National Payment Research Articles

Characterizing industry payments to US teaching hospitals and affiliated physicians: a cross-sectional analysis of the Open Payments datasets from 2016 to 2022.

Industry payments to US teaching hospitals are common; however, little is known about whether these financial relationships influence affiliated physicians to engage in similar financial relationships with industry. Using national hospital, physician, and industry payment data we investigated trends in industry payments made to US teaching hospitals and affiliated physicians to characterize the magnitude and nature of payments. In addition, we assessed if physicians may be influenced to accept higher value industry payments depending on the value of promotional payments accepted by the teaching hospital they affiliate with. We found that physicians with a US teaching hospital affiliation are associated with accepting higher value industry payments as the total value of industry payments of the teaching hospital increases. Our findings varied by specialty, with surgeons accepting the highest value payments. These results highlight the need for greater public disclosure and awareness of payments to better manage and mitigate industry-biased clinical decision making.

Implementations of an evidence-based assertive case management intervention for suicide attempters: Post-ACTION-J Study (PACS).

An assertive case management intervention program, ACTION-J, proved effective for preventing suicide attempters from reattempting suicide within 6 months. The ACTION-J randomized trial was conducted as part of the "National Strategic Research Projects." The program has been covered by the national medical payment system of Japan since 2016. The aim of the Post-ACTION-J Study (PACS) was to examine the current implementation status of assertive case management in a real-world clinical setting. PACS was a prospective, multicenter registry cohort study. The participants were suicide attempters admitted to the emergency departments of 10 participating medical facilities from October 2016 to September 2018. The assertive case management intervention developed by the ACTION-J Study was offered to all patients, and the primary outcome was the duration and frequency of use of the intervention at 6 months. A total of 1159 patients were admitted to emergency departments after a suicide attempt during the study period, 144 of whom were included in our analysis. The proportion of participants who received the intervention for 6 months was 72.2% (104/144), and 63.9% (92/144) of the patients completed ≥7 case management interviews within 6 months. The findings of this study indicate successful implementation of an assertive case management intervention program based on the ACTION-J Study in a real-world clinical setting, following its integration with the national medical payment scheme in Japan. The study provided the useful information that could improve the implementation of assertive case management interventions in future.

Unified Payment Interface—Taking India to the next generation in payments

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is India’s fastest-growing payment system which makes users mobile as a single platform to send and receive money anytime and anywhere. It is built on top of IMPS, an existing mode used for instant money transfers. UPI is governed by the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI), which monitors and promotes the UPI payment system. This case study on the payment platform will give detailed information about UPI, its initiatives like UPI123 and “UPI Chalega” and its progress. The case study also expounds on the growth of UPI, the challenges that are prevalent in UPI payments, and the analysis of data published by NPCI on UPI payments.

Central bank digital currencies as an element of the payment-centric model of global financial regulation

The article examines the current state of implementation of one of the largest regulatory projects in to examine the role of international cross-border payment regulation in the context of global financial architecture and to see how a modernized national payment infrastructure could be optimally embedded in the global payment infrastructure. To achieve this purpose, this article systematizes the standard setting documents and analyzes doctrinal sources. Special attention is paid to BIS Innovation Hub projects. The study analyses area E of the G20 Roadmap, which covers the development of new means of payment, including CBDCs and stablecoins. In particular, the paper provides an overview of analytics and specific projects pertaining to the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC). The article also analyzes how the issuance of CBDCs relates to the international framework being created for regulating crypto assets. The authors conclude that global financial regulation is becoming more payment-centric since the issue of regulating cross-border payments lies at the intersection of several important policies and international legal regimes. In particular, this involves international policies pertaining to the regulation of financial services, macroprudential regulation, regulation of the global monetary system, regulation of crypto assets, countering illicit financial flows in the global economy, and ESG regulation. The article systematizes the features and risks of the payment-centric model for global financial regulation. It concludes that international cooperation and coordination are necessary if cross-border projects related to payments are to be successfully implemented.

QI-452785-3 CARDIAC MONITORING PATHWAYS AND RATES OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN AN UNEXPLAINED SYNCOPE POPULATION

Guidelines recommend insertable cardiac monitoring (ICM) early in the evaluation of unexplained syncope. This increases the rate of establishing a formal diagnosis and instituting directed treatment compared to conventional care. Little is known about short-term cardiac monitoring usage prior to ICM in this population and how monitoring pathways may impact patient outcomes. To characterize the short-term external cardiac monitor (ECM) usage prior to ICM in a U.S. Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) unexplained syncope population and test the relationship between ECM use and time to ICM insertion and related therapeutic interventions. We used 2010-2020 U.S. de-identified Medicare 5% FFS claims to identify patients with a first syncope event with an emergency department (ED) or inpatient hospitalization who received ICM during or after the event. Patients with diagnoses for specific syncopal diagnoses were excluded (e.g., anemia, diabetes, drug intoxication, orthostatic hypotension), as were patients with a history of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), dementia, severe brain injury, severe mental illness, metastatic cancer, or cerebral palsy. ECMs used prior to ICM were identified. ECM costs were estimated using U.S. national average Medicare payments. Time from syncope to ICM insertion and to arrhythmia treatment (CIED implant, ablation, or medication initiation) were characterized. Of 1,323 patients with a first acute syncope monitored by ICM, 56.7% were female and mean age was 75.1±9.1 years. Before ICM insertion, 20.6% of patients received 1 prior ECM, with an average 17 days of monitoring, while 23.3% received ≥2 prior ECMs with 43 days of monitoring. In patients with ECMs prior to ICM placement, the estimated ECM cost averaged $792 per patient. ICM insertion was delayed in patients with prior ECMs: from a median of 18 days post-syncope in patients with no prior ECM, to 310 days post-syncope in those with ≥2 prior ECMs (Figure), p<0.0001. Median time to arrhythmia treatment also increased, from 148 to 588 days post-syncope (p<0.0001). In unexplained syncope patients who ultimately received an ICM, prior ECM was associated with significant delays to ICM insertion, definitive diagnosis and arrhythmia treatment, indicating potential patient loss to follow-up. Future work could focus on optimizing syncope evaluation pathways to ensure timely access to monitoring.

Fastag Fraud Detection: A Literature Survey

Abstract: National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has developed the National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) program to meet the electronic tolling requirements of the Indian market.The use of FASTag is prevalent in modern society. However, it is clear that the number of FASTag frauds in the global integration and existing protection system is constantly increasing. This is why the issue of FASTag fraud detection is very important. Various FASTag frauds occur and there is no means to detect or prevent them. Among the many frauds, we will try to reduce the fraud where drivers of heavy vehicles issue and use FASTags that are intended for light vehicles. In this way, drivers of heavy vehicles are exempted from paying the higher tolls that are set for heavy vehicles. FASTag fraud detection is used to solve this problem. The system will be able to identify the type of vehicle and the FASTag amount paid. Using this system, FASTag fraud detects if any anomaly has occurred and alerts the system accordingly

History of Formation and Development of Legal Regulation of the National Payment System of the Russian Federation

The paper examines the history of the formation and development of legal regulation of the national payment system. The author highlights that, despite the fact that the concept of the national payment system at the legislative level has been consolidated quite recently, it began to form long before the relevant law was passed. The development of the national payment system is mediated by the formation of a system of financial institutions responsible for payments (settlement (clearing) chambers, credit institutions, etc.), the evolution of payment forms, as well as the introduction of technologies capable of processing mass payments. It is noted that the rapid economic growth characteristic of the beginning of the 20th century resulted in the appearance of the first forms of relatively mass non-cash payments during the pre-revolutionary period, which was also facilitated by the development of bank offices and the emergence of telegraphic communications. In the early years of the Soviet government, the payment infrastructure was nationalized, which became an important factor in strengthening the administrative and command economy. The modern period of development of the legal regulation of the national payment system is characterized by the adoption of the fundamental law regulating the relevant sphere of public relations, as well as the presence of an extensive system of subordinate regulatory legal acts, differentiation of approaches to legal regulation of various payment systems, taking into account the best foreign practices in this area, an effective system of supervision and supervision of the participants of the national payment system.

National Payment Switches and the Power of Cognitive Computing against Fintech Fraud

National Payment Switches (NPSs) and International Payment Switches (IPSs), including major players such as SWIFT, Mastercard, and CHIPS, have become vital to the financial infrastructure, facilitating secure and efficient transactions among local financial institutions. Nonetheless, the growing adoption of digital payments has heightened the risk of financial fraud. Consequently, NPSs, under the direct ownership of Central Banks (CBs), are increasingly adopting advanced technologies, such as cognitive computing, to bolster their fraud detection capabilities in their respective countries. This article delves into the role of cognitive computing in detecting financial fraud within NPSs. It examines the advantages of cognitive computing in recognising patterns of fraudulent behaviour and analysing vast amounts of data. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of focusing on how cognitive computing can augment traditional fraud detection methods, such as rule-based systems and data analytics. Nineteen real-world cases from eighteen countries are analysed, exploring the cognitive computing tools employed by NPSs to identify fraudulent transactions. The challenges and limitations of implementing cognitive computing in fraud detection and potential solutions to address these issues are identified. The primary assumption that cognitive computing is crucial for detecting financial fraud in NPSs is substantiated. Its ability to analyse large datasets and pinpoint patterns of fraudulent behaviour proves invaluable for financial institutions seeking to protect themselves against financial fraud in a progressively digital world. The conclusions drawn from the overview of the cases aim to identify best practices, potentially trigger new benchmarking standards, and facilitate the development of integrated cross-border solutions to combat financial fraud on a global scale effectively. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of cognitive computing in detecting financial fraud within NPSs, identify its advantages, challenges and limitations, and provide real-world case examples.

407 Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in Ambulatory Surgery Center Versus Hospital Setting: One-Year Cost Utility and Cost Benefit Analysis

INTRODUCTION: Outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has recently gained popularity due to improved care and reduced costs. Cost-utility studies for ambulatory vs. inpatient ACDF are largely limited to small series, precluding an accurate assessment of cost-effectiveness. METHODS: A 6,504, ASA 1-3, patient sample (520 ASC, 5,984 inpatient) was used to propensity-match 748 patients (374/cohort) undergoing 1-2-level ACDF. Data was queried from the National Quality Outcomes Database (QOD). Medical resource utilization, missed work, and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were assessed. Direct cost (one-year resource use x unit costs based on Medicare national allowable payment amounts) and indirect cost (missed workdays x average US daily wage) were recorded and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Estimated blood loss, length of surgery, and hospitalization were less for ASC vs. inpatient ACDF (p &lt; 0.001). ASC vs. inpatient ACDF demonstrated similar improvement in patient reported outcomes. ASC vs. inpatient ACDF was associated with lower total one-year cost of $5,879.46 for Medicare patients and $12,873.97 for private payers (p &lt; 0.001), with similar QALYs gained. Hospital vs ASC had a highly cost ineffective ICER of $3,674,662.50/QALY-gained and $8,046,231.25/QALY for Medicare and private payer patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 1-2-level ACDF in the hospital vs ASC is associated with increased mean costs, without a QALY, safety, or outcome benefit. Hence, health economics strongly favor the ASC setting to the hospital for ACDF.

Screening of antibiotic residues in raw bovine milk in Lombardy, Italy: Microbial growth inhibition assay and LC-HRMS technique integration for an accurate monitoring

Antibiotic residues in food of animal origin is a great concern for public health worldwide in terms of antibiotic resistance development, potential allergic reactions and disruption of intestinal flora equilibrium. In this study the presence of antibiotic residues in raw bovine milk samples collected from farms located in Lombardy region in Italy from 2018 to 2022 was assessed in the context of the national milk quality payment system. Samples were screened with microbiological growth inhibition test Delvotest ® SP NT and a very low positivity rate ranging from 0.1% to 0.07% over the four years was determined. A total of 79 positive samples were further analysed by LC-HRMS screening technique to confirm positivity and detect the specific antibiotic compound contaminating the sample. The β-lactam antibiotics resulted to be the most frequently detected, with the penicillin G being the most abundant compound. The data suggested that low levels of antibiotic contamination are consistently maintained over the last four years and the integration of the techniques used in this study is a valuable tool for a deep and precise monitoring of antibiotic residues in milk.

366 Micro-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy is Health Economically Dominant to Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Unilateral Cervical Radiculopathy

INTRODUCTION: Micro-endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy and discectomy (MPCF) has served as a minimally invasive, motion sparing alternative to ACDF for unilateral cervical radiculopathy for decades. While growing data suggests similar effectiveness, the cost effectiveness and potentially superior healthcare value of MPCF vs ACDF remains largely unstudied. METHODS: The National Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) was queried for 323 consecutive ASA 1-3 patients (201 ACDF, 122 MPCF) performed at the authors' single institution for unilateral cervical radiculopathy at our ambulatory surgical center (ASC). Propensity-matching yielded 222 patients. Resource utilization, missed workdays, and EQ5D quality adjusted life year (QALY) gains were assessed over a one-year period. Direct cost (resource use x unit costs based on Medicare national allowable payment amounts) and indirect cost (missed workdays x average US daily wage) were recorded and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. RESULTS: Estimated blood loss, and length of surgery were less for MPCF vs. ACDF (p &lt; 0.001). All other safety measures and patient-reported outcomes were similar between cohorts. MPCF vs. ACDF demonstrated reduction in total one-year costs of $6,709 (Medicare) and $13,061 (private payers) (p &lt; 0.001), and comparable QALYs gained. ACDF vs. MPCF had a cost ineffective ICER of $91,773/QALY-gained and $178,668/QALY for Medicare and private payer patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MPCF is a health-economically dominant option to ACDF for unilateral cervical radiculopathy given the increased healthcare costs despite comparable safety, outcome, and QALY gains associated with ACDF.

Økt bruk av psykiske diagnoser for unge

Background/aim: Substance abuse and mental illness cause considerable health loss in Norway. Prescription and survey data indicate increased occurrence of such ailments among young people. The aim of this study was to explore the trend in the assignment of mental health diagnoses among primary care physicians and in specialist health care. Methods: We linked data from the national primary care register Norwegian Control and Payment of Health Reimbursements Database (KUHR) and the Norwegian Patient Registry for specialist care for the years 2008–2018 for individuals born between 1986 and 1997. For each episode of care, we received information on age, sex and registered diagnosis. We estimated proportions of the population that had been diagnosed with various mental illnesses for the age groups 15–21 and 22–28 in the birth cohorts 1993–1997 and 1986–1990. Results: In the cohort that turned 21 years of age in 2018, 30% of women and 23% of men had been diagnosed with a mental illness during the period 2012–2018. The proportions increased from 23% for women and 21% for men in the cohort that turned 21 years of age in 2014. A similar increase was observed among those aged 22–28. Anxiety and depression-related diagnoses accounted for the greatest increases in both age groups. Implications: We find increased assignment of mental health diagnoses for young people during the period 2008–2018. This increase may be caused by a higher occurrence of mental health problems and illnesses, expanded treatment provision, change of diagnostic criteria among clinicians and/or a lower threshold for seeking help. Keywords: mental health diagnoses, mental illness, mental disorders, young adults, youth

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Versus Microendoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for Unilateral Cervical Radiculopathy: A 1-Year Cost-Utility Analysis.

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) are the most common surgical approaches for medically refractory cervical radiculopathy. Rigorous cost-effectiveness studies comparing ACDF and PCF are lacking. To assess the cost-utility of ACDF vs PCF performed in the ambulatory surgery center setting for Medicare and privately insured patients at 1-year follow-up. A total of 323 patients who underwent 1-level ACDF (201) or PCF (122) at a single ambulatory surgery center were compared. Propensity matching generated 110 pairs (220 patients) for analysis. Demographic data, resource utilization, patient-reported outcome measures, and quality-adjusted life-years were assessed. Direct costs (1-year resource use × unit costs based on Medicare national allowable payment amounts) and indirect costs (missed workdays × average US daily wage) were recorded. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated. Perioperative safety, 90-day readmission, and 1-year reoperation rates were similar between groups. Both groups experienced significant improvements in all patient-reported outcome measures at 3 months that was maintained at 12 months. The ACDF cohort had a significantly higher preoperative Neck Disability Index and a significantly greater improvement in health-state utility (ie, quality-adjusted life-years gained) at 12 months. ACDF was associated with significantly higher total costs at 1 year for both Medicare ($11 744) and privately insured ($21 228) patients. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for ACDF was $184 654 and $333 774 for Medicare and privately insured patients, respectively, reflecting poor cost-utility. Single-level ACDF may not be cost-effective in comparison with PCF for surgical management of unilateral cervical radiculopathy.

Engineering and Advancement of Digitization through Unified Payment Interface

Unified Payment Interface introduced in 2016 is an instant real-time payment system developed by National Payments Corporation of India facilitating inter-bank transactions. The interface is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and works by instantly transferring funds between two bank accounts on a mobile platform. Unlike wallets, the payer and the payee can use two different payment service providers. Unified Payment Interface has brought revolution in payment system in India, making instant real-time payment system possible. This study is focused on looking at engineering side of Unified Payment Interface and its impact around advancement of digitization. Here we see behind Unified Payment Interface engineering infrastructure and how it works. This study also elaborates on surgencies of digitization through Unified Payment Interface mode in India. Study was carried out by taking survey, using Right to Information Act, and understanding computing side of Unified Payment Interface. In survey 214 individuals were asked 20 questions irrespective of age, location, sex, income background, education and religion in India. Findings were listed with both positives and negative aspects highlighted.

Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Open Banking Systems for Indonesia's 2025 National Payment System Vision

Industri keuangan telah dikelilingi oleh teknologi digital yang dikenal dengan FinTech. Tren saat ini memiliki pengaruh signifikan yang mempengaruhi cara masyarakat berinteraksi dengan industri perbankan. Konsekuensinya, pasti ada kebelakang dan keuntungan yang mengikuti situasi ini. Namun apakah hal tersebut akan menjadi ancaman atau peluang tergantung pada masa depan bank dalam menghadapi situasi baru tersebut. Dalam tulisan ini akan menguraikan pilihan bank untuk mengakuisisi atau bekerja sama dengan perusahaan fintech dalam menyesuaikan posisi mereka dalam gangguan keuangan dan mempertahankan permintaan persaingan. Perbankan terbuka merupakan awal penyesuaian atas kendala Fintech. Indonesia akhir-akhir ini mulai membangun visi masa depan pembayaran digital untuk mendukung keseimbangan antara sistem pembayaran keuangan disruptif yang didominasi oleh fintech. Beberapa negara telah berupaya menerapkan perbankan terbuka, namun tampaknya negara lain lebih memilih mengikuti Australia dibandingkan Inggris yang telah memulainya lebih awal. Yurisdiksi lain seperti Kanada, Singapura dan India sedang mempertimbangkan pendekatan Australia dibandingkan pendekatan yang kurang ekspansif seperti yang awalnya dilakukan di Inggris (Australia menunda peluncuran rezim ‘perbankan terbuka’). Oleh karena itu, merupakan upaya yang tepat bagi Indonesia untuk mengambil pendekatan yang tepat yang mungkin dapat diterapkan berdasarkan strategi Australia dan kerangka peraturan yang dibuat khususnya dalam tinjauan makalah Open Banking, mengingat Indonesia masih dalam tahap tersebut. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana Indonesia (bank sentral Indonesia) harus menerapkan sistem perbankan terbuka, dengan mempertimbangkan pendekatan dan penerapan Australia Open Banking dalam bidang perlindungan data, mekanisme transfer data (standar keamanan) dan proses transformasi ke dalam sistem perbankan terbuka.

Retail two-tier Model of the Digital Ruble (Model D) — the Way to the Appearance of a single-tier Banking System in Russia

The article examines the changes that will be made to the legislation of the Russian Federation in connection with the introduction by the Bank of Russia of the retail model of the digital ruble (model D). The legal analysis was carried out on the basis of two concepts of the digital ruble (2020 and 2021) developed by the Bank of Russia, as well as a package of bills on amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 161-FZ of June 27, 2011 “On the National Payment System” and a number of other laws. As a result of the analysis of the retail two-tier model of the digital ruble with the role of financial institutions as settlement participants (model D), it was concluded that, according to the proposed mechanism, the Bank of Russia is forced to enter into contractual legal relations not only with credit institutions, but also directly with their clients — individuals and legal entities. It is reasonable to distinguish the levels of the banking system depending on what kind of clientele the respective bank serves. If a bank provides banking services to customers who do not have the status of a credit institution, then this is a second-tier bank. If the bank serves clients with the status of a credit institution, then this is a first-tier bank of the banking system. The introduction of Model D in the form in which it is described in the Concept of the Bank of Russia for 2021 and in the package of bills will actually erase the differences between the two levels of the banking system.

National payment card system: Problems and prospects of international cooperation and work in foreign markets

Subject. This article examines the economic relations between the National Payment Card System and operators of foreign payment systems, their participants, users of payment services, as well as Russian and foreign regulators and organizations that ensure the functioning of the payment infrastructure. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the problems and prospects of international cooperation of the National Payment Card System and its work in foreign markets, and formulate basic recommendations for improving its international cooperation effectiveness. Methods. For the study, I used theoretical research methods. Results. The article finds that the National Payment Card System’s development has greatly contributed to consolidating the sovereignty of Russia in the financial sphere. The article highlights the priority areas of foreign expansion of the National Payment Card System and priority formats of cooperation with foreign partners. Conclusions. Western partners, refusing to fulfill their obligations and imposing sanctions bypassing the mechanisms and rules adopted at the UN level, demonstrate their unreliability in mutual economic relations. That is why, when developing international cooperation in foreign markets, the National Payment Card System should rely on its own strength and mutually beneficial partnership with friendly countries.

Relationship Between Digital Payments Platforms, Merchants and Banks in India Using Social Network Analysis

The Digital India programme is one of the flagship programmes of the Government of India with a focus on promoting cashless transactions using various modes of digital payments. These modes include Mobile Wallets, Use of Credit and Debit Cards, Mobile banking, internet banking and UPI. The study aims to analyse the area of Digital Payments and understand how banks and financial institutions are strategizing themselves to gain a competitive advantage in this Digital Era. This will be achieved by mapping the relationship between the Indian Banks and the Digital Payment platforms using Social Network Analysis, thus trying to identify significant performing banks and their association with classified digital payment platforms. This network analysis will help banks to detect change-in-opinion, and design strategic decisions by resolving complications from the consumer’s perspective. This study demands the latest data, collected from pertinent sources. Information is being gathered from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), supported by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Bank’s Association (IBA), which is functioning as an often related umbrella organisation for retail payments, settlement systems and operations in India.

Directions of development payment system «MIR»

Under the conditions of foreign economic sanctions imposed by the West against Russia, foreign card payment systems have ceased to function on the territory of our country. However, this fact stimulated the development of national banking technologies. They received a new impetus to their improvement. The national payment card System of Russia has established itself as a stable and reliable system that carries out transactions both within the country and in some foreign countries. However, today, there are a number of issues that require priority solutions. The study of the possibilities of the MIR payment system allows us to determine the promising directions of its development and to assume its high efficiency in the future.

E-Rupi: Efficient and Transparent Solution for DBT To Masses

Direct Benefit Transfer or DBT scheme was introduced by government to transfer benefits of various government schemes directly to the public. Its an attempt for transferring subsidies directly to the beneficiary through their bank accounts. But the current DBT mechanism is unable to track that whether the money provided was used to avail the benefits for which it was intended or not. To deal with this problem the National Payments Corporation of India on its UPI platform developed e-Rupi. PM Narendra Modi launched e-Rupi on 2 August 2021. e-Rupi is an end to end cashless and contactless one-time digital payment mechanism. Under it e-voucher in form of QR-code or SMS string will be delivered to the beneficiaries" mobile number, and this voucher can be redeemed only at specific centre"s having specific purpose code. The mechanism of e-Rupi is intended in making direct benefit transfer more effective as it will ensure quick, safe, transparent and leak proof delivery of welfare schemes.