National Security Agenda Research Articles

ABSTRACT This article theorizes the eco-algorithmic border as a key formation in the convergence of artificial intelligence, environmental governance, and global border regimes. We argue that AI technologies are increasingly deployed to intensify forms of border violence that frame environmental protection as incompatible with human mobility. This alignment enables the consolidation of anti-migrant and climate-sceptical politics under the guise of technological efficiency. The eco-algorithmic border propels environmental imaginaries towards ecofascist narratives, and reinforcers extractive geopolitics and digitally mediated surveillance. The result is a global infrastructure that anticipates and disciplines climate-induced migration—particularly from the Global South—while facilitating planetary-scale resource extraction and national security agendas. Empowered by geo-spatial datasets and cloud infrastructures, the eco-algorithmic border moves towards paralysing genuine environmental and humanitarian activism, while further enhancing environmental and border imperialisms, and the profiling of counter-border actors and bordered subjects.

This bibliometric analysis investigates the research trend on supply chain risk management (SCRM) and its impact on the performance of the cattle industry in Malaysia. The cattle sector plays a critical role in the national food security agenda and agricultural sustainability yet remains vulnerable to various risks across the supply chain, including production, logistics, disease outbreaks, and market fluctuations. Despite its importance, the integration of SCRM strategies within the cattle industry has not been sufficiently explored. This study aims to identify research patterns, gaps, and future directions by analyzing scholarly output related to the keywords "cattle," "agriculture," and "supply chain risk management performance." The Scopus database was used for data collection, while Open Refine was applied for data cleaning and standardization. Visualization and clustering of research themes were conducted using VOS viewer software. An initial total of 607 articles were retrieved, and after applying inclusion criteria limiting the scope to English-language publications from 2020 to 2025, a refined dataset of 355 articles was analyzed. The findings reveal a rising trend in publications during this period, with key research clusters focusing on risk mitigation strategies, supply chain resilience, and livestock productivity. However, there is limited focus specifically on the Malaysian context. This study contributes valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to strengthen cattle industry performance through targeted SCRM strategies.

This article focuses on developing scientifically grounded approaches to enhance Ukraine's migration policy framework, fostering a secure environment, and supporting national recovery. The primary aim is to construct scenario-based projections of the EU migration crisis caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine.To achieve this, a multi-stage research design was applied, centered on scenario analysis using the Shell matrix approach. The first stage analyzed migration flows triggered by the invasion, examining their scale, trajectory, and implications for both Ukraine and the EU. It also explored migrants’ return intentions and the emotional and socio-economic factors influencing them.The second stage identified key drivers of migration since the onset of the war and used these findings to build a matrix model of influencing factors. The third stage addressed critical uncertainties—unpredictable but pivotal elements shaping Ukraine’s security landscape—forming a basis for scenario planning.In the fourth stage, three core migration scenarios were developed—optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic—mapped along two axes: the war's duration/outcome and the EU's integration stance toward Ukraine. The fifth stage involved expert evaluation of each scenario's feasibility and the level of consensus regarding its plausibility.The final stage led to the formulation of a conceptual legal framework through the proposed "Soft Return" state program. This program introduces legal tools for integrating migration policy into Ukraine's national security agenda, with a focus on facilitating the return of human capital. It includes provisions for legislative support, diaspora engagement mechanisms, and instruments for remote civic and economic participation, such as e-residency and digital platforms.By aligning legal reform with strategic foresight, the study presents a forward-looking model for migration governance under wartime conditions.

This study is motivated by the importance of utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) to support the control of an electric red chili drying system. The research aims to address the challenges of efficiency, quality stability, and post-harvest system modernization, while also contributing to the national food security agenda through the application of appropriate technology in the agricultural and agro-industrial sectors. The method used was the waterfall model, comprising needs analysis, hardware design, software design, tool fabrication, and testing. Testing was conducted on the LCD function, IoT module, chili drying process, temperature stability, and software performance. The drying process was tested in 16 trials, with results showing that the system operated effectively and efficiently. The initial heating stage recorded temperatures from 30.2°C to 51.1°C within 5–15 minutes; the optimal heating stage showed a slower temperature rise to 56–57°C within 30–35 minutes; the stabilization and temperature control stage maintained 57.8–59.9°C for 40–70 minutes; and the final stage reached 60°C at the 75th minute. The system was able to detect the maximum temperature and stop heating to prevent overheating. It is concluded that the application of IoT in the ESP32 microcontroller-based electric red chili dryer significantly improves time efficiency and product quality compared to conventional methods.

In the context of the escalating threat of global radicalism, the regulation of religious discourse has emerged as a pivotal concern for Muslim-majority nations. The present article endeavors to undertake a comparative analysis of Islamic preacher certification policies in Indonesia and Malaysia. The present study aims to elucidate the fundamental discrepancies in objectives, mechanisms, and implementing authorities. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted using a literature review. A comprehensive data set was meticulously gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources encompassed government policies, fatwas, and regulations, while the secondary sources included journals, books, and think tank reports. These data were then subjected to a rigorous thematic analysis and comparative scrutiny through a comparative matrix. The findings indicate that Islamic preacher certification in Indonesia is driven by a national security agenda to counter radicalism and represents a compromise between the state and civil society organizations. In contrast, Malaysia's mandatory tauliah (Islamic preacher certification) system prioritizes the preservation of doctrinal orthodoxy and is legally enforced by religious authorities at the state level. These disparate models reflect the distinct political landscapes and state-religion relations in both countries. Implications are both models encounter substantial challenges in regulating digital da'wah that is not bound by jurisdiction, underscoring the need for further research on religious governance in the digital age. Future studies should explore the impact of preacher certification on radicalism prevention

Since the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, the country has faced various traditional security threats. These include the Philippines’ territorial claim over Sabah since 1968 and the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation from 1963 to 1966. However, with the evolving nature of global security, the discourse has expanded to include the non-traditional security threats (NTS). One of Malaysia’s key national security concerns is the prevalence of cross-border crimes, particularly along the maritime borders of Sabah’s east coast. Since 2000, the Malaysian government has implemented security policies to combat kidnapping for ransom (KFR). However, the on-going conflict in the southern Philippines has further complicated the security landscape in the region. This study investigates the role of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in KFR activities from 2020 to 2023. It argues that two primary factors have contributed to the persistence of the KFR: (i) on-going violence in the southern Philippines and (ii) the lucrative nature of the crime. This study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing data from interviews with key informants, fieldwork observations, official documents from local authorities, and secondary sources. The findings highlight the growing prominence of NTS as a critical national security concern for Malaysia. Specifically, the study reveals that KFR has gained precedence over traditional security concerns, making it a top priority in Malaysia’s national security agenda.

Aquaponics are one of green technologies and that would allow for the production of multiple food products like fish and vegetables in one complete system. Aquaponic systems also have potential as a sustainable food security practice as the production of vegetables and fish can be done simultaneously. The process also supports global Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); SDG 1 (no poverty) and SDG 2 (zero hunger), with the implementation of aquaponic systema by local communities. The aquaponic concept is characterised by the recycling of fish waste into beneficial products and as a source of nutrients and natural fertilisers for plant growth. The synergy between the plants, fish and bacteria in the soil and fish waste benefits all components in the system and promotes a circular economy. This review emphasises the types of aquaponic systems, the fish that are suitable for aquaponic cultivation, the types of vegetables that are suitable for aquaponic cultivation and the benefits of the application of aquaponic systems. Aquaponic systems, help promote a sustainable environment, for the recycling of fish and plant waste into fertilisers that maximise resources use and production yields. In this manner, the system helps the local community improve socioeconomic and income generation as well as supports national and global food security agenda.

Reimagining health security: Developing a conceptual framework for the Philippines

Climate change is leading to severe environmental degradation and ecological breakdown. We are on a path towards 2°C to 3°C warming above pre-industrial levels, yet at the current 1°C warming, we already see drastic and irreversible changes. Arguably, this represents an existential threat to humanity, and by extension, a national security threat to every country in the world. Nevertheless, the securitisation of climate remains contested, and research on states’ approaches to climate securitisation remains limited despite them being the most important actors in climate change policy. In this article, we perform a content analysis on a large corpus of current national security and defence documents from 94 countries to determine: Is climate on national security agendas? To what extent is it prioritised? What are the main ways in which national security agendas handle climate security? We find that although most states in our sample (84%) mention climate in their national security documents (NSDs), they still treat it as a low priority in most cases. All states devote less than a quarter of their NSDs to climate change. Only five states dedicate 10% or more, whilst the majority of states dedicate 3% or less.

Abstract Why, and under what conditions, do international crises make the president's national security agenda? I argue that international crises are opportunities for presidents to seek domestic political gains, but that presidents are likely to weigh anticipated political benefits against anticipated risk of political opposition. I analyze presidential National Security Council (NSC) meeting agendas from 1947 to 1993 to find that the War Powers Resolution (WPR) of 1973 reduced the likelihood of presidential crisis attentiveness, that low approval ratings are associated with increased crisis attentiveness, and that post‐WPR presidents under unified government are likely to be more crisis attentive. This article provides fresh analysis of the WPR by connecting presidential national security behavior with American domestic politics.

Abstract The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH, 2004–2017) was an unprecedented effort of Latin American peacekeeping. Nine countries contributed the majority of troops to the mission in which regional governments sought to handle a security crisis in their neighbourhood rather than leaving the lead to western countries. However, when the mission came to an end after thirteen years, peacekeeping faded from the regional and national security agendas, with the exception of Uruguay. How and why did MINUSTAH impact the region's current hesitation to engage in peace operations? To answer this question, the article draws on assemblage theory and uses data from policy documents, academic literature and previous research on peacekeeping in Latin America. I argue that contrary to what Latin America's current, limited peacekeeping engagement suggests, MINUSTAH produced significant changes in the region's political landscape. While these could have paved the way to greater involvement in peace operations, however, parallel developments shaped Latin American security policies and military planning at the expense of the region's future participation in UN peacekeeping. The article adds to existing scholarship by probing the conditions that drive the temporality of assemblages and provides a new perspective on Latin American peacekeeping.

In liberal democracies citizenship education is a form of secular worldviews education that focuses on politics and promotes human rights as universal principles. Canada, a bilingual federal state with connections to both Britain and France, illustrates both a liberal nationalist approach, comparable to Britain, in the Anglophone provinces, and radically secularist policies, comparable to France, in the province of Quebec. In a context of global migration and demographic diversity, Canada was a notable pioneer in developing educational responses to its state policies of multiculturalism and human rights. Canadian scholars Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka developed theories of recognition and reasonable accommodation that accepted religion as both a marker of identity and a set of principles to inform behaviour and decisions. However, national security agendas have also driven education policy in Canada and Europe in response to terrorism motivated by ideological interpretations of religion. Security concerns curtail freedom of religious expression in secularist traditions but also in liberal traditions that recognise the salience of religion. The article argues that education for cosmopolitan citizenship challenges security agendas based on promoting nationalism and that recognition and reasonable accommodation are more likely to promote social cohesion and preserve traditions of democracy and human rights.

The emergence of the Internet and social media has altered theway individuals interact with each other.This has also led to the flourishmentof many user generated contents in many platforms, where platforms act asthe medium or environment for users’ posts and interactions. While thesedevelopment may contribute to bring space for ensuring citizens’ freedom ofspeech and expression, there also cases where the very same environmentis filled with ‘harmful’ contents such as fake news, hate speech, online fraud,etc. The government along with other related stakeholders in the field havethe responsibility to ensure such harmful contents do not manifests intooffline harms. In handling these issues, the government have often utilizelegal measures to apply sanctions for the platforms and or individual creatorsand restrict the spread of the contents. Using the securitization perspective,this study will look into Indonesian government current approach in tacklingthe online harmful content. This study argue that the government has put theissue into a higher level, putting it into the national security agenda, in whichresulting in some extraordinary measure being applied in several instances.Nonetheless, this study suggests that it is of importance for the governmentand all related stakeholders to de-securitize the issue, putting it into theeveryday discussion and politics, while ensuring the protection of citizens’rights.

Planetary defense governance: Thirty years of development and the multilateral future

The article analyzes the links between migration and security, the tasks that ensure the effective functioning of the national security system, witch include: sovereignty – ensuring the constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual; maintaining territorial integrity and the ability to defend border areas; identifying forecasting and taking measures to combat crime ensuring a comfortable and safe life for the citizens of the state; development and implementation of anti-terrorism programs; international cooperation in the fight against terrorism and transnational crime, as well as control over the export/import of goods, control of weapons of mass destruction; implementing measures to combat illegal migration; implementing measures for the efficient and rational use and reproduction of natural resources; promoting the development and implementation of safe production technologies; ensuring information security. Both the European neighborhood policy and the framework of the Eastern Partnership include a wide range of areas of cooperation, incluiding in security and migration issues, as well as through the developed projekts. Connecting the national security agenda from the new conceptual perspectives on migration is a strategic opportunity for the foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova, but also an imperative for internal social-economic policy.

ABSTRACT The present study explored how Asian values are reproduced in South Korean journalistic practices. In-depth interviews were conducted with journalists covering the Korean presidential office. The results revealed that Asian values prioritizing harmony, authority, national interests, and order influence the pressroom of the presidential office. The reporters run dozens of mobile-messenger-based groups, called kumis, with fellow reporters to share information and jointly contact officials. This practice embodies an Asian value – in-group harmony, derived from Confucian communalism. The beat (areas covered by reporters) and pressroom system institutionalizes Asian values by allowing only registered reporters to access the presidential office. The president’s staff abuses off-the-records and embargoes, but the reporters accept them out of respect for the president’s authority. The reporters often make headlines on the president’s national security agenda. We also found the hybridity of Asian values and watchdogs in the Korean reporters’ practices. Partisan bias is a mediator determining whether to activate Asian values or watchdog roles. Asian values are in excess between ideologically homogenous reporters and presidents, while government watchdogs are stimulated between heterogeneous pairs. As press freedom grows in Asia, the model of blending Asian values with other journalistic attributes is likely to be found often.

Malaysia is a net importer of rice, and Sarawak itself contributes approximately 8.2% of total national rice production. Although Malaysia national policy targeting to achieve 80% self-sufficient level of rice for national food security agenda, another alternative is to explore some premium quality traditional rice varieties that potentially entering into premium market for the socioeconomic advancement especially for the rural areas. Traditionally, the choice of farm technologies are implemented through government direction in a top-down approach, through decisions, strategies, and diffusion processes driven by the agencies. This study aims to explore the elements of Asset-Based Community-led Development (ABCD) as an alternative to conventional needs-based development within a community of rice farmers based in the Kelabit Highlands – a rural community in the highlands of the East Malaysia state of Sarawak. The study collected interview data from rice farmers in the Kelabit Highlands community and also discussed the role of agencies and their efforts to form partnerships, and peer collaborations based on those assets identified and community strength. The study also evaluated the ABCD framework as a means to visualize community-based assets. Clarifying these factors would identify suitable farming technologies that are socially desirable in the Kelabit Highlands and determine a bottom up method for other rural communities to evaluate and pave a path forward in selecting farming technologies that fit into their landscape.
 
 Keywords: ABCD, bottom-up, farm technologies, rice farming, top-down

The turmoil of the decade after the 2011 Arab Spring has changed the migration patterns of MENA that had long been a frequent phenomena of the region since early human civilization. Traditional dispersal was concentrated between MENA countries, and from MENA countries to Europe or North America. However, since 2011, as migration from the Middle East hasbeen dealt as human security and national security agendas of host countries, migration destinations for nationals from MENA countries have diversified.
 T the number of immigrants has increased from MENA countries to Korea after the Arab Spring. Therefore, based on international law, this study examines how to understand migration from the MENA countries after the Arab Spring and analyses the influx of Yemenis and Afghans which had a great impact on Korean society in 2018 and 2021. Through the legal analysis on the settlement of special contributors of Afghanistan and humanitarian stay permit to Yemenis, this study will examine the implications for possible policy recommendations on refugees and immigration policies of Korea.

Ocean predators: Squids, Chinese fleets and the geopolitics of high seas fishing

<i>Eisenhower &amp; Cambodia: Diplomacy, Covert Action and the Origins of the Second Indochina War</i> by William J. Rust