Upsurge Of Nationalism Research Articles

Critical Evaluation Of Judicial Independence Question In The International Court Of Justice

In view of developments in world politics in recent years, such as an upsurge in nationalism, doubts about multilateralism, the Covid pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, an inquiry concerning the peaceful resolution of international disputes is in order. How capable are international dispute resolution mechanisms of satisfying demands and preserving their reputations at such a critical time? The fundamentally political entities involved are likely to remain very disparate, a fact that can only worsen their widely acknowledged poor image in this respect without instituting any remedial measures. As a judicial body, however, the ICJ would hardly be allowed such latitude. Concerns about the impartiality of ICJ judges have already been expressed on the grounds of their perceived allegiance to their home countries, an issue that the existing political zeitgeist only makes more controversial. No solutions are readily available to alleviate all concerns. The current article takes several normative assessments into consideration, arguing that these can devalue the authority of the ICJ’s judgments. It then provides insight into how to recognise and deal with the persistent problem of judicial independence within the ICJ.

THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSING THE ATTITUDE OF DIALECTAL AND LITERARY LANGUAGE NORMS IN LOCAL SPEECH

In the article studies attitude as a certain position, side of individuals or groups towards language variants, phenomena and elements, which has been theoretically and empirically studied in sociolinguistics, ethnosociology, ethnolinguistics and social psychology. The article states the transition of the concept of "attitude" to the linguistic plane in terms of comparing dialectal and literary strata of the language in diglossic language use. The conducted descriptive analysis of the language system states the difference between prescriptive data and the dialectal norm. The principles of the attitude of dialectal and literary language norms in local speech, verified by oral speech in the business sphere and in the vernacular, are clarified. The fact of acquiring and expressing knowledge of the literary language (for example, during the national upsurge in the 90s, during the period of Independent Ukraine and during the Russian-Ukrainian war) is stated, which constitutes a certain social readiness, a subject's inclination, which arises when he/she anticipates a certain language situation and ensures the purposeful nature of the corresponding language activity. The typology of attitudes defined by the authors puts forward the idea of a special sociological and linguistic codification of language norms. It is noteworthy that the increasing evidence of tendencies to react and reflect in attitudes in relation to specific circumstances (war, resettlement, famine, unemployment) and everyday collisions can be changed as a result of situational requirements, unforeseen or extraordinary events. At the same time, language attitudes are expressed through attitudes toward the military volunteers, critical infrastructure workers, volunteers, victims, donors, etc. External factors trigger corresponding behavioral intentions, such as questioning, citing the obvious, creative retelling of what one has seen or heard, and individual refusal to comment for personal reasons. In the long run, a clear and objective attitude of Ukrainian speakers based on legislative and language education reforms will give positive results in language use.

Pop friction: performing Canada at the Festival Internacional da Canção Popular

ABSTRACT This article examines Canada-Brazil relations through the prism of a music festival, the Festival Internacional da Canção Popular, held in the wake of the 1964 military coup. Using sources (in French, English, and Portuguese) collected through multi-site research (Montreal, Ottawa, and Rio de Janeiro), it demonstrates that Canadians’ half-hearted, uninspired performance between 1966 and 1969 resulted from their perception of the South American giant as largely irrelevant – and too foreign – with regard to domestic and external priorities. Their elitist and tepid approach to music diplomacy was also a function of their failure of imagination in the making of international cultural relations. Not only did the Department of External Affairs and cultural officials in Canada fail to comprehend how popular music could be rendered valuable in the centennial decade and amid an upsurge of nationalism in the predominantly French-speaking province of Quebec, but they also found themselves complicit with the Brazilian dictatorship’s efforts to embellish its image through a spectacle of sound and light.

ACTIVITY PETRO BUBELA’S AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE STRUGGLE FOR UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD

The purpose of this article is to reveal the activity of one of the leading Galician military figures, lawyer by education Petro Bubela (1889 – 1934?) at the final stage of his life. His work in the leading position of the Deputy State Secretary for Military Affairs of the Western Region of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (ZOUNR), participation in the development of the armed forces − the Galician Army (GA), which was forced to resist the Polish armed aggression, is shown. The events of 1919 on the Polish-Ukrainian front are briefly analyzed – the Polish offensives and Ukrainian counteroffensives from January to March 1919, and a radical change in the situation on the front after the arrival of the well-trained and armed by the Entente Polish army under the command of General Józef Haller in Galicia. After retreating beyond the Zbruch River, the Galician soldiers found themselves in the territory controlled by the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The functions of the “temporary capital” were then performed by Vinnytsia, whose military commandant was P. Bubela. In “big” Ukraine, Galicians had to resist the Russian (“white” and “red”) occupants. P. Bubela’s participation in the complex negotiation missions with the representatives of A. Denikin’s “white” army (M. Bredov, M. Schilling) is covered. The study, based on the archival materials and memoirs, attempts to reproduce the course of events related to the “Odesa” period of P. Bubela’s life and activity. Having left Vinnytsia as a result of the Bolshevik offensive, he found himself in Odesa. After its capture by the “Reds”, he was forced to adapt to the difficult conditions of Soviet reality. In the early 1920s, P. Bubela was arrested by the Bolsheviks and taken to Kharkiv. After his release, he returned to Odesa and worked as a clerk in the Red Cross. During the Stalinist repressions of the 1930s, he was arrested again on March 23, 1931, and sentenced to three years in prison camps. The tragic fate of P. Bubela’s family, whose members were also persecuted after the Soviet occupation of Galicia in 1939, is also briefly revealed. The struggle of Galicians for Ukrainian statehood in the early 20th century convincingly proves that Ukrainian people, like other European nations, are quite capable of state life. During this period, thousands of selfless fighters for the freedom of Ukraine reached national maturity. P. Bubela took an honorable place on this list. Ukrainian historians still owe a great deal to the creators and defenders of Ukrainian statehood in the early 20th century, to the generation of Galicians who had to live during the years of high national upsurge. Therefore, the activity and life of such prominent figures as P. Bubela requires further study and thorough research.

Dilemmas of Co-production: How Street Waste Pickers Became Excluded from Inclusive Recycling in São Paulo

ABSTRACTUnder what conditions do collaborations between informal workers and the state in public service provision lead to socially beneficial synergies, and when might they intensify inequalities? This article, based on 14 months of ethnographic research, addresses this question through a comparative case study of two attempts to co-produce recycling services in São Paulo. The first, a grassroots organizing effort in the 1980s and 1990s, improved the incomes and conditions of hundreds of waste pickers and inspired a national upsurge of waste picker organizing. The second, an ambitious overhaul of waste management in the early 2000s, generated about 1,500 jobs but functionally excluded the very population of street waste pickers it was designed to benefit. The findings suggest that co-production is most likely to lead to pro-poor outcomes if concerted efforts are made to level inequalities between poor constituents and more powerful stakeholders during processes of policy design and implementation.

신문화 운동기 중국 지식인의 종교논쟁

This paper is to synthetically understand the analysis of intellects’ perception on religious studies and Christianity during the New Culture Movement which became the theoretical basement of the 1920’s anti-Christianity movement. As the revival of Confucianism during Yuan Shikai’s reign became active, opposition from Christianity and other religious circles immediately intensified. Students and intellects baptized from western sciences and thoughts refused Confucianism as state religion and claimed anti-religion. Through New Youths, Young China, Life, and so on, religious debates of the period can be grasped.BR Marxists defined religions as fantasies of future world and as opium of suppressed people, and asserted abolishment of them. Anarchists perceived religions as a kind of authoritative systems, and discerned that they infringed sciences and disturbed free developments of individual human beings. Scientism advocated that as all kinds of phenomena and problems among mankinds and in societies could be resolved within sciences, sciences should replace religions. Such anti-religious trends arose from opposition against Confucianism as state religion, and rapidly spread out within the upsurge of nationalism and anti-imperialism. BR Regarding religions, Liang Qichao and Cai Yuanpei Chen Duxiu differed in their opinions by pros and cons, but were same in the point in which they understood religions as productions of emotions. Cai Yuanpei, the naysayer, separated religions from the boundaries of morals and education, and replaced them with aesthetic education. Chen Duxiu recognized the greatness and existence of Jesus from the emotional perspective excluding the sacred, and cultivated deep-seated affection by himself. Liu Boming Liang Shumíng Tu Xiaoshi who were friendly toward religions claimed that the essence of religions as a transcendental inner tendency is placed in each individual’s mind, and that it ought to be cultivated and guided. At the same time, they saw that a religion can be a competence maintaining social orders and cultural spirits. For the result from the fact that western science and ration overwhelmed hereditary Confucian tradition, the assertion that science should replace religion became fierce. Hu Shi with a strong atheistic tendency admired Jesus, but he respected merely his personality and achievements, and Christianity was not his religion. Chen Duxiu also fiercely criticized the Confucian tradition, saying that Jesus

UKRAINIAN-BELARUSIAN CULTURAL TIES IN THE 1920S ON THE EXAMPLE OF COOPERATION OF THE MAGAZINE «MUZYKA» (“MUSIC”) WITH YULIAN DREJZIN

The study of Ukrainian-Belarusian cultural ties has significant research potential due to typologically similar processes of cultural and national formation of the two neighboring nations, which was especially pronounced in the 1920s. One of the important factors in this was the Bolshevik strategy of indigenization in the national regions of the Soviet Union. Almost simultaneously, there was a surge in literature and art in both republics. The lack of special studies that would cover these joint processes in the field of music culture, actualized the disclosure of this topic. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of cooperation between the editorial board of the magazine «Muzyka» (“Music”) (publisher – a determining factor in the development of Ukrainian musical culture of the 1920s – Mykola Leontovych All-Ukrainian Music Society) and a leading Belarusian musicologist, one of the founders of Belarusian historical musicology Yu. Drejzin and explore their correspondence as an example of close UkrainianBelarusian cultural ties in the 1920s. To achieve this goal, historical, biographical and source research methods were used. In the autumn of 1924, P. Kozytsky, the editor of the Music, and Yu. Masyutin, the secretary, took the initiative to establish contact with Belarusian artists. The following year, communication began with Yu. Drejzin. His works include the study «Music and Revolution» (1921), the dictionary «Musical Terms» (1926), the libretto of M. Aladov’s opera «Taras on Parnassus» (1927), scholarly and critical articles, a huge number of Belarusian translations from ancient Greek literature, as well as texts from Western European vocal works. Ukrainian musicologists of that time were interested in similar tasks. Cooperation with Ukrainian colleagues coincided with the beginning of Drejzin’s active critical and journalistic activity. His investigations into Belarusian music and the work of contemporary composers were published in the Ukrainian magazines “Muzyka” (1925) and «Radians’ka Muzyka» («Soviet Music») (1933), and in the Kyiv newspaper “Proletars’ka Pravda” («Proletarian truth») and the Belarusian magazine “Polymya” (“Flame”) (both in 1926) – posts about the existence of Belarusian songs in the repertoire of the band “Dumka”. According to the correspondence, Yu. Drejzin was initially irritated by misunderstandings that occurred in his collaboration with magazine “Muzyka”. He complained about the delay of magazines with his articles, had complaints about the amount of royalties. However, after the secretary of the magazine told him in detail about the catastrophic financial condition of the publication, Yu. Drejzin completely changed his mind: he admired the fantastic dedication of the editorial board and even envied the ideology of Ukrainian artists. The collaboration of the Ukrainian magazine “Muzyka” with the Belarusian musicologist Yu. Drejzin is an organic part of the Ukrainian-Belarusian cultural cooperation, which was significantly intensified during the national upsurge of the 1920s. Drejzin’s interest in the cultural ties between the two republics was reflected in the magazines of the time, in which he published his musicological research. Peculiarities of Drejzin’s cooperation with the magazine “Muzyka” are documented in correspondence with the secretary of the magazine Yu. Masyutin. The value of these letters lies both in their factual content and in reflecting the evolution of the Belarusian scientist’s attitude to Ukrainian colleagues and his willingness to borrow the professional experience of Ukrainians.

Ideological and ideological issues of protecting the interests of the people of uzbekistan in the period of national growth

The scientific article contains theoretical and practical views on the issue of ensuring the ideological and ideological security of the Uzbek people in the transition from national revival to the national upsurge. Concepts are given a philosophical definition and their current development trends are shown. Thus, the ideas of ancient philosophers on a systematic understanding of the issue of interest helped to create a unique philosophical paradigm about the “Benefit” of the philosophers of the XVIII century.

The role of education in the upbrinding of children

The scientific article contains theoretical and practical views on the issue of ensuring the ideological and ideological security of the Uzbek people in the transition from national revival to the national upsurge. Concepts are given a philosophical definition and their current development trends are shown. The ideas of ancient philosophers on a systematic understanding of the issue of interest helped to create a unique philosophical paradigm about the “Benefit” of the philosophers of the XVIII century. For example, the French philosopher Paul Henri Golbach, in his book On the System of Nature or the Laws of the Material and Spiritual Worlds, said: “Interest is the idea of one’s own happiness according to one’s character and ideas; are things that one of us thinks are necessary for our happiness”.

Scenery by M. V. Dobuzhinsky as a Version of Pushkin Studies

The sets by M. V. Dobuzhinsky for the operas by Mussorgsky and Tchaikovsky based on Pushkin’s works represent an attempt to reconstruct Pushkin’s world and Pushkin’s attitude to history. The libretto required a stylization and standardization of scenography, but Dobuzhinsky continued to interpret the images of St. Petersburg and central Russia, correlating the plots of operas with a new national upsurge. Thus, the plot of The Queen of Spades was understood as part of Pushkin’s view on the successes and failures of the Petrine reforms, about the connection between adventurism and the imperial style, which corresponded to the general cultural myth of Petersburg but was supplemented by a number of observations on the Pushkin text. The plot of Boris Godunov was read not as a Russian story, but as a common one for countries inheriting the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia. The plot of Eugene Onegin was brought closer to the dacha plots of Russian literature, becoming part of the integrated image of a lost Russia. It is proved that Dobuzhinsky in his decisions followed not the structure of the libretto, but a close reading of Pushkin’s texts.

Migration Theatre in South Africa With Reference to Mike van Graan’s When Swallows Cry

Summary In this article a discussion on migrant theatre in South Africa is given, with special reference to Mike van Graan’s play When Swallows Cry (2017). In the introduction a short background is given in terms of migration statistics and issues (notably xenophobia) pertaining to the South African state and society. Against the background of an international and national upsurge in migrant theatre the view is expressed that though we have had migrant theatre pre-1994 during the heyday of Nationalist apartheid ideology, a change has occurred since 1994 when the political dispensation changed in South Africa and the African National Congress (ANC) came into power. The situation today is more complex where intra-continental and cross-continental migrancy is now part of everyone’s lives, as portrayed in Mike van Graan’s When Swallows Cry. Van Graan’s play thus reflects a changing focus in migrant plays in South Africa: from the very early plays concerned with internal migration in the country to plays that today reflect a more complex world (i.e. the often violent and xenophobic experiences of African migrants – also within a so-called new South Africa, but also in the rest of Africa and the bigger world).

Factors associated with a confirmed Lassa fever outbreak in Eguare community of Esan West, Edo State, Nigeria: January-March, 2019

Background: Lassa fever disease is endemic in Edo State, Nigeria. A national upsurge in Lassa fever cases and death occurred in January 2019, with Eguare community in Esan West Local Government Area, Edo State having an unusual increase in number of reported cases. We investigated the outbreak to determine factors associated with being a confirmed Lassa fever case and the health seeking behaviour of the community members. Methods: We conducted an unmatched 1:4 case control study. We defined a confirmed case-patient as any person from Eguare community with febrile illness and PCR positive for Lassa fever between January and March, 2019; and control as anyone from Eguare community without febrile illness within the same period. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on exposures from both cases and controls. Univariate and bivariate analysis was done and confidence level set at 95%. Results: A total of 10 case-patients and 40 controls were recruited. The mean age of case-patients was 45.8years ± 15.2 and controls 35.6years ± 14.6. Forty percent of case-patients and 52.5% of controls were females. Having contact with suspected case-patients and having dumpsites close to homes (p<0.01) were associated with Lassa fever infection among case-patient. Eighty-six percent of the respondents would report at health facility if presented with febrile illness. Conclusion: Avoiding contact with a suspected Lassa fever case-patients and improved waste management system may prevent and interrupt the spread of Lassa fever virus.

Nacionalismo y etnicidad en el Japón moderno: traducción e ideología a finales del siglo xix

The world is experiencing globalization rapidly and has become deeply interdependent. Nevertheless, we see an increasing awareness of nationalism and ethnicity all over the world. Nationalism and ethnicity are two different concepts. However, nationalism may not be dissociated from ethnicity; rather, it may develop in close association with ethnicity through the process of modernization. Japan’s modernization began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, which led to its transformation from a feudal society into a modern nation that drew on Western states as its model. This process involved a struggle to translate Western ideas, such as «nation» and «nationalism.» This paper focuses on the late 19th century which prompted the formation of a Japanese national identity and an upsurge in nationalism, and explores the ways that translation practices and ideological aspects of the period were interrelated to shape Japanese nationalism at that time.

“The national music scene”: the analysis of the Nazi rock discourse and its relationship with the upsurge of nationalism in Poland

ABSTRACTThe article contains the analysis of lyrics created by bands associated with the “national music scene” in Poland, as well as the means of fascist propaganda used in music by far-right extremists. The article also shows the cultural and political similarities between the official right in Poland (PiS party) and extreme right wing movements. These environments are bridged by a similar cultural narrative, which is based on the cult of the nation and tradition, a dislike for immigrants, as well as the creation of conspiracy myths concerning “traitors of the homeland”.

Dangerous Days: The Impact of Nationalism on Interstate Conflict

ABSTRACTDoes an upsurge in nationalism make interstate conflict more likely? This article gives evidence to suggest that spikes in nationalism do have a direct impact on the likelihood of disputes between states. In it, I use national days or anniversaries as occasions that increase the salience of a national identity and its historical wars. I show that in the two months following national days, conflict is markedly higher than would be expected—almost 30 percent more likely than the rest of the year—and particularly likely for states who initiate conflict or who have revisionist intentions. I demonstrate further how nationalist sentiment can increase international tensions with a case study of national anniversaries in China and Japan. Together, this evidence suggests that the increase in nationalism around national days provides both risks and opportunities to regimes and shapes when they choose conflict over cooperation in international relations.

Re-imagining the Empire of Japan through Japanese Schoolboy Uniforms

Japanese kimono and the Japanese schoolboy uniform continue to interact with, and interrogate, global fashions as contemporary designers continue to call on the tropes of ‘military chic’ (Tonchi) and Japanese-inspired clothing (Kawamura).

Фрагменты дневника

Ekaterina Sakharova (1886−1963) is primarily remembered as the first wife of the famous Russian biologist, Nikolai Vavilov (1887−1943), one of the founding fathers of genetics in Russia. Yet, Sakharova was a remarkable person herself, as can be seen in the diary that she kept, with interruptions (not making entries for some periods or destroying them), from 1905 to 1963. Fragments of this diary published in this issue of Ab Imperio present the fascinating personal evolution of Sakharova, which, as if in a mirror, reflected the main stages of the evolution of the dominant intelligentsia worldview: from revolutionarism, through a rediscovery of individualism and psychology, to progressivist reformism, the upsurge of nationalism during World War I, to frustration over the Bolshevik takeover and the outbreak of civil war. Sakharova’s diary explicates the logic behind the formation of the “statist” complex of the intelligentsia that still persists in Russia. Traditionally suspicious of the state and its institutes, sometime around 1920, the Russian intelligentsia produced a very influential discourse about the state (regardless of the political regime) as the sole guardian of Russia’s integrity and viability. This departure from almost a century-long essentially anarchist tradition of the Russian intelligentsia made the survival of the Bolshevik regime possible. In the last entry made several weeks before her death, Sakharova summarized her experience of the twentieth century – as an individual and as an exemplary intelligent, a role she consciously accepted as the author of the diary. At the end of the day, after the Soviet regime deprived the intelligentsia of its primary role – producing and debating hegemonic public discourses – the main mission of this exemplary intelligent was to be a custodian of European culture. At least, this is how Ekaterina Sakharova summarized her own experience of the twentieth century.

Kargil War: Reflections on the Tenth Anniversary

Ten years later, the Kargil War still arouses deep emotions turning around Pakistan's gross perfidy, an intelligence failure, great heroism, military improvisation and innovation, a national upsurge, a most open inquiry leading to a comprehensive review of vital issues long closed to scrutiny and reform. Its report, prepared in record time, was uniquely presented to the nation as a commercial publication. (From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report, Sage, New Delhi, December 1999.)

Focusing in on Contemporary Japan's 'Youth' Nationalism

Since around the turn of the century, the shift of Japan's youth toward the political right and the upsurge of nationalism, in particular, has become the subject of much debate. The fanatical support of the national team in World Cup Soccer tournaments, the singing of the national anthem 'Kimi ga yo' in unison; the 'Japanese language boom', the increase in young people worshipping at Yasukuni Shrine, and the popularity of the comic book Ken-Kanryi (Hating the Korean Wave) are but some of the examples cited as evidence of this trend. In this article, I would like to take up some major studies in recent years that deal with this type of youth nationalism, and look back on how interpretations and analyses of this phenomenon have come to proliferate. As a representative study of Japanese youth nationalism, Kayama Rika's Puchi Nashonarizumu Shko~gun: Wakamono-tachi no Nipponshugi (Petit Nationalism Syndrome: Young People's Japan Doctrine) notes the 'nonchalance' of young people amidst events like the aforementioned World Cup, assigning to their manner of remarking without hesitation that they 'love Japan' the label 'petit nationalism'. As a psychiatrist, Kayama points out that within the background of this type of petit nationalism, which might also be thought of as a child-like 'make-believe patriotism' bereft of any historical awareness, there exist factors such as the lack of an Oedipus complex based on conflict concerning one's birthplace or personal history, a 'split' or 'estrangement' that functions as

The Price of Goodness: Everyday Nationalist Narratives in Denmark

Abstract: One of the most important political issues in Denmark today is the new upsurge of nationalism. This reached its height at the two latest general elections in Denmark, which in many ways struck the left with surprise and shock. The purpose of this paper is to try to make sense of this situation. The paper falls into four parts. After introducing the problem and contextualizing it in the “new” Europe, we provide a short presentation of the theory, methodology and analytical strategy behind the article. In the third section, we identify two conflicting discourses in current Danish debates on this issue. In the fourth section, we argue that in order to understand the present situation, a much more differentiated understanding of nationalism and its (re‐)construction in everyday life is needed. Here such an understanding is pursued on the basis of an interview analysis of narrative constructions of nationalism conducted in a medium‐sized Danish town. This, finally, is taken as the background for discussing the present advancement of nationalism in Denmark as interference between particular and more “universal” factors.