National Electricity Supply Research Articles

Geospatial assessment of the cost and energy demand of feedstock grinding for enhanced rock weathering in the coterminous United States

In an effort to mitigate anthropogenic climate impacts the U.S. has established ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% before 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW)—the artificial enhancement of chemical weathering of rocks to accelerate atmospheric CO2 capture—is now widely seen as a potentially promising carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that could help to achieve U.S. climate goals. Grinding rocks to smaller particle size, which can help to facilitate more rapid and efficient CO2 removal, is the most energy-demanding and cost-intensive step in the ERW life cycle. As a result, accurate life cycle analysis of ERW requires regional constraints on the factors influencing the energetic and economic demands of feedstock grinding for ERW. Here, we perform a state-level geospatial analysis to quantify how carbon footprints, costs, and energy demands vary among regions of the coterminous U.S. in relation to particle size and regional electricity mix. We find that CO2 emissions from the grinding process are regionally variable but relatively small compared to the CDR potential of ERW, with national averages ranging between ~5–35 kgCO2 trock−1 for modal particle sizes between ~10–100 μm. The energy cost for feedstock grinding also varies regionally but is relatively small, with national average costs for grinding of roughly 0.95–5.81 $ trock−1 using grid mix power and 1.35–8.26 $ trock−1 (levelized) for solar PV for the same particle size range. Overall energy requirements for grinding are also modest, with the demand for grinding 1 Gt of feedstock representing less than 2% of annual national electricity supply. In addition, both cost and overall energy demand are projected to decline over time. These results suggest that incorporating feedstock grinding into ERW deployment at scale in the coterminous U.S. should generally have only modest impacts on lifecycle emissions, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency.

Analysis and hypothesis testing of redundant energy of solar home systems without net-metering

Solar home systems (SHS) are increasing being deployed as sustainable energy supply for the residential sector to meet the Sustainable Development Goal 7 target by 2030, especially for countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where national grid electricity supply is inadequate or weak. For SHS in SSA, however, a unique challenge exists as many of the households do not have access to net-metering system that allows extra PV energy generation during the daytime to be exported to the grid. This leads to waste energy generation (redundant energy) when the household energy demand is lower than the PV energy generation. In this study, analysis has been conducted to determine the magnitude of redundant energy of 3 SHS. Hypothesis testing of the existence of redundant energy from the SHS is also conducted. Our study has revealed that generally, there is redundant energy generation in the hours of 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. for the households, with hourly values ranging from 0.37 kWh to 1.55 kWh. The redundant energy represents 29.6 %–56.3 % of the households' monthly PV energy generation. The findings of this study give insights into the potential of harnessing redundant energy of SHS for planning smart energy cities if net-metering systems were available.

SINGLE-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON THE EFFECT OF BLADE'S NUMBER ON ROTOR DRAG-TYPE PERFORMANCE

The State Electricity Company supports 59% of the national electricity supply in Indonesia. The electricity supply from hydro energy is only 8.17%, so this value must be increased to reduce the supply of power plants sourced from fossil fuels. A water turbine is one of the main components in converting hydropower to electrical energy. A cross-flow type water turbine is one of the popular rotors in research in recent years. Several methods are used in turbine development research, including computational fluid dynamics and experimental methods. This research has been done using two methods: the experimental and CFD methods. The study was conducted on variations in the number of blades on the rotor, with variations in blades 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. This study aims to determine the effect of the number of blades on turbine performance. This study was carried out for five repetitions for each rotor. CFD analysis was performed using the Ansys Student version with the CFX solver. The meshing method is tetrahedral, with a speed limit of 4.91 m/s and outlet pressure according to room pressure. This study uses CFD to know the pressure contours and velocity streamlines. The results of this study were analyzed using a single-factor DOE. The most optimal number of blades is 3-blades producing 9.38 Watt of power, and the Coefficient of power is 0.0748. Analysis of Variance for the Single-Factor shows that the number of blades significantly affects the energy produced. Cross-flow rotor design with 3-blades is a good design alternative for hydro turbines.

Historical diffusion of nuclear, wind and solar power in different national contexts: implications for climate mitigation pathways

Climate change mitigation requires rapid expansion of low-carbon electricity but there is a disagreement on whether available technologies such as renewables and nuclear power can be scaled up sufficiently fast. Here we analyze the diffusion of nuclear (from the 1960s), as well as wind and solar (from the 1980–90s) power. We show that all these technologies have been adopted in most large economies except major energy exporters, but solar and wind have diffused across countries faster and wider than nuclear. After the initial adoption, the maximum annual growth for nuclear power has been 2.6% of national electricity supply (IQR 1.3%–6%), for wind − 1.1% (0.6%–1.7%), and for solar − 0.8% (0.5%–1.3%). The fastest growth of nuclear power occurred in Western Europe in the 1980s, a response by industrialized democracies to the energy supply crises of the 1970s. The European Union (EU), currently experiencing a similar energy supply shock, is planning to expand wind and solar at similarly fast rates. This illustrates that national contexts can impact the speed of technology diffusion at least as much as technology characteristics like cost, granularity, and complexity. In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change mitigation pathways, renewables grow much faster than nuclear due to their lower projected costs, though empirical evidence does not show that the cost is the sole factor determining the speed of diffusion. We demonstrate that expanding low-carbon electricity in Asia in line with the 1.5 °C target requires growth of nuclear power even if renewables increase as fast as in the most ambitious EU’s plans. 2 °C-consistent pathways in Asia are compatible with replicating China’s nuclear power plans in the whole region, while simultaneously expanding renewables as fast as in the near-term projections for the EU. Our analysis demonstrates the usefulness of empirically-benchmarked feasibility spaces for future technology projections.

Time Series Regression: Prediction of Electricity Consumption Based on Number of Consumers at National Electricity Supply Company

Electrical energy is one of the components of Gross Domestic Product that is able to encourage the economy because it has become a basic need of the community. To meet the increasing demand for electrical energy, the Indonesia National Electricity Providers (PLN) need to predict the amount of electrical power required based on the customer numbers to meet the demand for adequate electricity supply. This study aims to predict electric power based on electricity user customers using a time series regression model. The data used in this study are secondary data which get from PLN annual report in 2021. This study resulted in a finding of the best prediction model based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value, namely the time series regression model with the error value modeled by the AR(1) model, while the forecasting accuracy measure used the value MAPE of 9.77%. This means that the result of model prediction is highly accurate.

Wind resource droughts in China

With the rising share of wind energy in power generation, the occurrence of low-wind-power events (termed ‘wind resource droughts’) are becoming critical in understanding the national electricity supply and the security of power systems. We use hourly wind speed data (2428 meteorological stations; in the years 2010–2020) to analyze the occurrence of wind resource droughts in seven onshore wind energy planning regions over China. We find that wind resource droughts tend to occur in warm season (summer and autumn) in most regions (i.e., Northeast China, East China, Central China, South China and Tibetan Plateau). In these regions, the number of moderate wind resource drought events (wind capacity factor below 10%) in the warm season (summer and autumn) was about 3–13 times higher than in the cold season (spring and winter). By contrast, for North China and Northwest China, the wind resource droughts mainly occurred in the autumn and winter. Averaged over 11 years, Northeast China experienced the most moderate wind resource droughts with 30 d yr−1, while Northwest China had only 1 d yr−1. Some of these wind resource drought events occurred consecutively, in which Northeast China experienced nine wind resource drought events that lasted for at least five days (where the longest reached 9 d) across the 11 years from 2010 to 2020; North China and South China exhibited one five-day wind resource drought events; while Northwest China, East China, Central China and Tibetan Plateau had none. Moreover, we found that increasing the aggregated area of wind resource can reduce the volatilities of wind energy. Therefore, improving the cross-regional transmission capacity can substantially help reduce the number of wind resource drought events. These findings should assist decision-makers to establish the counterplan to mitigate the energy shortages and instability in power supply caused by the uncertainty of wind resource droughts.

Enhancing decarbonization of power generation through electricity trade in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Region

The region of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) is one with highly diverse socioeconomic conditions. It is split between countries with rich fossil fuel reserves, which are net energy exporters, and countries that rely to a large extent on energy imports to satisfy their domestic demand. Despite the abundant renewable energy resources, especially for wind and solar, in 2019 renewable energy accounted for merely 12% of the total electricity generation across the region. The present effort aims to highlight the potential benefits offered by a future enhancement in electricity trade between EMME countries; this could unlock the currently unexploited renewable energy resources of the region. A model representing the national electricity supply system of seventeen EMME countries is developed in a cost-optimisation modelling framework (OSeMOSYS). This is then used to project cost-optimal development pathways for the respective energy systems, by assessing alternative scenarios where regional trade is limited or enhanced. Comparison of a set of scenarios is conducted to quantify implications in terms of renewable energy deployment, greenhouse gas emissions and overall system costs. Results from the analysis indicate that in the absence of climate neutrality ambition across the region, electricity trade is limited to existing levels. However, the need for electricity trade increases when countries strive to decarbonise their electricity supply cost-effectively.

Projection of Carbon Emissions from the Diesel, Biodiesel, and Battery Electric Vehicle in Indonesia: A Policy Scenario Analysis for Decarbonization of Transportation Sector

The Indonesian government is intensifying the mandatory biodiesel program to achieve the carbon emission reduction target. Although the emissions from the use of biodiesel are lower than diesel, its rapid development has raised concerns about other environmental issues, such as deforestation, hydrological disturbances, and biodiversity. At the same time, the global trend of electric cars offers a new alternative to the decarbonization of the transportation sector. Therefore, this study aims to compare the carbon emission reduction of biodiesel and electric vehicle policy scenarios. The baseline scenario is defined as full usage of diesel. The projection is conducted until 2060 using a model built with Vensim software. As a result, the biodiesel program with a 30% blending rate (B30) only reduced carbon emissions by 6.14 and 11.26 million tons in 2030 and 2060, respectively. Higher emissions reduction can be achieved by increasing the blending rate to 50% and 100%. On the other hand, emission reduction from electric vehicles program is very dependent on the energy mix of electricity generation. Under the 2021–2030 National Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) target, the electric vehicle scenario would produce higher emissions than the baseline scenario. However, there is a potential emission reduction of up to three times larger than B100 by the electric vehicle (EV) scenario if the EV transition is accompanied by an ambitious energy transition.

Potential for using Solar-Powered Water Pumping Technology for Irrigating Sugarcane in Sri Lanka

Purpose: Price hike of petroleum and the non-coverage of national electricity supply in plantation sites are some shortcomings against implementing lift irrigation projects in highland sugarcane plantations. Solar energy can be used as an alternative energy source for diesel or national electricity dependent water pumping technology. The present paper demonstrates the potential of using solar-powered water pumping technology for irrigating sugarcane in Sevanagala, Pelwatta, Hingurana, Kantale, and Kilinochchi, in Sri Lanka. Research Method: The study was conducted in Sevanagala, Pelwatta, Hingurana, Kantale, and Kilinochchi, sugarcane growing areas. Technical and economical evaluation was carried out to characterize the usability of solar powered water pumping technology respective to conventional furrow irrigation and drip irrigation under different water sources i.e., tube-wells, agro-wells, small water tanks, and runoff water harvesters. Solar irradiance (W.m⁻²) and cloud cover (%) in each location were used to estimate the solar energy variations. NASA–MERRA-2 data set (GMAO, 2015) was used to derive solar irradiance for the period of 10 years from 2010 – 2019. Findings: The solar irradiance and insolation in the sugarcane plantation sites are sufficient to operate solar-powered water pumping systems. The solar irradiance and insolation in study area ranged from 218.2 kW.m⁻² to 225.4 kW.m⁻² and 5.34 kW.h.m⁻² to 5.48 kW.h.m⁻² respectively. The solar technology will greatly reduce the operating costs of irrigation, despite the high initial costs. Kilinochchi and Kantale area showed the highest and lowest profitability in using solar powered irrigation respectively. Nevertheless, Sevanagala, Pelwatta and Hingurana show medium potential for implementing solar powered water pumping systems for irrigations. Research Limitation: Limited availability of data on temporal changers of cost incurred on the irrigation practices and the fluctuation of market price of the solar powered water pumping systems were significant constraints experienced during the study period. Originality/ Value: The results of this study are highly useful for decision makers in both plantation and national level in implementation of productivity improving programs in sugarcane plantation areas in Sri Lanka.

Meningkatkan Nilai Tambah Jaringan Irigasi dengan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (Studi Kasus – Ji Kedung Kandang)

The development of Micro Hydro Power Plants (PLTMH) in irrigation networks has great potential to contribute to the national electricity supply. However, the construction of the PLTMH in the irrigation network is still constrained due to the design of the placement of civil buildings which are limited by land. In fact, the procurement of electrical energy in the irrigation network can help provide backup sources of electrical energy based on New and Renewable Energy (EBT) which can also play a role in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Based on a study in the main irrigation canal of Kedung Kandang which has a fall height of 11 m with a flow of 3.5 m3/second, the generating power that can be generated reaches 275 kW. Conveyor channel design and reservoir ponds are planned in the channel body. The dimensions of the reservoir are planned to have a water depth (h) = 3.2 m, a width of 2.5 m, and a length of 10 m. Based on the study of determining the type of turbine, the components used are two propeller turbines of the H-Shaft type with a diameter of 0.603 m, each with a capacity of 137.5 kW. The use of two turbines requires a power house design measuring 4.5 x 6.5 m. The potential results of PLTMH in the Kedung Kandang main irrigation canal can be utilized to meet the electrical energy needs of SMK Muhammadiyah 7 and Pondok Pesantren Muhammadiyah Gondanglegi as well as an integrated field laboratory between SMK Muhammadiyah 7 and University of Muhammadiyah Malang. By utilizing NRE-based electricity sources, it is estimated that it will be able to reduce carbon emissions from the use of fossil energy and coal.

Renewable energy resource assessment for rural electrification: a case study in Nepal

Abstract Renewable energy could mitigate remote area energy crises through rural electrification. Karnali province, one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal, is such a remote location and is most deprived in terms of electricity access. Around 67% of the population of the Karnali province is not connected to the national grid electricity supply. High altitude, mountainous topography makes it difficult to provide grid access to the region. This study summarizes the current electricity access status in Nepal and Karnali province specifically. The paper discusses the energy, economic and environmental (3E) analysis of different renewable energy resources like solar and wind energy for the grid-isolated region in Mugu and Jumla district of Karnali province. The study investigates the feasibility of a 200-kW solar power plant installation in Gamghadi, the capital of Mugu district and a 100-kW wind power plant installation in Tila village, Jumla district. The study suggests whether a similar installation of the distributed energy plant is a solution to mitigate the energy crisis problem in the high Himalayas regions, like Karnali province of Nepal. Based on the high-level resource assessment, the study estimates an investment cost ranging from 7 to 9 million USD would be necessary for the installation of such distributed solar PV and wind turbines.

Towards Alternative Energy Sources: Is it Time to Switch to Nyamplung?

Nyamplung is one of the six priority non-timber forest products in Indonesia. This type of mangrove has a high yield of oil as a raw material biofuel with a 40-70% higher percentage than other plants, such as oil palm, whose percentage is only 46-54%. This article examines Indonesia's commitment to accelerate the transition to new and renewable energy through biofuels to meet the national electricity supply. In addition, it conducts an economic calculation of nyamplung as alternative energy for biofuels. The writing of this article reflects an economic analysis of law that combines legal analysis based on norms, guidelines, and plans as stipulated in Indonesian laws and regulations and international instruments and economic analysis referring to relevant data and sources. This article concludes that nyamplung may serve as an alternative energy source to fulfill future national energy needs, which aligns with efforts to achieve a sustainable environment. Despite laws and policies on national energy supporting any efforts to complement and substitute current energy sources, the utilization of nyamplung has yet to be optimized as a biofuel.

Model-based scenarios of EU27 electricity supply are not aligned with the perspectives of French, German, and Polish citizens

With the European Green Deal, the European Union (EU27) aims to achieve an ambitious decarbonization of its electricity supply, while actively involving its citizens. Scenarios from energy and electricity sector models seek to inform this transition, although it is unclear to what extent these scenarios are aligned with the views of the citizens. In this study, four multi-organization, multi-model ensembles of existing electricity supply scenarios have been compiled for France, Germany, Poland, and the whole EU27 in 2035, leading to 612 scenarios in total. These scenarios were then compared with 601 preferred scenarios elicited from French, German, and Polish citizens in a survey with an interactive scenario tool. Results show that model-based and citizens’ preferred scenarios converged only on having moderate shares of onshore and offshore wind power and low shares of biomass and waste incineration. In contrast to the majority of model-based scenarios, most Polish and German citizens preferred a deeper decarbonization for their national electricity supply, while French citizens preferred a deeper denuclearization. Additionally, most citizens of all three countries used significant shares of solar photovoltaics and low shares of fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage, hence diverging from model-based scenarios. Similar patterns were found for the EU27 scenarios: many model-based scenarios included large shares of nuclear power, natural gas, and coal, while surveyed citizens preferred scenarios dominated by diverse renewable sources. European modelers should now quantify these missing scenarios so that the EU27 energy transition can be informed by modeling that is in line with citizens’ perspectives.

Electricity Energy Access and Profitability of Micro and Small Enterprises in Ghana

Over the years, empirical investigations have focused on exploring drivers of the profitability of enterprises in emerging economies. However, there is a dearth of quantitative literature examining how access to electricity energy affects the growth of small businesses. In this quantitative survey design research, two-stage stratified and convenience sampling techniques were used to sample 50 owner-managers of micro and small enterprises in Kaneshie, Accra. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the field results. The study found that the national grid electricity supply for the operations of small businesses in Accra is inadequate. An alternative source of electric energy significantly reduces the profit of businesses. The article, therefore, concludes a positive significant relationship between electric access and profitability of small and micro enterprises in Ghana. The study recommends that electricity supply agencies should ensure greater stability in electricity supply. Stakeholders should begin exploring alternative cheaper sources of electricity such as mini-solar panels and backup generators or renewable energy capacity to relieve small business owner-managers from the high cost of electricity.

Electricity utilisation and firm efficiency in Nigeria: evidence from data envelopment analysis

Electricity consumption is a major factor that influence economic activities of firms. Epileptic electricity supply can reduce the ease of doing business for firms by raising production costs if they switch to alternative electricity supply. This study utilised Nigeria Enterprise Survey (2014) data and data envelopment analysis to find out if utilisation of electricity supply makes firms in Nigeria more efficient compared to when they utilise alternative electricity. It was found that electricity utilisation does not encourage firms in Nigeria to increase their efficiency levels under CRS due to the fact that there exist epileptic/erratic national grid electricity supply accompanied with low voltage whenever the supply is available. The study recommends that Nigerian government and its various agencies in power/electricity sector should strive more to provide constant electricity supply to the people and the firms, to encourage more economic productions that would spur economic growth and development of the country.

Consensus on future EU electricity supply among citizens of France, Germany, and Poland: Implications for modeling

Energy scenarios should ideally account for societal feasibility and hence they could be informed by surveys on citizens’ preferences. This study surveyed consensus among citizens of France (N = 202), Germany (N = 199), and Poland (N = 200) on their national and EU electricity supply for 2035, considering different demographics, political orientations, and attitudes towards the transition and its governance. Results showed a broad consensus among surveyed citizens who positively viewed hydro, rooftop and open field solar, onshore and offshore wind power, biomass, and electricity savings, and who negatively viewed Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and net electricity imports. Citizens on average preferred diversified national and EU scenarios with rapid decarbonization and denuclearization, limited imports from neighboring countries, and small shares of CCS. Such scenarios should be now evaluated by modelers.

Multicriteria decision support for the evaluation of electricity supply resilience: Exploration of interacting criteria

The resilience of an energy system and especially the national electricity supply is a complex and multidimensional concept, which is receiving growing attention at a European level. In particular, the increasing risks of extended electricity supply disruptions and/or severe electricity price fluctuations are stressing the need for an assessment of the European countries’ electricity supply resilience. This paper proposes an elaborative multicriteria decision support methodological framework, based on three major resilience dimensions, namely: “resist”, “restabilise” and “recover”. In total, 35 European countries are evaluated and ranked according to their performance on 17 interacting evaluation criteria. The overall evaluation of the countries is established based on a synergy of two complementary multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) methods. Specifically, the Choquet Integral is approached and assessed as an importance indicator to properly accommodate and incorporate the interacting criteria into the value system, negating therefore their arbitrary effects on the final benchmarking. Simultaneously, a procedure based on the Simos method supports the robust elicitation of the Choquet capacities. All preferential information required for the implementation of the MCDA framework has been elicited from an expert, highly knowledgeable of the European energy system. This research work aims to support energy policymakers in Europe and provide guidelines and areas for improvement at a country level.

Peluang Peluang dan tantangan pengembangan teknologi Oscilating Water Column (OWS) di Indonesia.

Renewable energy is one of the government's efforts to increase the source of the national electricity supply and reduce fossil energy sources. Indonesia has the potential to develop renewable energy in the fields of ocean waves, sunlight, water, and geothermal. But of all these, the most promising to become renewable energy development opportunities are water energy, geothermal energy and ocean wave energy. Indonesia as an archipelagic country with an area of ​​1,904,556 km2 which consists of; 17,508 islands, 5.8 million km2 of ocean and 81,290 million km of beach length, the potential for marine energy, especially ocean waves, is very potential to be empowered as new and renewable alternative primary energy, especially for power generation. This ocean wave power plant has been widely developed, including: buoy type technology, overtopping devices technology, oscillating water column technology. Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is an alternative technology to convert ocean wave energy using an oscillating water column system. The ocean wave conversion technology of the OWC system was chosen because it is suitable in areas with steep coastal topography and has a wave height value between 0.2 m to 1.19 m and even exceeds so that the electricity generated is greater. OWC technology which will be developed for the territory of Indonesia has several opportunities and challenges. Opportunities and challenges that will be faced include the potential for waves, the application of OWC to waterways in Indonesia, OWC systems, and technology investment for the prospect of long-term energy development in Indonesia.

On the spatiotemporal complementarity of the European onshore wind resource

Among the renewable energy sources, the highest share of European net electricity generation comes from wind power. However, the European onshore wind resource’s volatile nature is a significant challenge in ensuring a constant national electricity supply. Therefore, this study examined the potential of complementary use of national wind resources available in 33 European countries. The complementarity of the national wind resources was assessed for 1971–2010 by identifying the time scales explaining the largest part of the variance in the time series of daily wind energy yield. The results of a novel combination of wavelet analysis, graph models, and dynamic time warping indicate that the wind energy yield shows the most substantial variations at the annual, seasonal, and multi-day scales. Geographical proximity is a critical factor in the complementarity of national wind energy yields. At all evaluated time scales, the wind energy yield in most central and western European countries is strongly correlated, forming a large supranational network with low potential for complementary use of national wind resources. Although the seasonal component of daily wind energy yield is shifted between the European countries by up to several weeks, which would create potential for complementary use, domestic electricity consumption often exceeds the usable wind resources. Domestic electricity consumption was found to be a major barrier to the transboundary exchange of wind energy. Based on the results obtained for the European onshore wind resource’s spatiotemporal dynamics, it must be assumed that the potential for regular complementary transboundary use of wind resources is limited.

The dynamic effects of renewable-energy and fossil-fuel technological progress on metal consumption in the electric power industry

This paper used the systematic generalised method of moments (SYS-GMM) to investigate the dynamic heterogeneous effects of renewable-energy technological progress (RETP) and fossil-fuel technological progress (FFTP) on the consumption of 10 metal materials from 1996 to 2016. The findings indicate strong evidence that the technological progress of the electric power industry exhibits a strong metal consumption effect. Specifically, both RETP and FFTP significantly increase the consumption of base metals such as iron, chromium, aluminium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc, while the consumption of critical metals such as indium, neodymium and dysprosium is mainly due to RETP. Additionally, we also found that RETP is the main contributor to metal consumption in the electric power industry in countries dominated by fossil fuel electric power generation. In contrast, in the group of countries dominated by renewable energy electric power generation, RETP and FFTP work together to increase the consumption of metal materials. The dynamic heterogeneous consumption effects of different types of technological progress on different types of metals in the electric power industry provide effective policy support for national low-carbon electric power supply and metal mineral resource security strategies.