National Defense Research Articles

Penerapan Bela Negara di Era Revolusi Teknologi Pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan

This article discusses the application of national defense in civic education learning in the midst of the technological revolution. This study uses a qualitative approach with the literature review method to collect and analyze various relevant literature sources. The results of the analysis show that information and communication technology (ICT) has made a significant contribution in improving the interactivity and accessibility of civic learning. However, the challenges faced include the potential erosion of national values by the influence of globalization and individualism reinforced by technology. Solutions to address these challenges include the development of relevant curricula, training for educators in the use of technology, and the implementation of practical and contextual learning activities. This research contributes to the development of more effective and relevant learning methods to the times, and emphasizes the importance of utilizing technology to strengthen the spirit of national defense and civic awareness among the younger generation.

SIKAP BELA NEGARA SEBAGAI KONTROL DIRI DALAM MEMINIMALISIR PERILAKU KECURANGAN DIPANDANG DARI PERSPEKTIF FRAUD DIAMOND

This research aim to test and empirically demonstrate how pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and capacity can influence academic fraud behaviour and how national defense attitudes play a role in moderating such influence. This research is a quantitative study using up to 94 students from S1 Accounting student UPN “Veteran” East Java as samples. The research used SEM PLS with WarpPLS 7.0 software for data analysis. The finding of this research may be used as a resource for universities related to fraud in the university environment, specially in S1 Accounting students and can provide an overview of fraud related to occurring, so that the universities can take determined further action to deal with such matters. Research findings demonstrate that pressure and rationalization have a significant influence on fraud behavior and national defense attitudes can moderate the influence of opportunity against fraud behavior. Opportunity and capability have no significant influence on fraud behavior and national defense attitudes do not moderate the influence of pressure, racinoalization, and capability against fraud behavior.

DETERMINING SHALLOW WATER BATHYMETRY BY STEREO PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE USING WORLDVIEW-2 IMAGERY

Bathymetry in shallow-water areas plays an important role in marine environment management, marine economic resource development, and national defense and security. The echo sounding method is currently highly accurate; however, it has to deal with a variety of challenges as a result of the high cost, terrain influence, and meteorological conditions at sea. As remote sensing technology progresses, estimating bathymetry using satellite imagery will help lower measuring costs and expand monitoring coverage, particularly in shallow water, offshore areas, and difficult-to-access areas. In this article, the authors present a technique for determining bathymetry in shallow water regions by utilizing WorldView-2 stereoscopic images. The accuracy of stereoscopic depth measurement using WorldView-2 images is assessed by field depth measurement using the single-beam echo sounder. The study area is Nam Yet Island. The coefficient of determination (R2) between the two datasets (field measurement data and using satellite images) is 0.9. The stereoscopic satellite image method of depth measurement is highly accurate for regions with depths below 5 meters. The accuracy of the stereoscopic measurement decreases as the depth increases by more than 5 meters.

Remote Learning in Military Higher Education During Covid-19: Challenges and Strategies for Student Officers in Sri Lanka

The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated a global shift in higher education toward remote learning, prompting diverse adaptations to ensure continuity in student education. This transition was particularly impactful in Sri Lanka, where the tri-forces' student officers, crucial for national defense, underwent remote postgraduate studies. This study investigates the challenges, perceptions, and proposed strategies of these officers pursuing the PSC (Master’s degree at Defence Services Command and Staff College) during the pandemic. Grounded in Anderson's Theory and Practice of Online Learning, the research employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, surveying 30 male student officers via an online questionnaire. Results indicate a generally positive reception of remote learning, with 61.9% expressing satisfaction, despite encountering technical barriers, limited peer interaction, motivation issues, and content comprehension difficulties. While 52.4% reported moderate engagement levels, 66.7% acknowledged satisfactory lecturer support. The study suggests enhancing infrastructure, fostering interactive learning environments, and improving teacher-student interaction to mitigate challenges and bolster remote learning effectiveness. Notably, 85.7% of respondents advocate for hybrid learning, blending online and traditional methods. However, limitations include a small, male-only sample, limiting generalizability, and neglecting perspectives of officers with lower IT and English proficiency. Recommendations include policy interventions to enhance teacher-student interaction, promote engagement, and optimize remote learning quality, recognizing its pivotal role in future higher education. This study contributes insights into the challenges and prospects of remote learning in a unique military educational context, informing strategies for its effective implementation amidst crises and beyond.

The First National Defense Industrial Strategy of the United States of America

The First National Defense Industrial Strategy of the United States of America

Radiation survey of the territory of Teriberka village and Kildin Island of Murmansk Region

The Arctic zone is a strategically important territory of the Russian Federation from the point of view of socio-economic, scientific, and technological components, as well as in terms of planning the development of a system for ensuring national defense, state, and public security. Intensive exploration and development of Arctic territories, combined with a rapidly changing environment due to global climate change, carries a few risks for the environment. This determines the need to assess potential environmental damage and determine the significance of factors of potential negative impact on unique Arctic ecosystems now and in the future. The article presents current data from a radiation survey of the coastal zone of residential areas close to the site of the sinking of the nuclear submarine ‘K-159’ – Teriberka village and Kildin Island, Murmansk region, as well as the sea area to assess the primary levels of man-made and natural radionuclides before starting work on the potential lifting of the submerged object. This work was carried out as part of the implementation of the State Program of the Russian Federation ‘Health Development’ (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 2017, No. 1640). The results of measuring the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in open areas and determining the content of man-made and natural radionuclides in samples of environmental media (soil, aquatic vegetation, marine aquatic organisms) and food products of local origin and production (mushrooms, berries, fish, milk). The research results showed that the state of the study area is generally stable in terms of the radiation factor, the content of radionuclides is at the background level. As part of this work, electronic database modules have been developed based on the results of radiation monitoring in Teriberka village and on Kildin Island. Certificate No. 2022621890 was received on registration of a database with the results of the radiation situation of the above-mentioned territories.

Physical activity, physical fitness and cardiometabolic health among Finnish military workers

IntroductionThe Western lifestyle challenges national defence. Inactivity, obesity, high BP and elevated lipid and glucose levels as well as tobacco use all increase cardiometabolic risk. The present study was thus...

“Zeitenwende” as coming of age? EU foreign & security policy through war & peace*

ABSTRACT The Russian invasion of Ukraine has brought war back to the European continent and led to considerable change in EU member states’ foreign policies. The consequential degree of EU foreign policy unity, as well as shifts in long-lasting national and collective security and defence taboos, has represented a significant departure from past practices. We use these processes of change as a starting point to set the scene for this special issue and to inform its main research question: in what manner, if at all, has the EU come of age as a foreign and security actor during Russia’s war on Ukraine? This introduction situates the main question of the special issue into the wider scholarly debates on actorness and the EU’s geopolitical ambitions. It conceptually develops the analogy of “coming of age” to examine a prospective maturation process of the EU as a foreign and security actor. In doing so, it not only interrogates what the EU as a mature foreign and security actor would look like, but it also develops the framework, identifies four maturation processes and reflects on necessary caveats for drawing inferences about the state of maturation of the EU as foreign and security actor.

Dual-crosslinked reduced graphene oxide/polyimide aerogels possessing regulable superelasticity, fatigue resistance, and rigidity for thermal insulation and flame retardant protection in harsh conditions

Polyimide (PI) aerogels have various applications in aerospace, national defense, military industry, and rail transit equipment. This paper reports a series of ultra-lightweight, high elasticity, high strength, low thermal conductivity, and high flame retardant rGO/PI nanocomposite aerogels prepared by the ice templating method. The effects of freezing processes (unidirectional freezing and random freezing), chemical composition, and environmental temperature (−196–200 °C) on the morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of the aerogels were systematically studied. The results indicated that unidirectional aerogels exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties and thermal performance. Compression in the horizontal direction showed high elasticity, high fatigue resistance, and superior thermal insulation. Meanwhile, in the vertical direction, it demonstrated high strength (PI-G-9 reaching 14 MPa). After 10,000 cycles of compression in the horizontal direction (at 50 % strain), the unidirectional PI-G-5 aerogel still retains 90.32 % height retention, and 78.5 % stress retention, and exhibited a low stable energy loss coefficient (22.11 %). It also possessed a low thermal conductivity (32.8 mW m−1 K−1) and demonstrated good thermal insulation performance by sustaining at 200 °C for 30 min. Interestingly, the elasticity of the aerogels was enhanced with decreasing temperatures, achieving a height recovery rate of up to 100 % when compressed in liquid nitrogen. More importantly, the rGO/PI aerogels could be utilized over a wide temperature range (−196–200 °C) and had a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) ranging from 43.3 to 48.1 %. Therefore, this work may provide a viable approach for designing thermal insulation and flame-retardant protective materials with excellent mechanical properties that are suitable for harsh environments.

Efforts to Develop TNI Defense Equipment Technology to Support National Defense Posture

The increasing complexity of global security threats and challenges is the result of technological developments, geopolitical dynamics, changes in the strategic environment, as well as the evolution of potential enemy tactics and strategies. In the midst of this dynamic, the TNI (Indonesian National Army) is faced with increasingly complex tasks to maintain the country's security and sovereignty. The TNI must continue to innovate and develop defense equipment technology that is in line with national defense needs. This research aims to see what the ideal defense posture of the Republic of Indonesia is, the current condition of Indonesia's defense equipment technology in facing these threats, and what gaps must be filled regarding the development of defense equipment technology that is in accordance with the country's ideal defense posture. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection in the form of literature study. The research results show that the development of defense equipment technology does not only involve the modernization of military equipment, but also collaboration with the technology industry and investment in research and development.

Upaya Guru Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan dalam Membentuk Sikap Bela Negara Pada Diri Siswa

Pancasila and citizenship education teachers play an important role in shaping students' national defense attitudes. Through a holistic and integrated learning approach, teachers are able to introduce the values ​​of Pancasila and citizenship as a whole. By teaching concepts such as mutual cooperation, justice, and diversity, teachers help students understand the importance of serving their country and society. In addition, through discussions, simulations and collaborative projects, teachers provide opportunities for students to internalize these values ​​in everyday life. Thus, Pancasila and citizenship education teachers play a role as the main pillar in forming the young generation who have a strong and responsible attitude of defending the country. The aim of this research is to provide awareness to Pancasila and citizenship education teachers to always form the young generation or students who have a high level of state defense attitude and can make students aware of the importance of a state defense attitude towards the country which is carried out by the role of Pancasila and citizenship education teachers. This research uses the Library Research method regarding the role of Pancasila and citizenship education teachers in forming an attitude of defending the country in students.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi Kerusakan pada Bearing Kendaraan Angkut NPS 75 4x4 milik TNI Angkatan Darat Berbasis K- (Nearest Neightbor)

The Indonesian National Army (TNI) is a key element in maintaining national defense. However, challenges in the TNI's performance arise due to the need to modernize the main defense system equipment (alutsista) especially related to the condition of the NPS75 4x4 transport vehicle. One of the problems that often occurs is damage to wheel bearings, which can threaten personnel safety. Traditional methods such as listening to the sound of the engine and carrying out a physical inspection have been used before, but with the development of electronic technology, automatic devices can be created that monitor the condition of vehicle bearings using vibration detection. In this research, we propose the use of the Wemos D1 Mini which is connected to the driver's mobile phone via a WiFi network. This device uses the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) method to classify damage to bearings based on learning data. The aim is to assist in automatically detecting and classifying bearing damage categories on NPS75 4x4 transport vehicles, so that timely and targeted maintenance actions can be taken.

The Facade of Justice: Transitionless Transitional Justice of Ethiopia

The Ethiopian government has committed to a transitional justice process to address gross human rights violations through investigation, prosecution, truth-finding and revelation, reconciliation, conditional amnesty, reparation, and institutional reforms. Despite these efforts and international support, this mechanism will unlikely resolve Ethiopia's political and security issues. The government's lack of intent to cease ongoing conflicts and its continued human rights violations hinder effective participation in implementing the transitional justice process. Furthermore, the involvement of non-state and foreign actors, which are beyond the state’s authority, in gross human rights violations undermines accountability. Victims and witnesses in conflict zones face significant barriers to participation due to the government's limited reach and fear of retribution. Gross human rights violations by the government and the Ethiopian National Defense Force raise doubts about the accountability of civil and military leaders through a government-controlled transitional justice mechanism. To address these challenges, the current government should relinquish power to a transitional government to mitigate undue influence on the justice process, cease hostilities, and hold officials accountable. If the government resists establishing a transitional government, a hybrid court with foreign judges and prosecutors should handle high-profile cases, while domestic courts, with strict measures to ensure impartiality and independence, should address other cases.

National Resilience and State Defense Regarding Papuan Separatism

The question of separatism in Papua has long been a critical issue affecting Indonesia's national security. This research aims to analyze the dynamics of separatism in Papua as well as the state defense strategy implemented by the Indonesian government in an effort to strengthen national resilience. This research uses qualitative methods with a literature study and documentation approach related to government policies, existing conflicts, and community responses. Research findings show that factors such as socioeconomic marginalization, ethnic identity, and colonial history contribute significantly to separatist aspirations in Papua. In addition, excessive security approaches often worsen rather than improve the security situation. In this context, the concept of national defense is not only understood as a military defense effort, but also as an inclusive strategy that promotes just social, economic and political development. This research recommends that an effective state defense strategy must involve constructive dialogue between the government and the Papuan people, recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples, and greater investment in human and infrastructure development. It is hoped that implementing this approach can reduce tensions and support stronger social integration between Papua and Indonesia as a whole.

FROM SOCIAL MEDIA TO THE DEFENSE FIELD: AN EXPLORATION OF GEN Z'S ROLE IN NATIONAL SECURITY

ABSTRACT This research explores the role of Generation Z (Gen Z) in enhancing national security, focusing on their integration into cybersecurity and intelligence roles. As digital natives, Gen Z possesses unique competencies that are crucial for modern security operations. The aim of this study is to analyze these digital skills, including social media proficiency, cybersecurity awareness, and data analysis capabilities, and their application in national defense. Utilizing qualitative research methods with secondary data, such as social media analyses and existing government reports, this study identifies key areas where Gen Z can significantly contribute. Key findings include the critical digital competencies of Gen Z that enhance national security operations, strategies for effectively integrating them into cybersecurity and intelligence roles, and the ethical and practical challenges of their integration. Addressing privacy concerns, misinformation, and the need for ethical guidelines are essential for leveraging Gen Z’s skills while maintaining operational integrity. This research underscores the importance of aligning Gen Z’s capabilities with national security needs and provides recommendations for overcoming integration challenges. Keywords: cybersecurity, digital competencies, Generation Z, intelligence roles, national security

Body Fat Percentage Prediction Model of Female Republic of Indonesia Defense University Cadet

The incidence of obesity among female adolescents and adults continues to rise in Indonesia, posing significant health risks, such as cardiovascular diseases. Female cadets at the Republic of Indonesia Defense University (RIDU) are reserve members in national defense, and their performance is correlated with their nutritional status; therefore, their nutritional status should be closely monitored. Anthropometric examination is a method for nutritional assessment that incorporates body fat percentage (BFP) as part of body composition analysis. Predictive models for BFP can help identify obesity rates within a population. In Indonesia, no research has focused on BFP prediction models specifically for female RIDU cadets. This study aimed to develop a model to estimate BFP in this group. Conducted in August 2021, the research employed a quantitative cross-sectional approach involving 108 female students aged 18 to 20 from RIDU who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study analyzed the relationship between BFP (measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, or BIA) and independent variables such as age, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). Pearson correlation tests and multivariate linear regression were used to create the prediction model. Findings showed an average BFP of 28.303% ± 6.37%. BMI had the strongest correlation with BFP (r = 0.722). The resulting predictive model is BFP = -94.055 + 39.064*WC + 1.073*age + 1.420*BMI, with an adjusted R square value of 0.535, indicating the model’s explanatory power. This study showed the first to predict BFP in female RIDU cadets. Age, BMI, and WC were predictors of BFP among female RIDU cadets.

The Rapid Emergence of Autonomous Weapons (AWS) and its Ethical Challenges

Purpose: This article aims to derive ethical challenges for the Republic of Korea (ROK) military in response to the rapid emergence of Autonomous Weapons (AWS) and propose development strategies. Method: To identify previous research on AWS and ethical challenges regarding AWS in the international community, this research proposed ethical challenges and development strategies for AWS in the ROK military. Results: The ethical challenges regarding AWS in the ROK military include controllability, accountability, reliability, transparency, data management, and human rights protection. To overcome the ethical challenges associated with the development of AWS, active collaboration with not only the Ministry of National Defense but also relevant agencies, industry-academia partnerships, and other stakeholders is necessary to promote their advancement. Conclusion: The ethical issues related to the dignity of life, control over decision-making, and other aspects must be continuously improved in the process of utilizing AWS for ROK military purposes in cooperation with the international community.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEFENCE INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE TO ENSURE NATIONAL SECURITY

The national defence industry concentrates on military, electronic, information and space technologies. In the near future, Ukraine's defence industry may become one of the most knowledge-intensive industrial sectors of the economy. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to assess the capacity of Ukrainian defence enterprises to produce weapons and military equipment to ensure national security. The research aims not only to assess the problems of the defence industry under martial law but also to ensure the effective development of the defence industry sectors by identifying priority areas of funding.It was found that the current state of the Ukrainian defence industry does not meet the current realities of the time, especially in the context of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The provision of equipment and weapons to military units is at a low level. It is found that the renewal of modern models of weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, before the full-scale invasion, was less than 1%, which in turn did not allow to compensate for the rate of ageing of existing weapons. The authors suggest ways to support the development of Ukraine's defence industry, in particular, through the creation of a Defence Industry Development Fund.The authors propose to create a Defence Industry Development Fund using public and private sources of funding not prohibited by the legislative framework of Ukraine, which will expand the capabilities of defence industry enterprises to produce weapons and military equipment. The creation of a system of multi-level continuous education in the defence industry and long-term conditions for the sustainable development of the defence industry's human resources will allow to engage in capacity building and reach a new level of support for the Armed Forces of Ukraine through the implementation of NATO standards.

Analysis on the effect of male legislators"s military services experience on the proposal of the National Defense Bill : Focusing on the Proposal of the 21st National Assembly

Analysis on the effect of male legislators"s military services experience on the proposal of the National Defense Bill : Focusing on the Proposal of the 21st National Assembly

An Integrated Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Combustion Process for Sustainable Production of Sm2O3 Nanoparticles from Waste SmCo Magnets

Samarium (Sm), as one of the rare earth elements (REEs), has gained significant attention in the production of SmCo magnets due to their high corrosion and oxidation resistance, as well as their high-temperature stability. SmCo magnets find applications in various industries, including but not limited to national defense, aerospace, military, and medical equipment. Sm and Co have been classified as a critical metal due to its economic importance and supply risk. Recovering Sm from SmCo magnets is an effective method to ensure a stable supply. The present study investigates an integrated hydrometallurgical treatment and combustion process for the preparation of rare earth oxide (Sm2O3) powders from SmCo. Initially, SmCo powders is exposed to nitric acid, and the resulting slurry is selectively oxidized at 250 °C to obtain Sm(NO3)3, Co2O3, and Fe2O3. Subsequently, the selectively oxidized powders are leached with water to extract Sm. Sm2O3 powders are produced from the obtained leaching solution using an energy- and time-efficient solution combustion process. In this process, once the ignition point of the leaching solution-citric acid complex is reached, combustion occurs and concludes within a short time. The combusted powders are then calcined at different temperatures to produce crystalline Sm2O3 powders. Finally, the optimal conditions for the production of Sm2O3 are identified, and the produced powder is characterized through XRD and FESEM analysis.