National Institute Of Standards And Technology Research Articles

Surface Quality Optical Measurement of Part Inclined Planes Manufactured by FDM Technology

Fused Filament Deposition (FDM) additive manufacturing technology allows the generation of three-dimensional parts by overlapping layers of an extruded polymer. The staircase effect caused by overlapping is well known and makes the manufactured parts have poor surface quality. This problem has been focused on by numerous works trying to optimize the surface quality by studying the process technological parameters or part geometry. Also, post-processing techniques have been developed that improve this roughness, but which involve an increase in manufacturing time and cost. In this work, a methodology to measure the roughness based on laser confocal microscopy is proposed. To evaluate the methodology, an experimental study is carried out that relates the surface roughness of parts manufactured with FDM with the building orientation and the layer height. The main objective of this study is to compare two roughness measurement methodologies: a mechanical measurement with a conventional contact roughness meter, and an optical measurement with a confocal microscope. The contact roughness meter provides a direct value of the roughness of the part wall profile, while the confocal microscope provides an image of the three-dimensional surface of the part wall, which must be processed. The data from the confocal microscope are evaluated with the Internet-based software Surface Metrology Algorithm Testing System (SMATS) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the USA. The SMATS will provide an average value of the roughness of the analyzed surface. The test results with both methodologies are very similar, with an average difference of 5%. These results show the influence of the printed plane inclination angle on the roughness, which is higher for low values of the angle. It can also be seen that this influence decreases for low-layer heights.

DEAD FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF QUTEBROWSER AND LIBREWOLF BROWSERS USING THE NIST 800-86 METHOD

A browser is software used to access web pages to obtain clear and readable information. Information resources are identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and can be web pages, images, videos, or other content. When a browser user engages in online activities, they usually leave traces on the device such as history, cookies, cache files, and even emails and passwords. Such traces can usually help users access a website or input something, such as emails and passwords. The purpose of this research is to obtain digital evidence in the form of a cache on the hard disk in the Librewolf and Qutebrowser browsers. In this study, researchers used the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 800-86 method which consists of four stages, namely collection, examination, analysis, and reporting. which focuses on the Qutebrowser and LibreWolf browsers. The results obtained from this study were found to be 21 caches, 2 Sessions, 6 Cookies, 8 Network Persistent State, 9 QuotaManager, 11 IndexedDB, 24 LevelDB, 48 Cache Storage, 14 Favicons, 3 History, 6 Database, 3 StartupCache, 4 Alternate Services, 6 Content-Pref, Notification amounted to 1, Permission amounted to 7, Service Worker amounted to 6, SiteSecuristyServiceState amounted to 7, Webappstore amounted to 8, Sessionstore-Backups amounted to 5, Storage amounted to 47 NIST 800-86 method can be properly used in the acquisition of digital evidence and the most crucial data obtained in the Librewolf browser on the telegram and whatsapp sites.

Parathyroid hormone-vitamin D dynamics vary according to the definition of vitamin D deficiency in newborn infants.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an indirect functional indicator of vitamin D status. Risk of vitamin D deficiency, assessed using circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is defined as <30nmol/L by the National Academy of Medicine and alternatively <25nmol/L in the global consensus recommendation on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. To test PTH concentrations and the odds for elevated values according to vitamin D deficiency cut-points (<30nmol/L, or <25nmol/L) in newborn infants. Healthy term-born infants (n=858) were recruited from Montreal, Canada (2016-2019). Obstetric data were obtained from medical records, and demographic factors surveyed. Immunoassays were used to measure newborn (24-36h) serum PTH and 25(OH)D; 25(OH)D was standardized to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials. Serum PTH was log-transformed before comparing serum 25(OH)D groups (<30 vs. ≥30; or <25 vs. ≥25nmol/L) using ANCOVA adjusted for infant sex, type of delivery, parity, race, and family income. The odds of elevated PTH (>71.48pg/mL) were tested using logistic regression, adjusted for the same covariates. Infants (50.2% female) were 39.6±1.0weeks gestational age (mean±SD), and 3.41±0.38kg. Median serum 25(OH)D was 45.4 (IQR 23.2) nmol/L; 20.5% had serum 25(OH)D<30nmol/L, and 12.4% <25nmol/L. Median serum PTH was 30.72 (IQR 33.90) pg/mL, elevated in 12.7% overall, and higher in infants born with serum 25(OH)D<25 vs. ≥25nmol/L (35.96 (IQR 39.20) vs. 30.36 (IQR 32.93) pg/mL, p=0.0158). The odds of elevated PTH were higher when serum 25(OH)D was <25nmol/L (ORadj 2.13, 95% CI: 1.23, 3.69). PTH concentration and the odds of being elevated did not differ according to the 30nmol/L cut-point. Based on this study, the definition of vitamin D deficiency relative to bone health as set by the National Academy of Medicine (<30nmol/L) exceeds the threshold at which PTH is elevated in newborn infants.

A 2.5 pJ/bit PVT-Tolerant True Random Number Generator Based on Native-NMOS-Regulated Ring Oscillator

In this brief, an energy-efficient true random number generator (TRNG) is presented based on the jitter noise of a single ring oscillator (RO). By XORing two different oscillation stages of the RO, consecutive pulses can be generated due to the fixed intrinsic propagation delay and more importantly, the time-varying jitter-noise-caused variation to the above delay. By continuously quantizing the above pulses’ width using another high-frequency RO-based time-to-digital converter (TDC), the TDC’s least significant bits (LSBs) are dominated by the jitter noise, of which the magnitude can be largely increased through reducing the RO’s supply voltage with a native NMOS transistor. Based on a 40-nm standard CMOS process, the proposed TRNG design is fabricated and extensively characterized. By passing the widely-exploited test tools of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and autocorrelation function, the proposed TRNG’s randomness has been well validated. Moreover, the randomness evaluation is further extended to various process-voltage-temperature (PVT) conditions, and the measured Shannon entropy is always larger than 0.999995, showing excellent PVT tolerance. Finally, the proposed TRNG features a high energy efficiency of 2.5 pJ/bit at a throughput of 53 Mbps.

Comparative Study of Cloud Forensic Investigation Using ADAM And NIST 800-86 Methods in Private Cloud Computing

As information technology advances, associated risks also increase, particularly in the field of private cloud computing services. These services are subject to potential internal abuse risks, either due to system vulnerabilities or other factors. However, the investigation of these incidents in private cloud computing varies greatly due to the different frameworks and unique characteristics of each cloud service. The lack of a standardized approach to analyzing and assessing investigative processes in cloud computing services has been a persistent problem. This lack of consensus affects the accuracy, efficiency, and data acquisition process when dealing with digital evidence in each method, causing concern among researchers. To overcome this, a comparative study was carried out with a focus on the ADAM (The Advanced Data Acquisition Model) method and the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) method. The goal is to identify the most effective investigative process to deal with cyber attack incidents on both the server and client side of cloud computing services. By testing these methods in a network that is built on private cloud computing services, then the results from this research include the weaknesses and strengths of the ADAM and NIST methods are found when applied to cloud computing case studies and these have not been identified in previous research, then produce recommendations for investigators when conducting investigations on case studies on cloud computing, and in this study managed to find a bug in the ownCloud application version 10.9.1. Then this study also aims to provide researchers with valuable references to carry out analysis and assessment in the investigative process, where standardization is still an unresolved issue.

Spectroscopic Study of Copper Plasma Produced by Fundamental Nd: YAG Laser by LIBS

Background:&#x0D; The effect of laser wavelength on the analytical results obtained from LIBS by Nd: YAG laser diagnostics to copper element is experimentally investigated by Nd: YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. The temperature and density of electrons in copper plasma are calculated under (LTE) conditions.&#x0D; Materials and Methods:&#x0D; Various copper transitions were obtained. Identification of transition lines from the spectrum is carried out by comparing spectral lines with NIST atomic database. The results after performing the analysis were compared with (NIST) database.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; The result showed that the various wavelengths obtained from the copper target tare with significant compatibility with the same wavelengths from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).&#x0D; Conclusion:&#x0D; LIBS technique proved to be a precise and accurate tool for calculating electron temperature and electron number density, the presence of different elements with very low tolerance, and diagnosing their concentrations.

Data Guardianship: Safeguarding Compliance in AI/ML Cloud Ecosystems

AI has found widespread application across various sectors, including security, healthcare, finance, and national defense. However, alongside its transformative advancements, there has been an unfortunate trend of malicious exploitation of AI capabilities. Concurrently, the rapid evolution of cloud computing technology has introduced cloud-based AI systems. Regrettably, vulnerabilities inherent in cloud computing infrastructure also pose risks to the security of AI services. We observe that the integrity of training data is pivotal, as any compromise therein directly impacts the efficacy of AI systems. Against this backdrop, we assert the paramount importance of preserving data integrity within AI systems. To address this imperative, we propose a data integrity architecture guided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cyber security framework. Leveraging block chain technology and smart contracts emerges as a fitting solution to tackle integrity challenges, owing to their characteristics of shared and decentralized ledgers. Smart contracts facilitate automated policy enforcement, enable continuous monitoring of data integrity, and mitigate the risk of data tampering.

Metabolomic analysis for disclosing nutritional and therapeutic prospective of traditional rice cultivars of Cauvery deltaic region, India.

Traditional rice is gaining popularity worldwide due to its high nutritional and pharmaceutical value, as well as its high resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. This has attracted significant attention from breeders, nutritionists, and plant protection scientists in recent years. Hence, it is critical to investigate the grain metabolome to reveal germination and nutritional importance. This research aimed to explore non-targeted metabolites of five traditional rice varieties, viz., Chinnar, Chithiraikar, Karunguruvai, Kichili samba, and Thooyamalli, for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. Approximately 149 metabolites were identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library and Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) and were grouped into 34 chemical classes. Major classes include fatty acids (31.1-56.3%), steroids and their derivatives (1.80-22.4%), dihydrofurans (8.98-11.6%), prenol lipids (0.66-4.44%), organooxygen compounds (0.12-6.45%), benzene and substituted derivatives (0.53-3.73%), glycerolipids (0.36-2.28%), and hydroxy acids and derivatives (0.03-2.70%). Significant variations in metabolite composition among the rice varieties were also observed through the combination of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the dimensionality of 149 metabolites into five principle components (PCs), which explained 96% of the total variance. Two clusters were revealed by hierarchical cluster analysis, indicating the distinctiveness of the traditional varieties. Additionally, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) found 17 variables important in the projection (VIP) scores of metabolites. The findings of this study reveal the biochemical intricate and distinctive metabolomes of the traditional therapeutic rice varieties. This will serve as the foundation for future research on developing new rice varieties with traditional rice grain metabolisms to increase grain quality and production with various nutritional and therapeutic benefits.

Assessment of Trace Metal Contaminants and Consumer Preference in Tomato Varieties Produced in Two Mining Communities of Nigeria

Tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum L) produced in areas prominent for mining activities contribute more deposits of metal contaminants. In turn, affects the quality and value of the products. Highlighting the level of metal contaminant in consumer’s most preferred tomato variety is also necessary for health and well-being. This study specifically aimed to investigate, i) the variability between six metal contaminants in UTC, Yowlings, and Derica tomatoes; ii) we also explored the relationship between the metal contaminants and tomato quality, and lastly, we ascertained which socioeconomic factor specifically determined preference for a particular variety of the tomatoes. The metal contaminants examined and found present using ICP-OES were nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). We found a good agreement between most of the analyte and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Certified Reference Material 1573a (CRM 1573a) values. Although this study’s recovery for the analyte was between 83.22% and 111.00%, we also found contrary to our prediction that Cr, Ni, and Cd concentrations were higher in Derica, UTC, and the Yowlings varieties during the rainy season. A two-way ANOVA between tomatoes and planting seasons was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) in contrast to the mixed model (GLMMs) analysis that indicated a significant (P < 0.05) relationship between lycopene concentration, size of tomatoes, and concentration of metals screened. We also found using a principle component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix that the concentration of Pb in the tomato varieties was significantly related to the As level. Despite As and Cr concentrations being higher in the Derica tomato variety, most consumers preferred it. Derica tomato contained metal contaminants that could be harmful to human health. Therefore, there is need to monitor the production procedures involved prior to supply of the tomato product.

A-078 Accuracy Based Sigma Metrics of Alinity c System as Benchmarked against Roche c701

Abstract Background Assay performance is dependent on the accuracy and precision of a given method. Sigma metric is a well-established tool for objectively assessing such performances. The objective of the study is to evaluate the Alinity c system using a representative set of clinical chemistry assays in an independent central laboratory setting. The analytical performance of the Alinity c assays was compared with the Roche c701 assays using accuracy-based Sigma metrics. Methods Analytical performance of 7 clinical chemistry assays, including sodium, potassium, chloride (Integrated Chip Technology or ICT), Glucose, ALT, AST and creatine kinase (CK), was assessed on the Alinity c System as benchmarked against the Roche c701. The accuracy of the assays was evaluated by testing reference standard materials sourced from Reference Material Institute for Clinical Chemistry Standards (ReCCS)) in Japan or National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in America. The 5-day precision evaluation per CLSI EP15-A3 was performed using the Bio-Rad Lyphochek® Assayed Chemistry Control and two patient sample pools. Linearity was assessed using 9 levels of patient sample pools covering the measuring interval of each assay. Method comparison with Roche c701 assays was performed per CLSI EP9-A3 using 60 patient samples spanning the measurement range. Sigma metrics for each assay were determined relative to the total allowable errors according to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) specifications. Results Within-lab (total) imprecision for the 7 assays on Alinity c and Roche were all &amp;lt;3.5% CV for both the Bio-Rad Control and patient pools. Alinity c assays showed a better precision performance in all of assays tested. Bias of the 7 assays in reference to the assigned values was all below 7.5% for both platforms. Alinity c exhibited a good correlation with Roche c701 on all 7 assays in the method comparison evaluation. Linearity of the Alinity c assays was validated for the measuring intervals as claimed by the manufacturer. Majority of the assays on both analzyers demonstrated at least 6 sigma performance with Alinity c showing better sigma scores. Conclusion The Alinity c System demonstrated excellent accuracy, precision and linearity in an evaluation of 7 clinical chemistry assays. A majority of the assays demonstrated at least 6 sigma performance, supporting the fitness for clinical use.

A-013 Creation of a Commutable Cardiac Troponin I Reference Material Coined 8121 by the National Institute for Science and Technology and the IFCC Workgroup for Cardiac Troponin I Standardization

Abstract Background Harmonizing cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is needed because this biomarker is central to defining cardiac injury, and is essential for diagnosis and management of myocardial infarction (MI) and other cardiac conditions. cTnI measurements have evolved through several generations; state-of-the-art assays are coined “high-sensitivity cTnI” tests. We describe development and availability of commutable Reference Material (RM)8121, designed and created by the National institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the IFCC workgroup for cTnI standardization for availability to stakeholders. Methods RM8121 is a lithium heparinized series of four Levels of increasing cTnI concentration coined Levels A (lowest) to D (highest). Each RM8121 concentration resulted from combining an elevated cTnI pool from sample collections from 58 MI patients with a blending pool comprised of low cTnI samples from 15 healthy females and 15 males, all &amp;lt;40-years old. All subjects donating collections were consented under an IRB-approved protocol at the University of Maryland. All enrolled subjects were confirmed negative for hepatitis A, B, C and HIV infection. Hemolyzed, lipemic and icteric samples were excluded from pooling. RM8121’s Levels A–D were homogenized, and 0.71 mL aliquots pipetted into 2-mL vials. hs-cTnI concentrations were measured at critical points throughout the recruitment, sample collection, blending and final aliquoting processes using the Atellica® IM TnIH assay (Siemens Healthineers). Results Approximately 3000 units of RM8121 are available. The table displays the hs-cTnI concentrations of the blending and high pools. Concentrations of RM8121 Levels A and B were designed to bracket the female and male 99th percentile URLs, with RM8121 Levels C and D in the range of 9-fold and 100-fold greater than the female 99th URL, respectively. Conclusion Values for FDA cleared hs-cTnI assays will be assigned for RM8121. Availability of this commutable cTnI RM is intended to assist in harmonizing current and future hs-cTnI assays.

A-034 Multicenter Comparison of Analytical Interference of Vitamin D Immunoassay and Mass Spectrometry Methods by Endogenous Interferents and Cross-reactivity with 3-epi-25-OH-Vitamin D3

Abstract Background Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism and is known to increase calcium absorption from the intestinal tract and decrease calcium excretion from the kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in a substantial and continuously increasing proportion of the Korean population, thus highlighting the need for accurate vitamin D measurements. The current problems of vitamin D testing include significant inter-method and inter-laboratory differences in measurements, and interferences by both intrinsic and cross-reactive substances. In this study, the interfering effects by such intrinsic and cross-reactive substances were compared between several vitamin D immunoassays and mass spectrometry methods routinely used in Korea. Methods Two different mass spectrometry methods and 4 vitamin D immunoassays with different manufacturers (Abbott, Beckman Coulter, Roche, Siemens), from 5 different institutes were compared. Residual patient samples were utilized to collect either hemolyzed samples, icteric samples (total bilirubin &amp;gt;20 mg/dL), lipemic samples (triglyceride &amp;gt;500 mg/dL), of samples with rheumatoid factor &amp;gt;200 IU/mL, samples from myeloma patients (paraprotein &amp;gt;1.1 g/dL upon protein electrophoresis) or from patients undergoing hemodialysis. Four levels of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 972 were prepared, with each level having different compositions and concentrations of vitamin D. Also, samples spiked with different levels of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 were prepared for interference analysis. The 10% bias limits for concentrations of intrinsic interferents and cross-reactivity percentages, provided by the respective immunoassay manufacturers, were referred to during data interpretation. The collection of intrinsic interferent samples, NIST material, and epimer spiked sample sets were delivered to each institute and measured on the same date. Results Consistently significant interference in vitamin D measurements was observed in hemolytic samples (Roche assay), icteric samples (Beckman and Siemens assays) and lipemic samples (all 4 immunoassays). General positive biases were also observed in myeloma samples (Abbott assay), hemodialysis samples (Siemens assay), and general negative biases were observed in high rheumatoid factor (Roche assay) and hemodialysis samples (Roche assay). Both the level 4 NIST material, which had a high concentration of 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and samples spiked with 3-epi-25(OH)D3, induced significant interference, yielding higher total vitamin D measurements in non-epimer separating MS methods, and the Beckman and Roche immunoassays. Conclusion In this study, we were able to observe interferences due to intrinsic substances and cross-reactive substances in common vitamin D tests used in Korea. Clinical awareness of possible causes of interference is important to increase the accuracy of vitamin D measurements. Moreover, due to the high cross-reactivity of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 with common vitamin D assays, particular care is due when interpreting vitamin D results of newborns, infants, and less commonly, pregnant women, who are known to have physiologically high levels of 3-epi-25(OH)D3.

Look-up the Rainbow: Table-based Implementation of Rainbow Signature on 64-bit ARMv8 Processors

The Rainbow Signature Scheme is one of the finalists in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) standardization competition, but failed to win because it has lack of stability in the parameter selection. It is the only signature candidate based on a multivariate quadratic equation. Rainbow signatures have smaller signature sizes compared with other post-quantum cryptography candidates. However, they require expensive tower-field based polynomial multiplications. In this article, we propose an efficient implementation of Rainbow signatures using a look-up table–based multiplication method. The polynomial multiplications in Rainbow signatures are performed on the 𝔽 16 field, which is divided into sub-fields 𝔽 4 and 𝔽 2 under the tower-field method. To accelerate the multiplication process on target processors, we propose a look-up table–based tower-field multiplication technique. In 𝔽 16 , all values are expressed in 4-bit data format and can be implemented using a 256-byte look-up table access. The implementation uses the TBL and TBX instructions of the 64-bit ARMv8 target processor. For Rainbow III and Rainbow V, they are computed on the 𝔽 256 field using an additional 16-byte table instead of creating a new look-up table. The proposed technique uses the vector registers of 64-bit ARMv8 processors and can calculate 16 result values with a single instruction. We also proposed implementations that are resistant to timing attacks. There are two types of implementations. The first one is the cache side-attack resistant implementation, which utilizes the 128-byte cache lines of the M1 processor. In this implementation, cache misses do not occur, and cache hits always occur. The second type is the constant-time implementation. This method takes a step-by-step approach to finding the required look-up table value and ensures that the same number of accesses is made regardless of which look-up table value is called. This implementation is designed to be constant-time, meaning it does not leak timing information. Our experiments on modern Apple M1 processors showed up to 428.73× and 114.16× better performance for finite field multiplications and Rainbow signatures schemes, respectively, compared with previous reference implementations. To the best of our knowledge, this proposed Rainbow implementation is the first optimized Rainbow implementation for 64-bit ARMv8 processors.

Thermal Modeling of the Electric Vehicle Fire Hazard Effects on Parking Building

&lt;div&gt;The world community is constantly and rapidly moving toward the search for alternative and ecologically clean energy sources, including for transport, and Russia’s war against Ukraine only intensified and accelerated such processes. This trend in transport is reflected in the spread of battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) with zero emission of harmful gases.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Electric cars are experiencing a rapid increase in numbers, accompanied by the emergence of lesser-known risks. Among these hazards are the occurrence of fires in electric vehicles, primarily caused by component failures, notably the widely prevalent lithium-ion batteries.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Fires of such cars have a different character compared to fires of vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). In this study, using the fire dynamics simulator developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a BEV fire was simulated on the example of the Tesla Model S. For this, a description of the objects and their physical characteristics were carried out, the input parameters of the BEV and environmental parameters were set, and a mathematical model of the development dynamics of fire was formed. According to the modeling results, it was found that the minimum fire protection distance from a BEV to the wall of buildings of various functional purposes should be at least 3 m, provided that the free fire development time is 600 s.&lt;/div&gt;

Defining of Goals in the Development of Cyber Resilient Systems According to NIST

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This paper introduces an approach to defining goals in the development of cyber-resilient systems, following the guidelines established in the standards of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States. This work aims to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners of cyber resilience in creating information systems capable of withstanding and adapting to adverse conditions, malfunctions, and attacks while ensuring the guaranteed execution of all primary cyber-system functions.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Multi-omics characterization of NIST seafood reference materials and alternative matrix preparations.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has prepared four seafood reference materials (RMs) for use in food safety and nutrition studies: wild-caught and aquacultured salmon (RM 8256 and RM 8257) and wild-caught and aquacultured shrimp (RM 8258 and RM 8259). These materials were characterized using genetic, metabolomic (1H-NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance and LC-HRMS/MS, liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry), lipidomic, and proteomic methods to explore their use as matrix-matched, multi-omic differential materials for method development towards identifying product source and/or as quality control in untargeted omics studies. The results from experimental replicates were reproducible for each reference material and analytical method, with the most abundant features reported. Additionally, differences between the materials could be detected, where wild-caught and aquacultured seafood could be distinguished using untargeted metabolite, lipid, and protein analyses. Further processing of the fresh-frozen RMs by freeze-drying revealed the freeze-dried seafoods could still be reliably discerned. These results demonstrate the usefulness of these reference materials as tools for omics instrument validation and measurement harmonization in seafood-related studies. Furthermore, their use as differential quality control (QC) materials, regardless of preparation method, may also provide a tool for laboratories to demonstrate proficiency at discriminating between products based on source/species.

Investigating the effect of substitution location on fentanyl analog identification for methyl-substituted fentanyl analogs using GC-EI-MS

Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs are key figures at the center of the ongoing opioid epidemic in the United States. Currently, gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) instrumentation is one of the main analytical tools used for the identification of fentanyl analogs in forensic laboratories. However, the resulting retention times and EI mass spectra for many fentanyl analogs are quite similar given that there are only subtle differences in their structures. This research investigates the effect of substitution location on fentanyl analog identification using GC-EI-MS and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Simple Similarity Search (SSS) and Hybrid Similarity Search (HSS) algorithms through the analysis of a series of 11 methyl-substituted fentanyl analogs.The 95% confidence interval retention times for each isomer were never more than ±0.009 min and a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference was observed for all pairwise comparisons. Careful examination of the EI mass spectra revealed several general trends about the influence of substitution location on the observed EI mass spectra. The combination of unique fragmentation patterns, formed through shifts in m/z values due to the location of substitution, and the retention time enabled the identification of the 11 methyl-substituted fentanyl analogs analyzed in this study. The SSS was able to correctly identify all methyl-substituted fentanyl analogs within the top five hits for compounds that were present in the library. In comparison, the HSS was used to identify compounds absent from the mass spectral libraries and provided drastically different results depending on the location of substitution.

Lost in the middle – a pragmatic approach for ERP managers to prioritize known vulnerabilities by applying classification and regression trees (CART)

PurposeCyber risk has significantly increased over the past twenty years. In many organizations, data and operations are managed through a complex technology stack underpinned by an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system such as systemanalyse programmentwicklung (SAP). The ERP environment by itself can be overwhelming for a typical ERP Manager, coupled with increasing cybersecurity issues that arise creating periods of intense time pressure, stress and workload, increasing risk to the organization. This paper aims to identify a pragmatic approach to prioritize vulnerabilities for the ERP Manager.Design/methodology/approachApplying attention-based theory, a pragmatic approach is developed to prioritize an organization’s response to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Vulnerability Database (NVD) vulnerabilities using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART).FindingsThe application of classification and regression tree (CART) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s National Vulnerability Database identifies prioritization unavailable within the NIST’s categorization.Practical implicationsThe ERP Manager is a role between technology, functionality, centralized control and organization data. Without CART, vulnerabilities are left to a reactive approach, subject to overwhelming situations due to intense time pressure, stress and workload.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. CART has previously not been applied to the prioritizing cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Characteristic analysis of 5D symmetric Hamiltonian conservative hyperchaotic system with hidden multiple stability

Conservative chaotic systems have unique advantages over dissipative chaotic systems in the fields of secure communication and pseudo-random number generator because they do not have attractors but possess good traversal and pseudo-randomness. In this work, a novel five-dimensional (5D) Hamiltonian conservative hyperchaotic system is proposed based on the 5D Euler equation. The proposed system can have different types of coordinate transformations and time reversal symmetries. In this work, Hamilton energy and Casimir energy are analyzed firstly, and it is proved that the new system satisfies Hamilton energy conservation and can generate chaos. Then, the complex dynamic characteristics of the system are demonstrated and the conservatism and chaos characteristics of the system are verified through the correlation analysis methods such as phase diagram, equilibrium point, Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation diagram, and SE complexity. In addition, a detailed analysis of the multistable characteristics of the system reveals that many energy-related coexisting orbits exist. Based on the infinite number of center-type and saddle-type equilibrium points, the dynamic characteristics of the hidden multistability of the system are revealed. Then, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test of the new system shows that the chaotic sequence generated by the system has strong pseudo-random. Finally, the circuit simulation and hardware circuit experiment of the system are carried out with Multisim simulation software and digital signal processor (DSP) respectively. The experimental results confirm that the new system has good ergodicity and realizability.

Integration of an RSA-2048-bit public key cryptography solution in the development of secure voice recognition processing applications

The authors initially employs the fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach to transforming voice inputs into digital signals before integrating a speech recognition solution (which includes two models: the hidden Markov model (HMM) and the artificial neural network (ANN)). To achieve standard-tone identification of voice signals and digitally store speech, the authors then incorporated a 2048-bit Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encryption method to encrypt and decrypt digital speech. The authors’ building team constructed the program using a 256-bit advanced encryption standard - Galois counter mode (AES-GCM) encryption method to assure the application’s effectiveness. The authors successfully created a voice recognition application according to the HMM of ANN. The collected findings suggest that the authors’ secure speech recognition program (named soft voice - RSA) has improved in terms of safety, keeping speech material secret, and speed. It takes roughly 0.2 s to generate a 2048-bit RSA key pair that exceeds the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard, 700-1070 ms to process speech, 1-4 ms to encrypt 2048-bit RSA, 6-8 ms to decrypt 2048-bit RSA.