Aboriginal Communities In Canada Research Articles

EE391 Cost-Effectiveness of Radar: An Innovative Model to Organize Diabetes Care in First Nations Communities in Canada

EE391 Cost-Effectiveness of Radar: An Innovative Model to Organize Diabetes Care in First Nations Communities in Canada

The Community as Provider: Collaboration and Community Ownership in Northern Maternity Care

Across Canada, researchers and maternity care leaders have identified a crisis in maternity care due to a shortage of skilled providers (obstetricians, family physicians, midwives). For the remote Inuit communities of Nunavut this crisis is about a lack of local maternity care and childbirth brought about by the erosion of local capacity and participation in planning and provision. These communities face difficulties recruiting, training and retaining skilled providers. They also experience a lack of consistency in providers and services within and across Aboriginal communities in Canada, and system dependence on the evacuation of women in remote communities for childbirth. System dependence on evacuation for childbirth has effectively removed childbirth from Nunavut families and communities. Across Nunavut, efforts to return childbirth to communities have been challenged by a lack of mobilization of providers and communities, concerns about safety, and relationships between communities, providers, decision-makers, and various levels of government. From November 2002 to December 2004, through a qualitative consultative methodology we examined current maternity care across ten Nunavut communities and their visions for change. We found that a return of childbirth to communities is thus, not simply about hiring more providers and developing local training. This return will require a rethinking of relationships between and collaboration among communities, providers, and levels of government to determine, plan and implement sustainable maternity care for remote, Inuit communities. While collaboration is crucial to providing sustainable maternity care in remote, Inuit settings, we argue that multidisciplinary collaboration needs to be reframed to include the community. Moreover, we find that collaboration becomes all the more complex in the context of community ownership and historical relationships between traditional and non-traditional providers.

Bacterial diversity and resistome analysis of drinking water stored in cisterns from two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada.

The microbiological content of water is an ongoing concern in First Nations communities in Canada. Many communities lack water treatment plants and continue to be under drinking water advisories. However, lack of access to treatment plants is only a part of the problem as poor water distribution systems also contribute to the failure to provide safe drinking water. Here, we studied the microbial diversity and antibiotic resistome from water stored in cisterns from two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. We found that the cistern water contained a high number of bacteria and showed the presence of diverse antimicrobial resistance genes. Interestingly, the bacterial diversity and antimicrobial resistance genes varied considerably from that of the untreated source water, indicating that the origin of contamination in the cistern water came from within the treatment plant or along the delivery route to the homes. Our study highlights the importance of proper maintenance of the water distribution system in addition to access to water treatment facilities to ensure a supply of safe water to First Nations communities in Canada.IMPORTANCEThe work described addresses a critical issue in First Nations communities in Canada-the microbiological content of water. Many of these communities lack access to water treatment plants and frequently experience drinking water advisories. This study focused on the microbial diversity and antibiotic resistome in water stored in cisterns within two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. These findings reveal that cistern water, a common source of drinking water in these communities, contains a high number of bacteria and a wide range of antimicrobial resistance genes. This highlights a serious health risk as exposure to such water can lead to the spread of drug-resistant infections, posing a threat to the well-being of the residents.

Cultural-Land Bond: A Multifaceted Exploration of First Nations Historical Trajectory, Present Realities, and Sustainable Futures

This article explores the intricate and enduring connection between First Nations communities in Canada and their ancestral lands. The central research question guiding this investigation is: How do these multifaceted factors intersect to shape the lasting cultural-land bond? Utilizing a comprehensive literature review methodology, encompassing historical records, scholarly works, and indigenous perspectives, this study synthesizes information to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics at play. The key argument put forth is that the historical trajectory, colonial-era policies, Indigenous-colonial treaties, present-day social structures, economic considerations, environmental challenges, familial traditions, and core cultural values collectively contribute to the vitality of the cultural-land connection. The academic impact of this research lies in its revelation of patterns and common themes, offering crucial insights for policy adjustments. The article advocates for comprehensive legislation that respects Indigenous rights, encourages community-led initiatives, and promotes environmental sustainability. The implication of this work is a call to action, urging continued research, legislative support, and community engagement to ensure the preservation of this enduring connection for the benefit of current and future generations.

Determinants of Anishinabeck infant and early childhood growth trajectories in Northwestern Ontario, Canada: a cohort study

BackgroundThe Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm emphasizes the significance of early life factors for the prevention of chronic health conditions, like type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity, which disproportionately affect First Nations communities in Canada. Despite increasing DOHaD research related to maternal health during pregnancy, early childhood growth patterns, and infant feeding practices with many populations, data from First Nations communities in Canada are limited. In partnership with Sandy Lake First Nation, the aims of this project were to characterize birthweights and growth patterns of First Nations infants/children over the first 6 years of life and to study the impact of maternal and infant social and behavioral factors on birthweight and growth trajectories.MethodsWe recruited 194 families through community announcements and clinic visits. Infant/child length/height and weight were measured at 1 and 2 weeks; 1, 2, 6, 12, and 18 months; and 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years. Maternal and infant/child questionnaires captured data about health, nutrition, and social support. Weight-for-Age z-score (WAZ), Height-for-Age z-score (HAZ), and BMI-for-Age z-score (BAZ) were calculated using WHO reference standards and trajectories were analyzed using generalized additive models. Generalized estimating equations and logistic regression were used to determine associations between exposures and outcomes.ResultsWAZ and BAZ were above the WHO mean and increased with age until age 6 years. Generalized estimating equations indicated that WAZ was positively associated with age (0.152; 95% CI 0.014, 0.29), HAZ was positively associated with birthweight (0.155; 95% CI 0.035, 0.275), and BAZ was positively associated with caregiver’s BMI (0.049; 95% CI 0.004, 0.090). There was an increased odds of rapid weight gain (RWG) with exposure to gestational diabetes (OR: 7.47, 95% CI 1.68, 46.22). Almost 70% of parents initiated breastfeeding, and breastfeeding initiation was modestly associated with lower WAZ (-0.18; 95% CI -0.64, 0.28) and BAZ (-0.23; 95% CI -0.79, 0.34).ConclusionsThis work highlights early life factors that may contribute to T2DM etiology and can be used to support community and Indigenous-led prevention strategies.

Ground-up approach to understanding the impacts of historical trauma in one reserve-dwelling first nations community.

First Nations peoples experience disproportionate health inequities compared to most non-Indigenous populations. Historical trauma is one factor that has received growing attention in relation to health inequities among First Nations populations. The goal of the present study was to improve understanding of the specific forms, impacts, and mechanisms of transmission of events that lead to historical trauma and the historical trauma response in First Nations peoples. Five focus groups were conducted among adult members of one First Nations community in Canada (N = 34; 70.4% female). Conventional content analysis revealed the numerous forms that historical trauma take in this First Nations community; individual-, familial-, community-, and societal-level impacts of historical trauma; and ways in which historical trauma has been transmitted in this community. Loss of culture, alcohol use, and parenting were major themes identified across these domains. Findings provide important information on the experience of historical trauma in one First Nations community, highlighting the roles of loss of culture; alcohol use; and parenting in the forms, impacts, and transmission of historical trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

We can learn from the covid-19 pandemic management strategy of First Nations communities in Canada

We can learn from the covid-19 pandemic management strategy of First Nations communities in Canada

Exploring quality improvement for diabetes care in First Nations communities in Canada: a multiple case study

BackgroundIndigenous peoples in Canada experience higher rates of diabetes and worse outcomes than non-Indigenous populations in Canada. Strategies are needed to address underlying health inequities and improve access to quality diabetes care. As part of the national FORGE AHEAD Research Program, this study explores two primary healthcare teams’ quality improvement (QI) process of developing and implementing strategies to improve the quality of diabetes care in First Nations communities in Canada.MethodsThis study utilized a community-based participatory and qualitative case study methodology. Multiple qualitative data sources were analyzed to understand: (1) how knowledge and information was used to inform the teams’ QI process; (2) how the process was influenced by the context of primary care services within communities; and (3) the factors that supported or hindered their QI process.ResultsThe findings of this study demonstrate how teams drew upon multiple sources of knowledge and information to inform their QI work, the importance of strengthening relationships and building relationships with the community, the influence of organizational support and capacity, and the key factors that facilitated QI efforts.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the ongoing calls for research in understanding the process and factors affecting the implementation of QI strategies, particularly within Indigenous communities. The knowledge generated may help inform community action and the future development, implementation and scale-up of QI programs in Indigenous communities in Canada and globally.

Justice Frank Iacobucci and the Search for Truth and Reconciliation in Canada

In this radio interview, Justice Frank Iacobucci shares his insights into the legal, political, and ethical forces behind The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (2007) and The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2007–2015). These initiatives were de­signed to address the many serious issues and injustices that have long impacted Indigenous peoples and continue to radically reshape First Nation communities in Canada.

How Colonialism Makes Its World: Infrastructure and First Nation Debt in Canada

The default prevention and management policy (DPMP) is a federal policy that was ostensibly designed to address debt and default in First Nation communities in Canada. The policy works through various levels of external intervention into First Nation finances. According to research findings presented in this article, when First Nations are under the policy a new form of deficit is created rather than improved: Housing stock and water infrastructure becomes much worse off than for First Nations who have never been under the policy. This article puts infrastructure to work as method (Cowen 2020) to explore how intimate geographies of infrastructure and “infrastructure denial” (Curley 2021), such as housing and water systems on reserves, connect socioeconomic policy frameworks with theories of settler colonial dispossession.

An Examination of Household Size, Geographic Remoteness, and Population of First Nation Communities in Canada: The Impact on Selected Wellbeing Indicators

Those living in First Nation communities tend to experience a lower quality of life than non-Indigenous Canadians as evidenced by a broad array of indicators such as employment and residential overcrowding. This research focuses on the relationship between household size and wellbeing among First Nation communities in Canada with consideration of the impact of remoteness and population as well. The research objectives are addressed with empirical analysis consisting of three stepwise linear regressions with community level data from the 2016 Census and First Nation government financial statements. Wellbeing, the dependent variable, is assessed with selected wellbeing indices consisting of education, housing quality, and workforce participation. The explanatory variables consist of a set of demographic factors, which includes household size, and a set of financial indicators. Geographic remoteness and community population are each added to the regression models in a stepwise manner. The results reveal that household size has the largest marginal impact on all three measures of wellbeing, suggesting that communities with relatively larger households, often associated with residential overcrowding, are more likely to have lower levels of wellbeing. The stepwise regression results illustrate the significance of including geographical remoteness for all three measures of wellbeing, while the addition of community population is only significant for the workforce index. In regard to geographical remoteness, the empirical results reveal that both educational outcomes and housing quality are lower in more remote communities. Community size, as defined by population, is found to be negatively associated with the workforce index implying that communities with larger populations tend to have lower workforce participation and employment outcomes. Given the ongoing social, health and economic costs associated with residential crowding in First Nation communities, the results will be of interest to policy makers and First Nation leaders in Canada and other countries who seek strategies to raise the level of wellbeing for their Indigenous communities. Policy recommendations include an increase in housing supply coordinated through the creation of an Indigenous-led housing and infrastructure authority. Other recommendations include long-term approaches to supporting education and job training programs with community level initiatives.

Housing inadequacy in rural Saskatchewan First Nation communities.

Housing and house conditions on First Nation communities in Canada are important determinants of health for community members. Little is known about rural First Nation housing in the Canadian Prairies. The aim was to survey houses in two rural First Nation communities in Saskatchewan, Canada to understand housing conditions, prevalence of mold/mildew and dampness, and sources, locations and frequency of mold and dampness. Surveys were conducted with an adult member of each household in 144 houses. Surveys assessed: size, age, and number of rooms in the house; number of individuals residing in the house; presence of mold/mildew and dampness, and sources, locations and frequency of mold and dampness. Houses were mostly two-bedrooms (25.7%) or more (67.4%). Thirty-one percent of houses had six or more people living in the house with crowding present in 68.8% of houses. Almost half of the houses (44.5%) were in need of major repairs. More than half of the houses had water or dampness in the past 12 months in which dripping/puddles and standing water were most commonly identified and were from surface water and plumbing. More than half of the houses indicated that this dampness caused damage. A smell of mold or mildew was present in over half of the houses (52.1%) and 73.3% of these houses indicated that this smell was always present. Housing adequacy including crowding, dampness, and mold are significant issues for houses in these two rural Saskatchewan First Nation communities. Housing inadequacy is more common in these rural communities as compared to Canadian statistics. Housing inadequacy is modifiable and is important to address for multiple reasons, but notably, as a social determinant of health. Federal government strategy to address and redress housing in First Nation communities in Canada is a fiduciary responsibility and critical to reconciliation.

Recreational tobacco consumption and food insecurity among First Nations in Canada.

Crowding-out effects of tobacco consumption refers to the situation in which tobacco consumption reduces a household's spending on other commodities. In this paper, we test for the crowding-out effects of recreational tobacco consumption on food expenditures among on-reserve Indigenous communities in Canada. We use data from household expenditure surveys (N=469) to investigate tobacco consumption behaviour of on-reserve households of six First Nation communities in Canada. Using conditional Engel curves, we estimate the crowding-out effects of spending on tobacco on budget share of other expenditure categories with a focus on food expenditures. Our analysis showed that crowding-out effects of consuming tobacco on consumption of goods and services are minimal with an estimated impact of -0.00004 on the budget share of food expenditures in the remaining budget excess of expenditures on tobacco. While crowding-out effects are not statistically significant in general, the budget share of store-bought food expenditures is significantly lower (i.e. 5%) among tobacco consumer households. This study sheds new light on some of the indirect impacts of recreational tobacco use and Indigenous food insecurity in Canada. This study is the first attempt to test for crowding-out effects of tobacco consumption among Indigenous populations in Canada. Our findings are important and highlight areas for substantial improvements in health and well-being outcomes given the alarming rates of food insecurity experienced by Indigenous communities in Canada.

Learning circles: an adaptive strategy to support food sovereignty among First Nations communities in Canada.

Indigenous communities in Canada are concerned about the health of their youth and the reclamation of traditional food-related skills amongst their people. Food sovereignty has an integral role in food and nutrition security, and the path to Indigenous self-determination. Learning Circles: Local Healthy Food to School (LC:LHF2S) was a community engagement model that aimed to enhance access to local, healthy, and traditional foods for youth. In each of four First Nations communities, a Learning Circle Evaluation Facilitator worked to plan and implement activities, build on community strengths, and promote partnerships. This paper describes how the model was perceived to support food sovereignty. Data included interviews, process reporting, and school surveys, and was analyzed according to pillars effective for the development of food sovereignty in Indigenous communities. Goals set by two communities incorporated food sovereignty principles, and in each community capacity-building work furthered the development of a more autonomous food system. There were many examples of a transition to greater food sovereignty, local food production, and consumption. Indigenous governance was an important theme and was influential in a community's success. The model appears to be an adaptable strategy to support the development of food sovereignty in First Nations communities. Novelty: LC:LHF2S was a community engagement model that aimed to enhance access to local, healthy, and traditional foods for youth. The model is an adaptable strategy to support the development of food sovereignty in First Nations communities. There were many examples of a transition to greater food sovereignty, local food production, and consumption.

Indigenous Rural Entrepreneurialism and Social Venturing Within Native Alaskan and Canadian Aboriginal Communities: An Empirical Analysis of Critical Success Factors and Socio-Economic Benefits of Alaska Native Corporations

This research examines the correlation between Alaskan Native Corporations’ corporate social responsibility investment strategies and their impact on effectively creating entrepreneurial opportunities for Alaskan Native communities. Our analysis begins by examining factors affecting the alignment of Alaska Native Corporation values with indigenous cultural values (Anders & Anders, 1987). It then builds off further from previous research into social entrepreneurship and indigenous people (Curry, Donker, & Michel, 2016). We reviewed existing literature addressing connections between indigenous culture and entrepreneurial opportunities (Bardy, Drew, & Kennedy, 2011) and then adapted Donker, et. al.’s (2008) research model for assessing the relationship between corporate values and firm performance to establish a method for data collection and analysis. We hypothesize that there is a significantly positive and strong correlation between economic community development and corporate financial performance when Alaska Native cultural values are integrated into Alaska Native Corporations, when gender diversity is promoted in leadership roles within the corporations and within entrepreneurial businesses within Alaska Native communities, and when serious reasonable efforts are made to promote social well-being, economic, and educational development. In our assessment of cultural values and their impact on firm performance in Alaska Native Corporations, we used H. Donker, et. al.’s (2008) research model for assessing the relationship between corporate values and firm performance to provide a method for data collection and analysis. We also examined publicly available data regarding socio-economic factors to gauge labor participation including unemployment rates, high school Indigenous Rural Entrepreneurialism and Social Venturing in Alaska graduation rates, and student performance. This data was correlated with Alaska Native Corporation community investment programs to evaluate connections and test our hypothesis. We examined the gender diversity of Alaska Native Corporations Board of Directors to identify any impacts on firm performance, specifically how the gender diversity of corporate executive boards impacts investments in communities. Our data sample focused on the twelve regional Alaska Native Corporations, their respective non-profit foundations, and their affiliated communities.

Network Accountability in Healthcare: A Perspective from a First Nations Community in Canada*

ABSTRACTThis study examines the role of accountability in the governance and delivery of healthcare to a First Nations community in Canada. Drawing on actor network theory, this study explores the role of accountability in the formation and sustenance of a healthcare network using the case study of a First Nations healthcare organization. The study provides insights into how accountability helps to sustain a network of actors with divergent interests and a plurality of strategies. It finds that network accountability is the central mechanism that motivates the principal actors in the network to reconstitute themselves and converge around the purpose of strengthening governance. This study also finds evidence of accountability as a multidimensional construct that facilitates the sustenance of the federal government as the controlling actor in the network. This study provides fresh empirical insights gained from a flesh‐and‐blood, actual network that acknowledges the context of a marginalized group—namely, First Nations peoples. Furthermore, this study extends and presents a viable accountability model that can be adopted as the federal government enters into self‐governance agreements with First Nations peoples. In contrast to the dominant literature on accountability, this study adopts the unique context of a marginalized group in a market‐based developed economy.

Bonding social capital and health within four First Nations communities in Canada: A cross-sectional study

To date, research on social capital in Indigenous contexts has been scarce. In this quantitative study, our objectives were to (1): Describe bonding social capital within four distinct First Nations communities in Canada, and (2) Explore the associations between bonding social capital and self-rated health in these communities. With community permission, cross-sectional data were drawn from the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds study. Four reserve-based First Nations communities were included in the analysis, totaling 591 participants. Descriptive statistics were computed to examine levels of social capital among communities and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify social capital predictors of good self-rated health. Age, sex, education level, and community were controlled for in all models. Across the four communities in this study, areas of common social capital included frequent socialization among friends and large and interconnected family networks. Positive self-rated health was associated with civic engagement at federal or provincial levels (OR=1.65, p<0.05) and organizational membership (OR=1.60, p<0.05), but overall, sociodemographic variables were more significantly associated with self-rated health than social capital variables. Significant differences in social capital were found across the four communities and community of residence was a significant health outcomes predictor in all logistic regression models. In conclusion, this study represents one of the first efforts to quantitatively study First Nations social capital with respect to health in Canada. The results reflect significant differences in the social capital landscape across different First Nations communities and suggest the need for social capital measurement tools that may be adapted to unique Indigenous contexts. Further, the impact of social capital on health may be better explored and interpreted with more community-specific instruments and with supplementary qualitative inquiry.

Sharing Indigenous Knowledge through intergenerational digital storytelling: Design of a workshop engaging Elders and youth

ABSTRACT Within many First Nations communities, storytelling, led by Elders recognized as knowledge holders, is a deeply valued aspect of teaching and learning history, language, place, culture, and Indigenous Knowledge. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the first iteration of an intergenerational digital storytelling workshop that brought Elders and school children from a First Nations community in Canada together to co-create digital stories and share local Indigenous Knowledge. Using a community-based participatory research approach, the research team, school, and community members designed and implemented a ten-session program held during a six-week period. Thirty-one grade six and seven students were paired with thirteen Elders. Elders told a range of stories including personal experiences, legends, and local knowledge of hunting and medicine. Students created a digital version of the stories, adding images, sound, and music. Students learned about local knowledge, built connections with Elders, and increased their digital literacy. Future recommendations included expanding the program over the full year and integrating it with other classes such as having Carrier language as a key component of the digital stories and incorporating art and music created by the students.

Exploring the Use of a Sanitation Safety Plan Framework to Identify Key Hazards in First Nations Wastewater Systems

First Nations communities in Canada have a documented history of sub-standard water quality. While efforts have been made to address drinking water quality, little has been done to address longstanding challenges in wastewater systems. This study developed a hazard identification checklist using a sanitation safety plan (SSP) framework to characterize potential hazards in 29 First Nations wastewater systems in Atlantic Canada. System types included in this study included centralized, decentralized, and municipal transfer agreements (MTAs). Using past system assessment reports, potential hazardous events were evaluated along the sanitation chain to assess risk within systems. Overall, 69% of hazardous events had an unknown level of risk while 7% were high-risk. This research found that decentralized systems and MTAs have poorly characterized risk due to a lack of documentation and communication. The presence of significant knowledge deficits and high-risk hazards in centralized systems cause risk propagation and accumulation along the sanitation chain, resulting in potential effluent quality concerns. This desktop study demonstrates that an SSP approach offers an alternative assessment process to the regulatory approach currently being used by proposing an enhanced systemic understanding of risk that can inform management practices and integrate the plurality of stakeholders involved in these systems.

Solid waste management in western Canadian First Nations.

This research examined solid waste management on First Nations communities in western Canada to provide information and insight into programs, practices, policies, and activities, as well as to help bridge an identified gap related to these in the literature. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, we examined twelve First Nations communities in Canada's western provinces, which relative to other communities, had 'advanced' solid waste management systems in place. Interviews conducted in each of the communities yielded information on six themes grounded in the data, including solid waste facilities and infrastructure, solid waste programs, local capacity, provincial stewardship programs, regulation and enforcement, and funding/finance. Our analysis show that majority of the communities examined are advancing their waste management systems and now have infrastructure/facilities, such as transfer stations and recycling depots, and have implemented recycling programs, which they previously did not have. As well, we learned that implementing such programs has reduced practices, such as open dumping, which the literature highlights as a common way of managing waste in First Nations communities. Most of the communities attributed the success of their programs to regular residential curbside pickups, ability to transport waste out of the community, and community involvement and interest in programs. Despite these improvements, inadequate funding hampers the efforts of communities to sustain and/or expand their programs and maintain facilities. Additionally, most communities face challenges partnering with provincial stewardship programs, and some communities are not clear whether they even qualify to participate in these programs.