthesized historiographical analysis of Ukrainian pedagogical comparativistsʼ works on the development of higher medical education in foreign countries, identifying trends, achievements, bottlenecks, and prospects for studying this problem. The presented sample of dissertations, monographs, and textbooks demonstrated their narrow country-specific vector and similarity in formulating the subject of research. Historiographical and comparative analysis revealed similar approaches of scientists to determining trends in the development and functioning of national systems of professional training for doctors. These concern the preservation and expansion of decentralization in higher medical education management; strengthening the interaction of its various links; shifting emphasis in determining the prerequisites for the development of national higher medical education systems from “traditional” factors (political, socio-economic, cultural situation of the country, etc.) to clarifying the influences of international medical organizations and documents in the field of healthcare that substantiate general strategies for training doctors in higher medical education institutions, etc. Scientists also propose original approaches to studying the functioning of national systems of higher medical education. These are manifested in the development of authors periodizations and classifications of the specified process; thorough characteristics of university environments for training future doctors in different countries; comprehensive understanding of the determinants of their formation and development, which, in addition to social, economic, and cultural factors of the country's development, relate to the level of education of the population, its multiculturalism, the specifics of educational systems, etc. In these perspectives, the analyzed studies mark two main country-specific vectors of research in higher medical education: “overseas” (USA and Canada) and “European” (mainly Great Britain, Poland, and German-speaking countries).

Implementation of basic education management in Grobogan district: Analysis and model development

Law Number 20 of 2003 on the National Education System states that citizens have the right to obtain basic education for children aged seven to fifteen years. In addition, it is also a commitment to the implementation of Grobogan district’s regional regulation No 5 of 2019 on education implementation, especially article 12 related to the obligation of local governments to ensure the implementation of basic education according to their authority. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of the basic education management program in Grobogan district; analyze the factors that support and hinder the implementation of the basic education management program in Grobogan district; formulate a model for implementing the basic education management program in Grobogan district. The method used in this research is qualitative. This method was used to analyse the phenomenon of policy implementation of the basic education management program in Grobogan district. The research site was in Grobogan district. The informants are policy actors who know a lot about the basic education program in Grobogan district. The results show that the implementation of the Grobogan district education office’s policy on basic education management consists of three areas, namely (1) equalization and expansion of access to education; (2) improvement of quality, relevance and competitiveness; (3) education governance and accountability. These three areas aim to achieve the national standards of education and the minimum service standards of education.

Pendidikan Karakter dalam Komik Si Toyeb Karya Husni Assaerozi

In constitution Number 20 of 2003 year Chapter 2 Article 3 talking about the national education system said that "national education aims to develop the ability and form the character and civilization nation that dignity in order to educate life of the nation, aiming to develop the potential of students become human beings who faithful and pious to God Almighty, noble, healthy, erudite, capable, creative, independent, and become democratic and responsible citizen. The values of character education should be instilled in children since early age. This is duty of both parents to educate their children to have good behaviors and habits. Whether at home, at school or in the society circle. The comic book entitled Si Toyeb by Husni Assaerozi. This research aims to trace the characters education in the comic Si Toyeb which is a comic that tells about the portrait of santri life in Islamic boarding school. This written is a research that seeks to inspect the values of character education using library research methods. Data from the results of this research can be concluded that comic Si Toyeb by Husni Assaerozi there are 9 from 18 characters education values according national education ministry.