National Institute Of Standards And Technology Research Articles

An Analysis of Cloud Security Frameworks, Problems and Proposed Solutions

The rapidly growing use of cloud computing raises security concerns. This study paper seeks to examine cloud security frameworks, addressing cloud-associated issues and suggesting solutions. This research provides greater knowledge of the various frameworks, assisting in making educated decisions about selecting and implementing suitable security measures for cloud-based systems. The study begins with introducing cloud technology, its issues and frameworks to secure infrastructure, and an examination of the various cloud security frameworks available in the industry. A full comparison is performed to assess the framework’s focus, scope, approach, strength, limitations, implementation steps and tools required in the implementation process. The frameworks focused on in the paper are COBIT5, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), ISO (International Organization for Standardization), CSA (Cloud Security Alliance) STAR and AWS (Amazon Web Services) well-architected framework. Later, the study digs into identifying and analyzing prevalent cloud security issues. This contains attack vectors that are inherent in cloud settings. Plus, this part includes the risk factor of top cloud security threats and their effect on cloud platforms. Also, it presents ideas and countermeasures to reduce the observed difficulties.

Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Multi-photon Detection.

We demonstrate quantum random number generation based on a photon-number detection scheme with the use of a silicon photomultiplier. We implement a time integral with detector response signals for resolving photon numbers, which are subsequently digitized into a stream of 4-bit sequences with a generation rate of 13.6 Mbit/s. Our generated random bits pass the statistical randomness validation according to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-22. This scheme is implementable with inexpensive components, and the system can be miniaturized to the size of a plug-and-play portable cryptographic device.

Prediction of vibrational spectrum and thermodynamic properties for phosphorus mononitride

In this work, an accurate potential energy curve (PEC) for the ground electronic state of phosphorus mononitride (PN) molecule has been determined from a variationally improved Hulburt-Hirschfelder (VIHH) oscillator model in conjunction with the experimental spectral constants (De,ωe,ωexe,Be,αe,re). We have numerically solved the Schrödinger equation for the VIHH potential using the LEVEL program, obtaining the pure vibrational spectrum that converges to the dissociation limit. In addition, the partition functions of PN molecule are calculated using the full rovibrational energies. Ultimately, thermodynamic properties like molar heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy were calculated for the PN molecule and show good agreement with those data from the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) database.

Permeability and diffusion of tritium in bentonite

Abstract. As a part of the Croatian RD&D (research, development, and demonstration) program within the Program for LILW (low- and intermediate-level waste) and SNF (spent nuclear fuel) disposal, research of permeability and the diffusion of tritium in bentonite was organized, as part of the research of the future engineering barriers for repositories of LILW and SNF. Two types of materials were prepared, namely pure sodium bentonite and a mixture of sodium bentonite (12 %) with quartz sand (88 %). Compaction of materials was conducted with a modified Proctor test, and the apparatus was designed and made at the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Zagreb, utilizing fused deposition modeling 3D printer and PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) material. Water enriched with 3H has been prepared by dilution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 3H standard (4926e) to 6 L. The activity of the prepared enriched water was 49 700±180 TU. One part of the device was filled with 3H-free water and the other with 3H-spiked water (0.6 L volume for each part). In total, five devices with bentonite and five devices with a sand–bentonite mixture were prepared this way. The devices were thoroughly sealed to avoid loss of sample and isotopic exchange with the atmosphere and put horizontally in holders. The water for 3H activity measurements was sampled monthly or bimonthly. A total of 8 mL of the sample was taken by syringe and transferred to a measurement vial. Each vial was additionally filled with 12 mL of a scintillator (Ultima Gold LLT, PerkinElmer) and thoroughly mixed. 3H activity was determined by a liquid scintillation counter (LSC; Quantulus 1220) at the Laboratory for Low-level Radioactivities, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb. Due to the penetration of bentonite from the barrier into the water samples, tritium-free water has relatively high activity after 2 months of the experiment (average value was 5560±240 TU). In the final sampling, after a 2-month time span, the activity reached 9670±2490 TU. Later, sampling and measurement were not possible due to the high bentonite amount within the samples. Tritium-free samples from the sand–bentonite mixture device were stable, and the first analyses (1 month after the experiment setup) showed an average activity of 533±31 TU, while the final (5-month time span from the first sampling) average activity was 12 800±3430 TU. The increase in the concentration from the beginning to the end of the experiment was almost exponential. Spiked samples from the bentonite device had an average activity of 36 950±2550 TU at the first sampling and 17 580±13 320 TU after a 1-month time leg. Later, sampling was not possible. Spiked samples from sand–bentonite mixture showed a decrease in tritium activity from the first sampling (43 390±1310 TU) to 27 210±285 TU (5 months after the first sampling). Considering the penetration of bentonite material into the water samples, only the sand–bentonite mixture can be considered for further analyses through the calculation of the diffusion.

A Channel Frequency Response-Based Secret Key Generation Scheme in In-Band Full-Duplex MIMO-OFDM Systems

Physical layer-based secret key generation (PHY-SKG) schemes have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their lightweight implementation and ability to achieve information-theoretical security. In this paper, we study a channel frequency response (CFR)-based SKG scheme for in-band full-duplex (IBFD)-multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems. We formulate the intrinsic practical imperfections and derive their effects on the probing errors. Then we derive closed-form expressions for the secret key capacity (SKC) in the presence of a passive eavesdropper accordingly. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the SKC in the high-SNR regime and reveal the fundamental limits for IBFD and HD probing. Based on the asymptotic SKC, we investigate the conditions under which IBFD can outperform HD. Numerical results illustrate that effective analog self-interference cancellation (ASIC) depth is the basis for IBFD probing to gain benefits over HD. Finally, we analyze the properties of the collected samples of the CFR-based SKG scheme and propose an averaging pre-processing and a segmental quantization, which reduce the key disagreement rate and remove the effects of large-scale fading to guarantee randomness. 3GPP specification-based simulations and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite verify the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed SKG scheme.

Unified non-fitting explicit formulation of thermodynamic properties for five compounds

The explicit formulations of the Gibbs free energy subject to the concerned species are useful to determine the conditions for minimizing the total Gibbs free energy of a system with a simple way. Here, we develop a unified non-fitting explicit formulation of the Gibbs free energy for five compounds, including N2O, ClBO, OBBr, HBO and HCN. The established Gibbs free energy formulation is correlative only with masses of atoms and experimental data of six molecular constants of triatomic molecules, and away from requirement of fitting a plenty of experimental spectroscopic data or calorimetric data in conventional empirical expressions. For five compounds under consideration, the average absolute deviations between the predicted Gibbs free energy values and the data provided in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database are within the range of 0.098% to 0.146%. Employing the developed unified non-fitting Gibbs free energy formulation with high accuracy, the theoretically predicted values of the entropy, enthalpy, and isobaric heat capacity for the concerned five substances are acquired, and the coresponding average absolute deviations from the NIST data are within the ranges of 0.166% to 0.263%, 0.571% to 2.533%, and 1.059% to 1.936%, respectively.

New [3+2+1] Iridium Complexes as Effective Phosphorescent Sensitizers for Efficient Narrowband Saturated-Blue Hyper-OLEDs.

Two newly designed and synthesized [3+2+1] iridium complexes through introducing bulky trimethylsiliyl (TMS) groups are doped with a terminal emitter of v-DABNA to form an coincident overlapping spectra between the emission of these two phosphors and the absorption of v-DABNA, creating cascade resonant energy transfer for efficient triplet harvesting. To boost the color quality and efficiency, the fabricated hyper-OLEDs have been optimized to achieve a high external quantum efficiency of 31.06%, which has been among the highest efficiency results reported for phosphor sensitized saturated-blue hyper-OLEDs, and pure blue emission peak at 467nm with the full width at half maxima (FWHM) as narrow as 18nm and the CIEy values down to 0.097, satisfying the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) requirement for saturated blue OLEDs display. Surprisingly, such hyper-OLEDs have obtained the converted lifetime (LT50 ) up to 4552 h at the brightness of 100cd m-2 , demonstrating effective Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. Therefore, employing these new bulky TMS substituent [3+2+1] iridium(III) complexes for effective sensitizers can greatly pave the way for further development of high efficiency and stable blue OLEDs in display and lighting applications.

Technologists as policy advisors: A conversation with Dr. Arati Prabhakar

MIT Science Policy Review spoke with Dr. Arati Prabhakar about the role scientists and engineers play in public policy. Dr. Prabhakar is the Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), where she works to harness “the power of science, technology, and innovation to achieve America’s greatest aspirations” [1]. In her current role, Dr. Prabhakar is the President’s Chief Advisor for Science and Technology, a member of the President’s Cabinet, and co-chair of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). Previously, Dr. Prabhakar served as the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Between Directorships, Dr. Prabhakar worked to advance innovation in the private sector as an industry executive and venture capitalist, focusing on early-stage semiconductors and cleantech. In 2019, Dr. Prabhakar co-founded Actuate, a nonprofit research and development organization tackling issues in climate change, data security, and health outcomes. We spoke with Dr. Prabhakar about hercareer journey to OSTP and how the White House guides U.S. scientific and technological priorities.

Analysis of Methamphetamine Using Necrophagous Insects For Forensic Entomotoxicology Applications

The high use of methamphetamine (MA) has resulted in many cases of overdose leading to death, where bodies are generally found after several days which complicates the investigation so that a forensic entomotoxicological analysis using insects is carried out. The use of necrophagous insects was chosen because necrophagous insects such as maggots were at the crime scene. Maggot was then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) with several stages. The preliminary test was carried out using the marquis reagent which changed the color of the sample to orange if positive for methamphetamine, then continued with TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) analysis and obtained the Rf value close to the comparative Rf value, which means that maggot positively contains methamphetamine. Maggot was extracted by maceration and sonication methods using methanol:chloroform 1:3 solvent. Finally, a confirmatory test was carried out using a GCMS and it was found that methamphetamine had a retention time of 3.554 minutes and a peak of 58.1. The results are matched with NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) library data. It can be concluded that the use of maggot in analyzing methamphetamine using GCMS can be realized properly

Thermo-mechanical behavior of composite beams with corrugated steel webs exposed to localized fire

In this study, a one-way coupling methodology combining fire simulation based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with finite element (FE) analysis is proposed to investigate the thermo-mechanical behaviors of composite beams with corrugated steel webs (CSWs) under localized fire exposure. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is used to simulate the local fire environment, and the adiabatic surface temperature (AST) data obtained in FDS are imported into the FE models in ABAQUS by the fds2ascii coupling tool. The validations of FDS models and the CFD-FE coupling method are verified by a localized fire test on a steel beam conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Then, the CFD-FE coupling method is applied to analyze the thermo-mechanical behaviors of composite beams with concrete flanges and CSWs exposed to localized fire. As the fire exposure time increases, the composite beam appears significant variation of the temperature gradient at elevated temperature, and induce the dynamic, uneven temperature field in the structural members. Due to the influences of the temperature gradient field, the traditional design assumptions for composite beams with CSWs are not valid when the structures suffered a localized fire. It found that the shear stress on the CSWs is no longer evenly distributed along the depth at elevated temperatures, and the concrete flange resists a considerable part of the sectional shear force, particularly of the fire-affect zone. This study hopes to provide a basis for the fire resistance design of composite girder bridges with CSWs.

Navigating the Intersection of Innovation and Cybersecurity: A Framework

Reliance on digital technologies for innovation management is unavoidable in current contexts. While digital processes and business models have been prioritised as key factors to drive innovation and value creation within firms, cybersecurity concerns are still rife. Increased levels and severity of cybersecurity breaches (CSBs) have had adverse effects on trust, caused significant revenue losses, and inflicted reputational damage on many firms. Further exacerbating these concerns is an observation made in the Global Risks Report of 2022, the World Economic Forum: cybersecurity measures taken by businesses are becoming increasingly obsolete. Many firms face severe consequences without implementing strategic objectives to limit the threats posed by CSBs. Cybersecurity breaches (CSBs) have a significant long-term impact on firm-level innovation and investment decisions. However, many firms are reluctant to examine or enhance their existing cybersecurity practices because of concerns that they may limit their innovation ability. Determining a method to limit CSBs and retain capabilities to perform necessary innovative processes is a delicate balance, with trade-offs to be considered within each process.
 This paper aims to address the delicate balance between limiting CSBs and preserving the ability to undertake necessary innovative processes. Building upon the Cyber Security Maturity and Innovation matrix introduced by Nelson and Madnick (2017), this paper expands the framework by providing specific suggestions for each quadrant. The matrix classifies firms into different quadrants based on their reliance on innovation and their assessment of cyber risk. We then detail measures to improve cybersecurity maturity for firms in each quadrant, incorporating the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework Version 1.1 (CSF) as a reference. By making well-informed decisions and implementing appropriate measures, firms can effectively mitigate CSB risks while continuing to drive innovation and create value. This expanded framework serves as a valuable tool for firms seeking to align their cybersecurity practices with their innovation objectives, in accordance with the NIST CSF.

Cybersecurity in Smart Grids: Protecting Critical Infrastructure from Cyber Attacks

The increasing digitalization of smart grids has brought numerous benefits in terms of efficiency, sustainability, and reliability, but it has also exposed these critical infrastructures to significant cybersecurity risks. This study investigates the cybersecurity challenges faced by smart grids, focusing on the vulnerabilities present in communication systems, control networks, and endpoint devices. The problem statement revolves around the growing complexity of smart grid infrastructures, which have become prime targets for cyberattacks such as denial-of-service (DoS), malware, and data breaches, threatening grid stability, data integrity, and national security. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the current cybersecurity methods used in smart grids, such as encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain. The study also aims to assess regulatory frameworks, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and North American Electric Reliability Corporation Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC CIP) standards and identify gaps in policy that need addressing. The results of the study demonstrate that AI-based anomaly detection systems significantly reduce attack detection times, averaging 2.5 seconds, with a low false positive rate of 7%. Blockchain technology, while increasing energy overhead by 15%, provides enhanced security for decentralized energy transactions. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) proved effective, blocking 98% of unauthorized access attempts. However, regulatory gaps were identified, especially in real-time monitoring and incident response. The study concludes that by adopting a layered security approach, integrating AI and blockchain technologies, and strengthening regulatory frameworks, smart grids can achieve a 75% improvement in cybersecurity efficacy. Continued efforts to address challenges such as legacy system integration, resource limitations, and evolving cyber threats are essential to securing the future of energy infrastructure.

Improving the Efficiency of Quantum Circuits for Information Set Decoding

Code-based cryptosystems are a promising option for Post-Quantum Cryptography, as neither classical nor quantum algorithms provide polynomial time solvers for their underlying hard problem. Indeed, to provide sound alternatives to lattice-based cryptosystems, U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) advanced all round 3 code-based cryptosystems to round 4 of its Post-Quantum standardization initiative. We present a complete implementation of a quantum circuit based on the Information Set Decoding (ISD) strategy, the best known one against code-based cryptosystems, providing quantitative measures for the security margin achieved with respect to the quantum-accelerated key recovery on AES, targeting both the current state-of-the-art approach and the NIST estimates. Our work improves the state-of-the-art, reducing the circuit depth by 2 19 to 2 30 for all the parameters of the NIST selected cryptosystems, mainly due to an improved quantum Gauss–Jordan elimination circuit with respect to previous proposals. We show how our Prange’s-based quantum ISD circuit reduces the security margin with respect to its classical counterpart. Finally, we address the concern brought forward in the latest NIST report on the parameters choice for the McEliece cryptosystem, showing that its parameter choice yields a computational effort slightly below the required target level.

GC-MS analysis of fatty acid metabolomics in RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model intervened by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and a preliminary study on the anti-inflammatory effects of NLRP3 signaling pathway.

To explore the metabolomics of fatty acids and biological information of related markers in a RAW264.7 cell inflammation model. RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model was induced by LPS, and RAW264.7 cells were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The fatty acid compositions were identified by GC-MS, combined with standard product spectrum information and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) database. Using chemometrics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the components with VIP > 1 and P < 0.05 were selected as significant difference markers, and combined with biological methods to explore the biological significance of them. GC-MS identified 21 fatty acids in RAW264.7 cells, and screened significant difference biomarkers in each group. Among these biomarkers, C20:5 and C22:6 had significant changes in pairwise comparison among each group. Through ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western Blot methods, the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β, NLRP3, GPR120 and β-Arrestin-2 were up-regulated after RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS and nigericin, and decreased after drug intervention. It indicated that the signal pathway centered on NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the anti-inflammatory process of ibuprofen. It was the first time to study fatty acid metabolomics in RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model by GC-MS combined with chemometrics. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of ibuprofen was explained from NLRP3 inflammasome perspective without precedent, which enriched the research on the signal pathway of ibuprofen anti-inflammatory mechanism.

A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race

Information security is a fundamental and urgent issue in the digital transformation era. Cryptographic techniques and digital signatures have been applied to protect and authenticate relevant information. However, with the advent of quantum computers and quantum algorithms, classical cryptographic techniques have been in danger of collapsing because quantum computers can solve complex problems in polynomial time. Stemming from that risk, researchers worldwide have stepped up research on post-quantum algorithms to resist attack by quantum computers. In this review paper, we survey studies in recent years on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and provide statistics on the number and content of publications, including a literature overview, detailed explanations of the most common methods so far, current implementation status, implementation comparisons, and discussion on future work. These studies focused on essential public cryptography techniques and digital signature schemes, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched a competition to select the best candidate for the expected standard. Recent studies have practically implemented the public key encryption/key encapsulation mechanism (PKE/KEM) and digital signature schemes on different hardware platforms and applied various optimization measures based on other criteria. Along with the increasing number of scientific publications, the recent trend of PQC research is increasingly evident and is the general trend in the cryptography industry. The movement opens up a promising avenue for researchers in public key cryptography and digital signatures, especially on algorithms selected by NIST.

A Class of Discrete Memristor Chaotic Maps Based on the Internal Perturbation

Further exploration into the influence of a memristor on the behavior of chaotic systems deserves attention. When constructing memristor chaotic systems, it is commonly believed that increasing the number of memristors will lead to better system performance. This paper proposes a class of chaotic maps with different discrete memristors, achieved through internal perturbation based on the Sine map. The I-V curve of the discrete memristor has a symmetrical structure. The dynamic characteristics of the designed system are analyzed using the chaotic attractor phase diagram, Lyapunov exponent (LE) spectrum, and bifurcation diagram. Numerical simulations demonstrate that internal perturbations of discrete memristors enhance the Sine map’s chaotic characteristics, expand the chaos range, and improve the ergodicity and LE value. Moreover, the type of discrete memristors has a significant impact on the dynamic characteristics of the system, while the number of discrete memristors has little influence. Therefore, in this paper, a direction for the design of a discrete memristor chaotic system is provided. Finally, a discrete memristor chaotic map with a simple structure and better performance is selected. Based on this, a pseudo-random sequence generator is designed, and the generated sequence passes the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test.

Assessing the suitability of cell counting methods during different stages of a cell processing workflow using an ISO 20391-2 guided study design and analysis.

Cell counting is a fundamental measurement for determining viable cell numbers in biomanufacturing processes. The properties of different cell types and the range of intended uses for cell counts within a biomanufacturing process can lead to challenges in identifying suitable counting methods for each potential application. This is further amplified by user subjectivity in identifying the cells of interest and further identifying viable cells. Replacement of traditionally used manual counting methods with automated systems has alleviated some of these issues. However, a single cell type can exhibit different physical properties at various stages of cell processing which is further compounded by process impurities such as cell debris or magnetic beads. These factors make it challenging to develop a robust cell counting method that offers a high level of confidence in the results. Several initiatives from standards development organizations have attempted to address this critical need for standardization in cell counting. This study utilizes flow-based and image-based methods for the quantitative measurement of cell concentration and viability in the absence of a reference material, based on the tools and guidance provided by the International of Standards (ISO) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Primary cells were examined at different stages of cell processing in a cell therapy workflow. Results from this study define a systematic approach that enables the identification of counting methods and parameters that are best suited for specific cell types and workflows to ensure accuracy and consistency. Cell counting is a foundational method used extensively along various steps of cell and gene therapy. The standard used in this study may be applied to other cell and gene therapy processes to enable accurate measurement of parameters required to guide critical decisions throughout the development and production process. Using a framework that confirms the suitability of the cell counting method used can minimize variability in the process and final product.

Lightweight digital imaging and communications in medicine image encryption for IoT system

Diagnosis in healthcare systems relies heavily on the use of medical images. Images such as X-rays, ultrasounds, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), and other scans of the brain and other internal organs of patients include private and personal information. However, these images are vulnerable to unauthorized users who unlawfully use them for non-diagnostic reasons due to the lack of security in communication routes and the gaps in the storage systems of hospitals or medical centers. Image encryption is a prominent technique used to protect medical images from unauthorized access in addition to enhancing the security of communication networks. In this paper, researchers offer a lightweight cryptosystem for the secure encryption of medical images that makes use of the present block cipher and a five-dimensional chaotic map. More than 25 images from the open science framework (OSF) public database of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were used to evaluate the proposed system. DICOM stands for “digital imaging and communications in medicine”. The efficiency of the proposed system is proved in terms of adjacent pixels’ correlation analysis, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) analysis, mean square error, information entropy, unified average changing intensity, peak-to-signal noise ratio, entropy, and structure similarity index image.

Randomness properties of sequence generated using logistic map with novel permutation and substitution techniques

In this paper, a design of a chaos-based keystream generator (KSG) using a novel permutation technique with various two-dimensional patterns and a substitution technique with &lt;em&gt;Z&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; mapping is proposed. Initially, a chaotic function such as a logistic map is used to generate a pseudo-random number. Then these numbers are converted into binary sequences using binary mapping. In order to achieve statistical properties of the resultant binary sequences, a novel method of KSG is developed by considering parameters such as initial value “x&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;”, system parameter “&lt;em&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;”, novel permutation techniques defined by 2-dimensional patterns, and substitution technique defined over Z&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; transformation. The binary sequences so obtained are subjected to randomness tests by applying the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP-800-22 (Revision 1a) test suite for investigation of its randomness properties to obtain suitable sequences which can be used as a key for cryptographic applications. From the results obtained, it is found that the binary sequences exhibit better randomness properties as per the cryptographic requirements.

A 334 μW 0.158 mm2 ASIC for Post-Quantum Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Saber With Low-Latency Striding Toom–Cook Multiplication

Lattice-based cryptography is a novel approach to public key cryptography (PKC), of which the mathematical investigation (so far) resists attacks from quantum computers. By choosing a module learning with errors (MLWE) algorithm as the next standard, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) follows this approach. The multiplication of polynomials is the central bottleneck in the computation of lattice-based cryptography. Because PKC is mostly used to establish common secret keys, the focus is on compact area, power, and energy budget and, to a lesser extent, on throughput or latency. While most other work focuses on optimizing number theoretic transform (NTT)-based multiplications, in this article, we highly optimize a Toom–Cook-based multiplier. We demonstrate that a memory-efficient striding Toom–Cook with lazy interpolation results in a highly compact, low-power implementation, which, on top, enables a very regular memory access scheme. To demonstrate the efficiency, we integrate this multiplier into a Saber post-quantum accelerator, one of the four NIST finalists. Algorithmic innovation to reduce active memory, timely clock gating, and shift-add multiplier has helped to achieve 38% less power than state-of-the-art post-quantum cryptography (PQC) core, 4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> less memory, 36.8% reduction in multiplier energy, and 118 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> reduction in active power with respect to state-of-the-art Saber accelerator (not silicon verified). This accelerator consumes <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.158$</tex-math> </inline-formula> - <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{mm}^2$</tex-math> </inline-formula> active area, which is the lowest reported to date despite the process disadvantages of the state-of-the-art designs.