National Law Research Articles

Assessing progress of road safety legislation globally: criteria, methodology and evolution 2015-2023.

WHO has set minimum, evidence-based criteria to evaluate the quality of behavioural risk factors laws and reports country progress in global status reports on road safety (GSRRS). We describe criteria evolution and country progress. We analyse laws on speed, drink driving, helmets, seatbelts and child restraint. Global status reports 2009 and 2013 are based on countries' responses. In Report 2015, the collection of legislation and assessment by WHO based on criteria began. Criteria were refined based on the evolving scientific evidence and practice. Report 2018 is the first year in which criteria are comparable with GSRRS 2023. Criteria are consistently applied using standardised interpretation criteria. Based on 2021-2030 Decade of Action for Road Safety framework, Report 2023 includes additional legislation topics but no criteria set. Assessment criteria: speed: national law with urban speed limit≤50 km/h and localities can modify limits. Drinking driving: national law based on blood alcohol concentration or breath alcohol concentration equivalent of ≤0.05 g/dL for general population and ≤0.02 g/dL for novice/young drivers. Helmets: national mandatory motorcycle helmet law covering all adult riders, for all engine types on all roads; helmet is properly strapped and reference to national or international helmet standard. Seatbelts: national mandatory seatbelt wearing exists applicable to all front- and back-seated vehicle occupants. Child restraint systems: national compulsory CRS use in place based on age/weight/height and referring to a standard. Results show a slow pace of legislation improvements. More research is needed on the quality of laws and implementation in low- and middle-income countries.

Blockchain for Democratic Justice: Innovating the Service of Judicial Documents to Uphold the Rule of Law

The service of judicial documents is fundamental to ensuring access to justice, as outlined in Article 47(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. This paper explores the evolving legal framework for serving judicial documents in the EU, with a particular focus on the Recast Service of Documents Regulation. The Regulation introduces the possibility of electronic service, addressing inefficiencies in traditional methods. However, challenges remain due to varying national procedural laws and technological limitations. This paper examines how blockchain technology could enhance the electronic service of judicial documents, offering a more secure, efficient, and interoperable solution across Member States. By leveraging blockchains’ decentralised and immutable characteristics, the service process could become more reliable, particularly in cross-border disputes, thus strengthening procedural guarantees within the EU.

Reconceptualizing Criminal Fault in Abortion Cases: Reforming Indonesian Criminal Law

Ideally, the element of fault (mens rea) in abortion crimes should be understood contextually by taking into account the psychological, social, and situational conditions of the perpetrator, particularly in cases involving victims of sexual violence. However, in reality, the criminal law approach in Indonesia remains rigid and formalistic, offering little room for a humane interpretation of culpability. This study aims to offer a new perspective in reconceptualizing the element of fault in abortion crimes by referring to the dynamics of national criminal law reform. The research employs a juridical-normative method with a descriptive-qualitative approach through library research on the 2023 Criminal Code (KUHP), the Health Law, related implementing regulations, and recent legal literature. The findings conclude that the reconceptualization of culpability in abortion crimes should shift toward an understanding of a spectrum of intent rather than a strict dichotomy of intentional or unintentional acts. The reform of Indonesia’s criminal law through the 2023 Criminal Code has opened broader avenues for protecting abortion victims in specific contexts, but further improvements are needed in terms of regulatory harmonization, evidentiary requirements, and legal protection for medical personnel to ensure a fair and victim-responsive justice system.

The Right to a Fair Trial Within a Reasonable Time Under Burundian Law

In the course of a trial, both the speed of justice and its slowness present virtues and vices that are sometimes difficult to reconcile. From a doctrinal point of view, the temporality of the trial has been explored by various scholars, yet it remains a source of controversy. A fundamental conflict exists between modern proponents of celerity, who advocate for expedited proceedings, and traditionalists, who emphasize the quality of the trial and strict adherence to the rights of the defense. Given these divergent perspectives on trial temporality, between a rapid investigation and one conducted slowly and cautiously, the guarantee of reasonable time is the right solution for reconciling the two extremes of the temporality of the process: speed and slowness. To be in accordance with the concept of reasonable time, celerity must not be so fascinating as to disrupt the balance of power within the trial, undermine procedural formalism, or compromise the rights of the defense. It must be pursued with restraint, in concreto, ensuring that the time saved does not translate into a loss of quality. Although the Burundian Constitution enshrines the principle of the right to be tried within a reasonable time, the notion of reasonable time, as well as its assessment criteria, is not detailed in any legislative or regulatory text, nor is it enshrined in national case law. This gap sometimes leads to unreasonable delays in legal proceedings. In Burundian positive law, the tension between ensuring procedural quality, rooted in the right of defense, and the need for trial expediency, a common issue in well-established rule-of-law countries, is even more pronounced. There are divergent interpretations of the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time among judicial authorities. Some prioritize speed, minimizing delays in the proceedings, while others emphasize thoroughness and quality, ensuring strict adherence to the right of defense and the principle of adversarial proceedings, as enshrined in Article 39 of the Constitution. The development of the article emphasizes on clarifying the problem which affect the temporality of the trial and that of reconciling the speed and the quality of justice in Burundi. The results of this research are derived from doctrine, the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as Burundian case law. Through the analysis of doctrine, national and international case law, law and judgments, the study aims to evaluate how Burundian positive law reconciles the requirements of speed and those of length of procedures. The discussion of the results is based on a qualitative doctrinal research method. The documentary methodology analyzes legal texts, books, judgments, and rulings with the force of res judicata, along with national and international case law. This article seeks to examine the challenges and issues associated with the right to be tried within a reasonable time in Burundi. Its objectives is to analyze whether the guarantees proclaimed by the Constitution, the African Charter, and other international instruments ratified by Burundi, specifically those related to reasonable trial time, are effectively being implemented. It proposes how the international jurisprudence and its criteria that promote reasonable time can be endorsed in Burundian jurisprudence in order to provide a remedy for unreasonable delays in judicial proceedings. Given the advances made by the case law of the Human Rights Committee, the European Court, and the African Court regarding reasonable time, it is more essential than ever for Burundian positive law to foster a "culture of reasonable time" by reconciling, combining procedural guarantees and valorizing the criteria for good management of trial temporality. The implementation of reasonable time limits for judicial procedures can help to balance the course of the trial in Burundi. It may contribute to avoiding downtime of the trial, periods of inactivity, as well as unnecessary delays. It may also help the Burundian judicial and state authorities maintain control over the investigation process, remain clear-sighted, and serve as the ultimate guardian of both fairness and celerity.

Dualism of Land Rights Recognition in National and Customary Legal Systems in the Perspective of Dignified Justice

General Background: The recognition of land rights in Indonesia reflects a complex legal landscape marked by the coexistence of national land law and indigenous customary (ulayat) rights. Specific Background: This dualism often leads to legal uncertainty and conflicts, particularly in areas where indigenous land tenure systems remain active. Knowledge Gap: While existing studies acknowledge the presence of legal dualism, few explore it through the lens of dignified justice rooted in Pancasila values. Aims: This research aims to analyze the dualism of land rights recognition in Indonesia through the perspective of dignified justice, which upholds human dignity, balanced rights and obligations, and non-discriminatory legal treatment. Results: The findings reveal that dignified justice requires national land law to not merely coexist with, but harmonize and complement, ulayat rights to protect indigenous socio-cultural values while ensuring legal certainty. Novelty: The study introduces a framework wherein the UUPA (Basic Agrarian Law) serves as a foundational bridge to align state sovereignty over land with the recognition of living customary laws. Implications: Future regulatory frameworks must promote structural and administrative harmony, ensuring equitable land governance that respects cultural identity without compromising national legal unity. Highlights: Balances national legal certainty with indigenous land rights. Promotes harmony between customary and state law. Emphasizes justice based on Pancasila values. Keywords: Legal Dualism, Land Rights, Dignified Justice

A Review of the Jordanian Framework Governing Foreign Workers

As Jordan continues to experience an increasing influx of foreign workers in the country due to political issues arising in neighbouring countries and Jordan’s strategic position, it was deemed necessary to provide a review of the current framework governing foreign workers and to demonstrate any issues in the current legislation. In this article, the authorused the descriptive analysis approach to provide a summary of the labor migration status in Jordan,The International framework that Jordan adheres to, the national laws and regulations in place to regulate foreign workforce, in addition to providing a critical analysis of the Kafala system in Jordan and reflecting on the issues it raises. The author concluded that Jordan’s current laws prohibit foreign workers from forming trade unions, or take leadership positions in any trade unions, contradicting the international guarantees provided by human rights conventions, additionally the author has shed a light on the consequences of implementing the Kafala (sponsorship) system.

The Non-application of General Anti-avoidance Rules and State Aid Rules: Remarks on the CJEU Judgment in Engie

In its judgment of 5 December 2023 in joined cases C-451/21 P and C-454/21 concerning transactions made within the group of Engie companies, the CJEU restricted the Commission’s powers to interpret national legal provisions of Member States as regards the review on state aid, stating that such an interpretation cannot refrain from the interpretation made by tax authorities and jurisprudence of the Member States. The case in question concerned (1) the attempt to defer from the literal wording of the national tax law provisions and the use of purposive interpretation, which could not be conferred from the wording of the provisions in question as well as from other administrative acts in setting the “reference framework” for the purpose of the application of provision on state aid; and (2) the attempt to interpret the national provisions on the abuse of law in isolation from their interpretation made by tax authorities and jurisprudence. Although certain limits within the state aid review procedure had been conferred on the Commission, the CJEU’s judgment did not disregard the possibility to review the non-application of the provisions on the abuse of tax law (GAAR) concerning the conformity of their application with the EU provisions on state aid.

The application of the European Supervision Order to house arrest: A legal dilemma

Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA established the European Supervision Order (ESO) as a mutual recognition instrument applying to pretrial measures imposed as an alternative to remand in custody. The objective is to prevent the de-socialisation of the suspect or accused person, who would otherwise risk undergoing pretrial detention in the Member State where criminal proceedings are brought, rather than a non-custodial measure in his or her Member State of lawful and ordinary residence. Against this backdrop, it is not straightforward whether house arrest falls within or outside the scope of the ESO system. On the one hand, it is treated as detention in several national legal orders and in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. On the other hand, it is not served in a prison facility. This contribution aims to put forward some arguments in favour of an interpretation of the ESO FD that encompasses house arrest, thereby maximising the ESO potential. To this purpose, the Author will first argue that ‘alternative to detention’ should be construed as an autonomous concept of EU law, with a specific meaning tailored to the ESO FD. By applying the usual wording-context-objective hermeneutic technique, it is argued that the notion should cover any measure served out of prison premises, including house arrest. In the alternative, the contribution examines the obligation for the issuing authority to interpret its national law consistently with EU law, as well as the principle of mutual recognition to which the executing authority is subject. Even analysing the issue from these angles, the outcome would be that both the issuing and the executing authorities should consider house arrest as an alternative to detention for the purposes of the ESO FD, regardless of how it is defined in their national law. Finally, some further solutions and concluding remarks are presented.

Analisis Kedudukan Anak Adopsi oleh Orang Tua dari Perkawinan Campuran di Indonesia

This study is motivated by the complex legal regulations surrounding child adoption in the context of mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and foreign nationals (WNA), particularly when such marriages end in divorce. The primary focus of this research is to analyze the legal status of adopted children in these situations, encompassing issues of citizenship, inheritance rights, and the position of wali nikah (marriage guardian). The objective is to examine the legal standing of adopted children in mixed marriages and the normative implications of disharmony between national and international legal systems on child protection. This study employs a normative legal research method with a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzing relevant regulations, court decisions, and legal literature. The findings reveal that the legal consequences of adoption vary depending on the court that authorizes it: civil court adoptions (adoptio plena) confer legal status and rights equivalent to biological children, while religious court adoptions (adoptio minus plena) provide only limited legal recognition. Moreover, the lack of alignment with the principle of the best interest of the child in the national legal framework results in insufficient legal protection for adopted children. The study concludes that reformulating national adoption laws and harmonizing them with international legal instruments is essential to ensure comprehensive legal protection for adopted children in mixed marriage contexts. Practical implications include policy recommendations for unifying inheritance law systems, strengthening post-adoption monitoring mechanisms, and advocating for child protection in cross-jurisdictional settings. The study also opens avenues for further interdisciplinary research exploring the social and psychological impacts on adopted children in transnational adoption cases.

Balancing Regulatory Efficiency and Halal Integrity: A Governance Analysis of Indonesia's Self-Declaration System in Halal Certification

Indonesia’s halal certification self-declaration system faces criticism for oversight and accountability gaps. This study evaluates its compliance with transparency principles under national law and Islamic jurisprudence (fatwa), employing a mixed-methods analysis of legislative texts, case studies, and interviews. Contrasting law in books and law in action, findings reveal systemic gaps between regulatory ideals and implementation. Procedural misconduct—including data falsification and lax verification by Halal Product Process (PPH) officers—undermines accountability, exposing flaws in coordination and audit mechanisms. The self-declaration model inadequately safeguards halal integrity, requiring reforms: real-time monitoring, standardized verification protocols, and collaborative governance between Indonesia’s National Ulama Council (MUI) and state agencies. Such measures are vital to aligning Indonesia’s halal assurance with global Islamic economy benchmarks while safeguarding consumer trust and principles. The study underscores bridging normative-practical divides through adaptive governance, ensuring coherence and compliance in Indonesia’s evolving halal ecosystem.

Pembantu Rumah Tangga dalam Perspektif Hukum Ketenagakerjaan: Analisis Yuridis Normatif

Domestic helpers (DWs) play a vital role in sustaining household life in urban areas, yet their legal position in the Indonesian labour system remains marginal and vulnerable, without adequate legal protection. This research aims to analyse juridically normatively the legal position of domestic workers within the framework of national labour law and identify regulatory gaps and structural barriers that hinder the protection of their basic rights. Using a literature study method and a normative juridical approach, this research examines legislation, legal doctrine, and recent scientific literature. The analysis shows that Law No. 13 Year 2003 does not recognise domestic workers as formal workers, and Permenaker No. 2 Year 2015 is non-binding, creating a legal vacuum that results in vulnerability to exploitation, discrimination, and human rights violations. The absence of special regulations such as the PPRT Bill and the non-ratification of ILO Convention No. 189 exacerbate structural injustice against domestic workers. This research concludes that the legal protection of domestic workers is very weak normatively and practically, so regulative reform is needed through the enactment of special laws and harmonisation of national laws with international human rights standards in order to create a fair, inclusive and social justice-based employment system.

Hungary’s Nuclear Legislation in Light of a Nuclear Renaissance

In recent years, the notion of a renaissance in nuclear energy has garnered increasing attention, as it is one of the few electricity-generating means that can supply stable, base-load electricity whilst concurrently aligning with the pressing imperatives of climate protection. In such a prosperous climate for nuclear development, it is worth looking into national nuclear law frameworks and analysing their adequacy for increased deployment of nuclear power plants. Among the paramount considerations from the perspective of a successful nuclear renaissance stands the issue of notoriously protracted and complex licensing procedures. There is no international licensing authority, nor there is a common licensing framework, licensing is in the remit of national authorities, resulting in a diverse array of regulatory approaches to licensing. In an era characterized by heightened interest in nuclear new build initiatives, it is incumbent upon us to examine our current regulatory frameworks—acknowledging both their merits and their deficiencies—as such inquiry is indispensable to any further developments that aim to make these systems more conducive to a nuclear renaissance, whilst upholding nuclear safety as the foremost priority. This article aims to present the nuclear licensing framework applicable to new build nuclear power plants in Hungary. To understand the licensing process, the article will address the position of the nuclear regulatory body within this process, alongside the principal statutory instruments governing the deployment of new nuclear power plants. The core of the article will focus on the licensing stages leading up to the operation of a new nuclear power plant, illustrated with recent practical insights gleaned from the Paks II project. Furthermore, recognising that advanced nuclear technologies form a promi- nent subject within the contemporary discourse of the nuclear renaissance, the article will also address their prospective deployment. In doing so, it will address the licensing challenges associated with them, and how these could be potentially resolved. The central hypothesis advanced herein is that a thorough understanding of our existing licensing frameworks—together with their attendant advantages and shortcomings—constitutes a necessary precondition for participation in the nuclear renaissance. Only by engaging in such critical reflection, and by drawing upon the experiences of other states, can one aspire to establish licensing procedures that are not only more efficient and effective but also unwavering in their commitment to the maintenance of nuclear safety.

Ethics regulation and sociology in France

The French research ecosystem long resisted extending the ethics regulation processes established for biomedical science into the social sciences. This is now changing. This history of resistance is examined, together with the alternatives proposed. These include self-regulation by professional associations. Consideration is also given to the wider legal environment for French social sciences, particularly the laws on defamation and privacy, which also influence the opportunities for research and for the pursuit of grievances by participants. The introduction of ethics regulation, through IRB-style committees in universities and research organizations, reflects isomorphic pressures from the international research community, reinforced by the impact of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) on the application of national privacy law. Nevertheless, outside the specific domain of health-related research, ethics regulation still sits more lightly on French social science than in the anglosphere.

National Security During the First AI Revolution: The Case for Transforming Canada's Security Apparatus

Abstract The exponential growth of social media, the dark web, cryptocurrency, international cartels, cyber attacks, the collaboration of terrorist organizations, the rise of self‐regulated social media, and the complexities of money laundering are threats to Canadian democracy, the economy, and the rule of law. The global threat environment in an increasingly interconnected world indicates that Canadian security will be increasingly determined and shaped outside its borders via international events. Therefore, this administrative policy article argues that the lack of a spy agency solely responsible for foreign missions puts Canadians at risk at home and abroad. Moreover, the transition of the RCMP from contract policing into a federal police force dedicated only to national security and federal law enforcement, like the FBI in the US, is recommended. Finally, the creation of Canada's new protective service, rapid federal national security police force, and North American Rapid Law and Border Enforcement is urgently needed.

An understanding of lived experience and constructs of prolonged remand prisoners in Zimbabwe

The study explored the lived experiences and constructs of inmates placed on prolonged pre-trial detention in Zimbabwe. It highlighted that issues of delayed justice are rampant in Zimbabwe, leading to most accused people being placed on extended pre-trial detention in Zimbabwean jails. In conducting the study, the researchers used a qualitative research design anchored in interpretive phenomenological analysis as a means of understanding the lived experiences and constructs of prolonged remand prisoners. A sample size of 13 research participants was purposively sampled. Data from the research field were analyzed thematically. The study was based on a legal framework that highlighted various international protocols, regional, and national laws addressing the rights of the accused. Findings from the study revealed that inmates experienced stress, depression, and felt cut off from their families. To address these issues, the research emphasized the need to provide pro bono services to inmates who cannot afford legal representation. The study concludes that pre-trial detention should be minimized by increasing the number of trial judges. Furthermore, there is a need for the justice system to enhance justice delivery by providing counseling to reduce stress and depression among pre-trial detainees, and to increase the availability of pro bono legal assistance for those unable to afford legal representation.

40 Days vs. 120 Days

One of the consequences of rape is unwanted pregnancy, which may lead to both psychological and physical distress, often resulting in the desire to undergo an abortion. According to the 2023 Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP) and the opinion of the Hanafi school of thought, abortion is permissible before the pregnancy reaches 14 weeks or 120 days. In contrast, under the 2009 Health Law and the Shafi'i school of thought, abortion is only allowed before 6 weeks or 40 days of gestation. This discrepancy calls for further examination to determine the most appropriate legal threshold for abortion in rape cases, from both the perspectives of positive law and Islamic jurisprudence. This study employs a qualitative method with a comparative approach, utilizing literature review and document analysis of statutory law, classical Islamic legal texts, and relevant medical literature. It also applies the principle of hifz al-nafs (protection of life) as a normative foundation. The findings reveal that the 2023 revision of the Penal Code, which extends the permissible period for abortion from 6 to 14 weeks, aligns with the majority of Islamic scholars who permit abortion before 120 days of gestation. Nonetheless, abortion before 40 days is preferable to avoid legal controversy and reduce medical risks and psychological trauma. This study recommends harmonizing national laws, medical ethics, and Islamic legal principles to ensure substantive justice and optimal protection for victims of sexual violence

Copyright Protection in Indonesian Higher Education: Legal Challenges and Academic Integrity

This study examines the legal challenges surrounding copyright protection within Indonesian higher education, with particular emphasis on academic integrity and the persistent issue of plagiarism. It traces the development of copyright law from the Dutch-era Auteurswet of 1912 to Law No. 28 of 2014, assessing how these legal frameworks address intellectual property rights in academic contexts.A doctrinal legal research method was applied, involving the analysis of relevant statutes, academic literature, and international agreements, including the TRIPs Agreement and the Berne Convention. The study also considered the socio-legal context within higher education institutions that contributes to plagiarism and weak enforcement.Findings reveal significant shortcomings in Indonesia's legal structure, including vague definitions of copyright infringement and inadequate enforcement mechanisms. These legal gaps, coupled with a lack of institutional accountability, allow academic dishonesty—particularly plagiarism—to thrive in universities.The study argues for targeted reforms in higher education, including clearer legislative definitions, enhanced enforcement through administrative sanctions (e.g., fines, funding restrictions), and the introduction of ethical review boards to adjudicate cases of academic misconduct. Strengthening institutional responsibilities and aligning national law with international standards could significantly improve copyright protection and uphold academic integrity.To effectively protect intellectual property and foster a culture of academic honesty in Indonesian higher education, legal reform must be coupled with institutional accountability. These combined efforts are critical to ensuring the credibility of academic work and the protection of authorship rights in the educational sector.

Assessing Clinicians’ Legal Concerns and the Need for a Regulatory Framework for AI in Healthcare: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background: The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into healthcare systems presents new opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding legal and ethical implications. In Saudi Arabia, the lack of legal awareness could hinder safe implementation of AI tools. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. In Phase One, a structured electronic survey was administered to 357 clinicians across public and private healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia, assessing legal awareness, liability concerns, data privacy, and trust in AI. In Phase Two, a qualitative expert panel involving health law specialists, digital health advisors, and clinicians was conducted to interpret survey findings and identify key regulatory needs. Results: Only 7% of clinicians reported high familiarity with AI legal implications, and 89% had no formal legal training. Confidence in AI compliance with data laws was low (mean score: 1.40/3). Statistically significant associations were found between professional role and legal familiarity (χ2 = 18.6, p < 0.01), and between legal training and confidence in AI compliance (t ≈ 6.1, p < 0.001). Qualitative findings highlighted six core legal barriers including lack of training, unclear liability, and gaps in regulatory alignment with national laws like the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL). Conclusions: The study highlights a major gap in legal readiness among Saudi clinicians, which affects patient safety, liability, and trust in AI. Although clinicians are open to using AI, unclear regulations pose barriers to safe adoption. Experts call for national legal standards, mandatory training, and informed consent protocols. A clear legal framework and clinician education are crucial for the ethical and effective use of AI in healthcare.

Extent of Knowledge on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) of Delivery Room Nurses: Basis For Proposed Training Program

The protection of health and safety of health workers contributes to improving productivity, job satisfaction and retention of health workers as well as facilitates the regulatory compliance of health facilities with national laws and regulations on occupational health and safety, bearing in mind the specific working conditions and occupational hazards in the sector. Accordingly, guidelines on occupational safety and health were issued by government agencies such as the Department of Labor and Employment and the Department of Health. Unfortunately, however, as to whether health workers are knowledgeable or not on ways to ensure their safety and protect their health as they perform their functions and as to whether they are complying with the guidelines issued to be undocumented and understudied. This descriptive-correlational-developmental study aimed to determine the profile of the nurses in the delivery room and evaluate the extent of their knowledge on occupational safety and health to determine if they need training on the same. It also looked into the relationship between the profile variables of the nurses and the extent of their knowledge on occupational safety and health. Results showed that, in terms of profile, majority of the nurses in the delivery room are 30 to 49 years old which may imply that they have more life experiences related to safety and health, females which affirms the view of Florence Nightingale that nursing is a career best suited for women, singles which may imply that they have time to participate on trainings related with occupational health and safety as they do not have family responsibilities yet, attending more than 3 patients in the delivery room which entails that they have big responsibilities and they therefore need training on occupational safety and health, bachelor’s degree holders which may imply that they may need training on occupational health and safety for their protection as part of continuing professional development, have been practicing as a nurse for 1 to 5 years which implies that they are new in the profession and they may be needing training on occupational safety and health, and have attended more than 3 relevant trainings on occupational safety and health but may need to refresh or update their knowledge in occupational safety and health. Moreover, the nurses in the delivery room are knowledgeable to a great extent on occupational health and safety but not to a very great extent. Accordingly, the nurses interviewed signified the need to enhance and update their knowledge on occupational safety and health. Lastly, the extent of knowledge of the nurses on occupational safety and health is influenced by their age, civil status, nurse to patient ratio, highest educational attainment, length of nursing practice, and, more importantly, by the number of relevant trainings they attended. Thus, the researcher recommends the adoption and implementation of the proposed training program to enhance and update the knowledge of the nurses on occupational safety and health.

The Role of the National Judicial Council in Ensuring Judicial Integrity and Independence and Suggestions for Vietnam

According to the Vietnamese Communist Party's Resolutions and the 2013 Constitution, the courts are defined as judicial bodies, while other agencies participate in judicial activities. Given the central position of judicial activities, the question of which model of court governance to adopt has become a pressing issue in Vietnam, as it helps ensure the principle that judges adjudicate independently and in accordance with the law, while also maintaining judicial integrity. Today, the National Judicial Council is becoming a popular institution in the law of nations. The article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of establishing the National Judicial Council from two perspectives: ensuring the independence of the court and the integrity of the judiciary in general, thereby clarifying the context and feasibility of establishing this institution in Vietnam in the coming years.