National Poverty Research Articles

The Decline Of The Middle Class In Jordan

Declining economic growth in Jordan, rising unemployment and the abolition of state support for certain segments of the population have led to a deterioration in the welfare of the middle class in Jordanian society. The importance of the middle class for the country is due to the fact that they act as a driving force in creating a market economy, as well as implement creative and intellectual work. The article considers the essential importance of the middle class and its role in building a democratic and legal state, as well as in ensuring a stable pace of economic development. The purpose of this article is to analyze the level of decline in the middle class in Jordanian society during 2010-2017. The following indicators were used to conduct this study: average annual income, double the national poverty line and the share of the population that receive an average of 60% of income. The source of statistical information was the data of the World Bank and the General Statistics Department of Jordan. The author of the article proposes to calculate a generalized indicator for the characteristics of the middle class in society – the average annual household income index. The study showed that during 2010-2017 there was a significant reduction in the size of the middle class in Jordan. The author suggests that such negative dynamics will persist in the coming years, especially given the decline in economic activity due to the coronavirus pandemic. It is proved that the inefficiency of state economic and social policy has led to an increase in the number of poor people, as well as rising unemployment in the country. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to adjust government programs to ensure the preservation of the middle class and enable it to realize its potential in stimulating economic growth, human capital development and supporting the development of civil society in Jordan.

Energy poverty and energy efficiency in emerging economies

Energy poverty and low energy efficiency of households in emerging economies is a challenging sustainability issue. Using the general least squares technique for time series it is found that if households' expenditures for utilities grow by one percentage point, the poverty headcount ratio below national poverty lines increases by three percentage points in Ukraine during the period 1999-2018. With GDP per capita rising by 100 USD, there is a decrease in the headcount ratio below national poverty lines by six percentage points. That is, even a slight increase in household incomes has a significant effect on reducing energy poverty. The results suggest that if GDP per capita increases by 1000 USD, the energy efficiency of GDP improves by one USD per kg of oil equivalent. Therefore, increased population well-being is a factor of energy poverty reduction and energy efficiency improvements. The rise of utilities prices contributes to the profitability growth of energy-efficient measures and the increase in utilities expenditures.

AHP and GIS-based Risk Zonation of COVID-19 in North East India

On 31st December 2019, a novel virus was reported from Wuhan City of Hubei Province of China, and later it was recognized as SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19). As the virus is highly human to human contagious, it has spread worldwide within a very short time. Since 24th March 2020, after the first reported case in North East India, the total confirmed cases reached up to 4,633 on 11th June 2020. In this work, an attempt has been made to delineate risk zones of COVID-19 in North East India using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and overlay analysis in Geographical Information System (GIS). The evaluation is based on 14 criteria that were classified into promoting and controlling factors. The promoting factors include population size, population density, urban population, elderly population, population below the national poverty line, and percentage of marginal workers. In contrast, the controlling factors include available doctors, other health workers, public health facilities, available beds, governance index (composite and health), and testing laboratories. The results were classified into very high, high, moderate, low, and very low risk zones. Most densely populated states with massive pressure on health facilities are likely to have a higher risk of COVID-19. Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, and Nagaland show a high COVID-19 risk, which constitutes almost 76.93% of the North East India population, covering 48.80% of surface area. The states under a moderate risk zone include 6.92% of the population over 8.52% of the area. Lastly, 16.15% of the people living over 42.69% of the total area belong to the states with a lower risk zone.

Leveraging Endogenous Research and Innovation for Sustainable Livestock Production, National Food Security and Poverty Alleviation In Nigeria

In this treatise, a quick look is taken at the spectrum (range) of research from pure basic, strategic basic, applied, experimental development or research and development (R&D) to endogenous research and innovation (ER&I). It also defines development, innovation, food security, poverty; and discusses some contemporary theories of innovation within the context of organizational/national development. This was followed by an overview of global and Nigerian livestock, Food Security and Poverty situations; and the characterization of the Nigerian agriculture. It emphasizes the strong link between poverty and low agricultural productivity and chronicles the impact of some generated technologies by the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) on food production. The trends and patterns of Industry-Government-University research relationships in Nigeria are examined and some illustrations given to show in concrete terms, with examples of the “Asian Tigers” and the BRICS nations, how socio-economic development and human development indices (HDI)have become Research and Innovation-driven.Among the identified constraints to the attainment of food and nutrition security and the curtailment of deepening poverty despite Nigeria's huge agricultural resource endowments include: high cost of agricultural inputs; incessant power outages; chronic under-funding of agricultural research by government and the society, including industries; poor market outlets; huge post-harvest losses due, largely, to the decay of research infrastructure needed for value-addition; low value accorded University-Industry R&I partnerships; lack of political will to make existing National Agricultural policies achieve set targets; information dearth and/or low diffusion of the available significant local agricultural R&I outcomes. Others were poor food distribution networks and very limited ACCESS to food and means of food production – land, water, animals, seeds, fertilizers, extension education, technology etcConsequent on the structural issues involved in food security: ie, the scientific challenge of enhanced productivity; the logistical and political questions of distribution; and socio-economic issues of access, robust mitigation paradigms are proposed. First, is to give full and true autonomy to Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria to effectively harness the synergies of the Universities, NARS, Research Institutes and Industries with regard to competencies, endowments (both material & intellectual) to pursue National Food Security programme without undue interference from a supervisory ministry. Also proposed, for poverty mitigation, is a Value Chain model which entails the active promotion of local content policy by government which strategically links ER& I with MSMEs for the manufacture of strategic basic agricultural equipment, foods, animal feeds, drugs/vaccines, goods and supplies with incentives such as tax holiday, low interest rates etc, provided such firms by government; substantial improvement in the power and transportation sectors, among others.

Accounting for drinking water quality in measuring multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia.

The Multidimensional Poverty Index is used increasingly to measure poverty in developing countries. The index is constructed using selected indicators that cover health, education, and living standards dimensions. The accuracy of this tool, however, depends on how each indicator is measured. This study explores the effect of accounting for water quality in multidimensional poverty measurement. Access to drinking water is traditionally measured by water source types. The study uses a more comprehensive measure, access to safely managed drinking water services, which are free from E. coli contamination, available when needed and accessible on premises in line with Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1. The study finds that the new measure increases national multidimensional headcount poverty by 5-13 percentage points, which would mean that 5-13 million more people are multidimensionally poor. It also increases the poverty level in urban areas to a greater extent than in rural areas. The finding is robust to changes in water contamination risk levels and Multidimensional Poverty Index aggregation approaches and weighting structures.

Economic Implications of Coronary Arterial Revascularization from Bangladesh Perspective

Background: There has been a radical improvement lately both for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Bangladesh. Besides the clinical goals, the economic impact of these procedures is very important as well. Out of pocket spending is the major payment strategy for healthcare in Bangladesh. It is estimated that the poverty headcount increased by 3.5% due to out of pocket healthcare payments.
 Methods: Data on patients’ expenditure for CABG and PCI in seven Bangladeshi hospitals were collected between 16th and 30th August, 2020. Several models were created, where the cost of CABG was compared with that of PCI in each of these hospital settings.
 Results: In the two public hospitals CABG is much cheaper than PCI. However, in mid-level expensive hospitals the cost of PCI with 2 stents is comparable with that of CABG, but with 3 or more stents, PCI becomes more expensive. In the big corporate hospitals, CABG tends to be relatively more expensive. The basic treatment expenditure of a patient suffering from triple vessel ischemic heart diseases may range from Taka 50000 to Taka 415000.
 Conclusion: In Bangladesh CABG is much cheaper than multi-stent PCI in the public and medium range private hospitals. CABG in corporate hospitals may be equal or even more expensive than PCI. IHD may contribute to national poverty as it may turn into a catastrophic health event for the patient’s family.
 Cardiovasc. j. 2020; 13(1): 56-61

Analysis of poverty, income inequality and their effects on food insecurity in southern Ethiopia

BackgroundReduction of poverty and income inequality, and ensuring food security is the main goal of the Ethiopian government. In response, declines of national poverty were observed over time, but it is still a worrying concern as a significant proportion of the population remains poor. However, the trends of income inequality are rising substantially over time and thereby might exacerbate the food insecurity status in the country. This study aims to measure, identify determinants, and analyze the effects of poverty and income inequality on food insecurity status of households in Sawla town of southern Ethiopia.MethodologyA two-stage sampling technique was used to select 227 sampled households’ heads. This study applied descriptive statistics, Foster Greer Thorbecke approach, binary logistic, and quantile regression models to analyze the data.ResultsThe finds of this study reveals that 34% of households are living below the poverty line with a poverty gap index of 11% and severity index of 5.6%. The average income inequality with Gini coefficient index is found to be 0.447. Both poverty and income inequality result is quite larger than the national average of the country. The sample households are food insecure with 20.7% depth and 13% severity indexes of food insecurity. The levels of poverty and income inequality are more worrisome among the food-insecure households. Moreover, the logistic regression model shows that levels of education, family size, being divorced, the main occupation, savings, and house ownership negatively and significantly affected the household level of poverty. Quantile regression model result shows that age, level of education, income, family size, health, savings, remittances, electric, credit, and house ownership affected households’ level of income of the study area.ConclusionThe study suggests strengthening the existing welfare-oriented strategies by undertaking intra-household resource allocations for women, encouraging participation of diversified business activities, promoting the use of family planning methods, strengthening formal education, microfinance institution and housing program by targeting impoverished households in the town.

The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth, Poverty, Income Inequality, and Financial Stability in Asia

As an effort to achieve sustainable development and increase people's welfare, financial inclusion has become the policy agenda of many countries. Therefore, the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth, poverty, income inequality, and financial stability in several countries in Asia has become the goal and this is the subject of this study. Financial inclusion is measured by 3 dimensions, namely banking penetration, access to banking services, and use of banking services. Poverty ratio below the national poverty line and the Gini coefficient are used as indicators of poverty and income inequality. Financial stability is measured by Bank Z-Score and bank nonperforming loans. The results from the hypothesis test shows that all dimensions of financial stability simultaneously have significant influence on economic growth, poverty, income inequality, and financial stability. On the other hand, the partial impact of financial inclusion dimension on economic growth, poverty alleviation, income inequality, and financial stability in ten countries of Asia has not been optimal. The derived results of this study is required to be interpreted and considered by the Governments of each country in developing strategies for increasing financial inclusion, so that the policy to achieve sustainable development and enhancement of people's welfare can be achieved.

Measuring Uncertainty for Poverty Indicators at Regional Level: The Case of Mediterranean Countries

Over the last years, there has been an increased interest in compiling poverty indicators as well as in providing uncertainty measures both at national and regional level. In this paper, we provide point and variance estimates of two widely used income-poverty indicators, which belong to the class of the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), and two widely used income-inequality indicators. We focused on Mediterranean countries since they have been severely hit by the Great Recession which increased poverty intensity and socio-economic inequalities. By using the 2018 EU-SILC data we analysed the spatial distribution of poverty by constructing maps at NUTS2 territorial level. Our estimation results reveal that national poverty indicators hide a high heterogeneity of poverty across regions within each country, especially for Italy and Spain. This study also provides computations of standard errors at regional level which have been explored only in a limited number of papers. To this aim we adopted the Jackknife replication method thanks to its convenient properties. As expected, the uncertainty measure is influenced by the reduced number of sampling units in each NUTS2 region especially in some regions of Spain and Italy. The Jackknife method proved to perform well in the case of income-inequality indicators especially for Greece, Italy, Croatia and Portugal.

Financial risk protection of Thailand\u2019s universal health coverage: results from series of national household surveys between 1996 and 2015

BackgroundThailand, an upper-middle income country, has demonstrated exemplary outcomes of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The country achieved full population coverage and a high level of financial risk protection since 2002, through implementing three public health insurance schemes. UHC has two explicit goals of improved access to health services and financial protection where use of these services does not create financial hardship. Prior studies in Thailand do not provide evidence of long-term UHC financial risk protection. This study assessed financial risk protection as measured by the incidence of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment in Thai households prior to and after UHC in 2002.MethodsWe used data from a 15-year series of annual national household socioeconomic surveys (SES) between 1996 and 2015, which were conducted by the National Statistic Office (NSO). The survey covered about 52,000 nationally representative households in each round. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the incidence of catastrophic payment as measured by the share of out-of-pocket payment (OOP) for health by households exceeding 10 and 25% of household total consumption expenditure, and the incidence of impoverishment as determined by the additional number of non-poor households falling below the national and international poverty lines after making health payments.ResultsUsing the 10% threshold, the incidence of catastrophic spending dropped from 6.0% in 1996 to 2% in 2015. This incidence reduced more significantly when the 25% threshold was applied from 1.8 to 0.4% during the same period. The incidence of impoverishment against the national poverty line reduced considerably from 2.2% in 1996 to approximately 0.3% in 2015. When the international poverty line of US$ 3.1 per capita per day was applied, the incidence of impoverishment was 1.4 and 0.4% in 1996 and 2015 respectively; and when US$ 1.9 per day was applied, the incidence was negligibly low.ConclusionThe significant decline in the incidence of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment was attributed to the deliberate design of Thailand’s UHC, which provides a comprehensive benefits package and zero co-payment at point of services. The well-founded healthcare delivery system and favourable benefits package concertedly support the achievement of UHC goals of access and financial risk protection.

Comparative Evaluation of Swine Production With Other Domestic Livestock in Mbaitolu Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria.

The researcher has undertaken this study on comparative evaluation of swine production with other domestic livestock in Mbaitolu Local Government Council of Imo State, Nigeria to proffer some solution to the problems hindering the rearing of swine in the study areas (Mbieri, Ogwa, Orodo, Ogbaku, Eziama –Obiato, Umunoha, Ifakala, Ubomiri and Afara). The researcher used descriptive survey design to carry out the study. The population for the study was 10,450 respondents drawn from nine towns of Mbaitolu Local Government Council. 600 respondents were proportionally and randomly selected as sample size for the study. General objective was formulated from which five specific objectives were formulated. Among these – is to compare swine prolificacy over the prolificacy of other domestic livestock. Five research questions were formulated to guide this study, among these is – what importance has the prolificacy of swine over other domestic livestocks like goats, sheep, horse and cattle? Five null hypotheses were formulated for the study among these is – there is no significant relationship between the prolificacy of swine over the prolificacy of other domestic livestock in Imo State. Pilot study was conducted at Umuagwo community using 20 respondents that reared domestic livestocks. This area was not part of the study location. Questionnaires were used as a medium for data collection. One sample T-test was used to test five null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance and all the null hypotheses were rejected meaning that there were significant differences between pig productions over the production of other domestic livestock. The analysis yielded the following results: swine production was accepted to be more prolific than other domestic livestocks like goats, sheep, horse and cattle. It was also agreed that swine were more adapted to wide varieties of feeds which made them to grow more quickly than other domestic livestocks. It was concluded that swine production was more economically important than the rearing of other domestic livestock. It was recommended that National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) in Imo State should enlighten the respondents on the economic importance of swine production over the rearing of other domestic livestock. Piglets should be made available to farmers who wish to embark on swine production at affordable price by Anambra – Imo River Basin Development Authority (AMRBDA).Keywords: Swine Production, Domestic Livestock, Mbaitolu Local Government Council.

The Poverty of Nations: A Relational Perspective by PaulSpicker. 2020: Bristol, UK, Policy Press. 212 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐4473‐4333‐2

International Journal of Social WelfareVolume 30, Issue 1 p. 120-120 Book Review The Poverty of Nations: A Relational Perspective by Spicker, Paul. 2020: Bristol, UK, Policy Press. 212 pp. ISBN 978-1-4473-4333-2 Greg Hall, Greg Hall New South Wales Department of Communities and Justice, Coffs Harbour, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author Greg Hall, Greg Hall New South Wales Department of Communities and Justice, Coffs Harbour, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 September 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12458Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume30, Issue1January 2021Pages 120-120 RelatedInformation

Analysis of Financial Risk Protection Indicators in Myanmar for Paediatric Surgery.

To estimate proportion of Myanmar paediatric population at risk of impoverishment and catastrophic expenditure due to emergency surgical intervention. Prospective data were collected at two tertiary surgical centres including income, household expenses, expenses related to surgery. Data analysis was performed to estimate out-of-pocket (OOP) direct medical costs and OOP total costs. Catastrophic expenditure: expense exceeded 10% of household income. Risk of impoverishment: net income drops were below an impoverishment threshold (PPP-purchasing power parity): I$ 2.00 PPP/day, I$ 1.25/day PPP, national poverty line. Distribution of income was estimated using a gamma distribution. Comparison to an adult cohort was performed using Chi-square test with a p value of <0.05 being significant. A total of 145 surveys were collected, and 119 (82.1%) contained sufficient data: Paediatric Centre (n = 99) and Adult Centre (n = 20). Overall average per patient direct medical and non-medical OOP costs was I$493: Centre 1: I$540 PPP (range I$41-6,588 PPP) and Centre 2: I$437 PPP (range I$ 36-1,405 PPP). 64% experienced catastrophic expense. There is no significant difference between the centres in the risks of impoverishment or catastrophic expenditure (p = 0.05). Up to 44% are at risk of catastrophic expenditure should surgery be required. Most of the risk (90%) is derived from direct non-medical costs. A high proportion were at the national poverty line threshold (36.1%). Seeking surgical treatment would imperil up to 37% at the national poverty line threshold, and up to 5.7% at the I$2 PPP per day limit. A large proportion of the Myanmar population are at risk of impoverishment or catastrophic expenditure should they require surgery. Financial risk protection mechanisms are needed.

LEGAL ASPECT OF FOREST FIRE IN INDONESIA

This study to examine legal aspect, why always happen and impact of forest fire in Indonesia. The conclusion are, even though there is a forestry law as regulated in Law No. 41/1999 on Forestry, as amended by Law Number 19/2004, forest fires have been repeated several large scale since the early 1980s until now. The case of Indonesia which was experiencing forest fires is a manifestation of unclear and poorly enforced policies, economic forces that push business to use fire to clear land, lack of technological alternatives, poor public participation and aggravated by climatic condition such as the extended drought. Although many policies have already been formulated and special management agencies have been established, policies implementation remain weak, coordination is poor and the current system is inefficient. Added to these factors, is the reality that government official’s business leader and general public lack a sense of urgency about the fires. Fires can impede national economic performance and increase poverty at the local level. It is mostly that disaster until now will repeat/recur unless definitive steps are taken to encourage short term and long term prevention strategies. Fires cause tremendous ecological impacts such as air quality, hydrological cycle, biological diversity, natural succession, disruption of the production and decomposition of organic materials, soil, disruption in the nutrient cycle, climate regulation and carbon sink; social impact such as food security, impact on health such as death, asthma, ARI, and impact on economic such as, agriculture, forestry, health, transmigration, transportation and tourism.

Welfare effects of carbon taxation on South African households

This paper evaluates the welfare impacts of carbon taxation on South African households. Using household survey data for the period 2009–2015, I estimate the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to obtain elasticities and use them to simulate consumer responses to price changes resulting from carbon taxation. Results show that an increase in electricity and public transport prices following a carbon tax policy is regressive while a price increase in motor fuel is progressive. In addition, when there is a simultaneous increase in the prices of energy goods, the poorest and middle income households disproportionately suffer a higher welfare loss compared to the richest households. I also show that income is important in determining whether rural households experience a higher or lower welfare loss than urban households. Furthermore, revenue recycling in terms of lump-sum transfers of the tax revenue to households below the national poverty lines and the bottom 40% would offset the welfare loss from a carbon tax policy in South Africa.

What has been the progress in addressing financial risk in Uganda? Analysis of catastrophe and impoverishment due to health payments

BackgroundMonitoring progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) requires an assessment of progress in coverage of health services and protection of households from the impact of direct out-of-pocket payments (i.e. financial risk protection). Although Uganda has expressed aspirations for attaining UHC, out-of-pocket payments remain a major contributor to total health expenditure. The aim of this study is to monitor progress in financial risk protection in Uganda.MethodsThis study uses data from the Uganda National Household Surveys for 2005/06, 2009/10, 2012/13 and 2016/17. We measure financial risk protection using catastrophic health care payments and impoverishment indicators. Health care payments are catastrophic if they exceed a set threshold (i.e. 10 and 25%) of the total household consumption expenditure. Health payments are impoverishing if they push the household below the poverty line (the US$1.90/day and Uganda’s national poverty lines). A logistic regression model is used to assess the factors associated with household financial risk.ResultsThe results show that while progress has been made in reducing financial risk, this progress remains minimal, and there is still a risk of a reversal of this trend. We find that although catastrophic health payments at the 10% threshold decreased from 22.4% in 2005/06 to 13.8% in 2012/13, it increased to 14.2% in 2016/17. The percentage of Ugandans pushed below the national poverty line (US$1.90/day) has decreased from 5.2% in 2005/06 to 2.7% in 2016/17. The distribution of both catastrophic health payments and impoverishment varies across socio-economic status, location and residence. In addition, certain household characteristics (poverty, having a child below 5 years and an adult above 60 years) are more associated with the lack of financial risk protection.ConclusionThere is need for targeted interventions to reduce OOP, especially among those affected so as to increase financial risk protection. In the short-term, it is important to ensure that public health services are funded adequately to enable effective coverage with quality health care. In the medium-term, increased reliance on mandatory prepayment will reduce the burden of OOP health spending further.

The burden of household out-of-pocket health expenditures in Ethiopia: estimates from a nationally representative survey (2015-16).

In Ethiopia, little is known about the extent of out-of-pocket health expenditures and the associated financial hardships at national and regional levels. We estimated the incidence of both catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures using data from the 2015/16 Ethiopian household consumption and expenditure and welfare monitoring surveys. We computed incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) at 10% and 25% thresholds of total household consumption and 40% threshold of household capacity to pay, and impoverishing health expenditures (IHE) using Ethiopia's national poverty line (ETB 7184 per adult per year). Around 2.1% (SE: 0.2, P < 0.001) of households would face CHE with a 10% threshold of total consumption, and 0.9% (SE: 0.1, P < 0.001) of households would encounter IHE, annually in Ethiopia. CHE rates were high in the regions of Afar (5.8%, SE: 1.0, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (4.0%, SE: 0.8, P < 0.001). Oromia (n = 902 000), Amhara (n = 275 000) and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) (n = 268 000) regions would have the largest numbers of affected households, due to large population size. The IHE rates would also show similar patterns: high rates in Afar (5.0%, SE: 0.96, P < 0.001), Oromia (1.1%, SE: 0.22, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (0.9%, SE: 0.4, P = 0.02); a large number of households would be impoverished in Oromia (n = 356 000) and Amhara (n = 202 000) regions. In summary, a large number of households is facing financial hardship in Ethiopia, particularly in Afar, Benshangul-Gumuz, Oromia, Amhara and SNNP regions and this number would likely increase with greater health services utilization. We recommend regional-level analyses on services coverage to be conducted as some of the estimated low CHE/IHE regional values might be due to low services coverage. Periodic analyses on the financial hardship status of households could also be monitored to infer progress towards universal health coverage.

Complexity of the Socio-Ecological Dynamics in Hong Ha Commune in the Vietnamese Highland—A Review through the Coupled Human and Natural Systems Framework

In Vietnam, government policies have led to improvements in the national forest cover and poverty situation. However, numerous recent case studies in the Vietnamese highland found that socio-ecological dynamics were highly complex on a local scale, resulting in unintended policy impacts and varying policy success among regions. While such complexity has become apparent, it has been difficult to understand and compare between regions, as assessment methods and targeted aspects of socio-ecological dynamics differed between case studies. In this review, complex socio-ecological dynamics in Hong Ha Commune in Thua Thien Hue Province were identified in published case studies and organized into complexity features based on the coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) framework, to make information more accessible and comparable under the widely applied framework. All complexity features of CHANS systems were identified in the reviewed literature, such as feedback loops (between illegal forest use and flood damage), heterogeneity (in incomes between Kinh people and ethnic minorities), and telecoupling (of the local livelihood through tourism). Based on its applicability to Hong Ha Commune, the CHANS framework is suggested to be applied in other forested areas of the Vietnamese highland to understand and compare complex socio-ecological dynamics and evaluate policy impacts.

A STUDY ON THE COUPLING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASIC PUBLIC SERVICES AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN RURAL POOR AREAS – EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON HECHI CITY, GUANGXI

Abstract. With the orderly promotion of the national poverty alleviation work, the number of rural poor people in China has decreased significantly, but due to the imbalance of regional development, deep poverty areas still exist.The balanced development of rural basic public services (RBPS) is one of the important directions to solve the deep-seated contradictions in poor areas. In this paper, Hechi City of Guangxi Province is taken as the research area, and the multi-dimensional poverty measurement model and RBPS evaluation model are constructed respectively. The collaborative development relationship between RBPS and multi-dimensional poverty reduction in the research area is revealed by coupling coordination degree and GIS spatial analysis method. The results show that the spatial distribution of coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between basic public services and multi-dimensional poverty is unbalanced. Basic public services and multi-dimensional poverty are closely related, and the level of basic public services has a positive impact on multi-dimensional poverty, and the poverty reduction of basic public services is feasible. In order to achieve stable and sustainable poverty eradication, it is necessary to establish a scientific and systematic evaluation system of rural basic public service poverty reduction.

Study on the Innovation of the Educational Mechanism of Accurate Poverty Alleviation for Poverty Students

With the continuous promotion of accurate poverty alleviation policies, the state helps poor students solve educational problems through self-help forms such as student loans and grants. However, in the process of implementing poverty alleviation and education, schools attach importance to economic assistance, but ignore the educational role of educating people. In the context of national precision poverty alleviation, the author conducted in-depth research on the significance, dilemma and measures of school-based precision poverty alleviation and education.