National Bureau Research Articles

Automation and the Labour Market: A Systematic Literature Review Using Bibliometric Analysis of 20 Years (2002-2022)

This study uses bibliometric analysis to integrate, synthesise, and expand the knowledge regarding the relationship between automation and the labour market. In this paper, the authors examined the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database for articles published between 2002 and 2022. The co-citation, co-occurrence, and publication patterns were analysed using VOSviewer 1.6.19. The study comprised 287 papers, with the United States having the highest percentage of research publications, followed by Germany, China, and the United Kingdom. The institutional study shows that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, National Bureau of Economic Research, Harvard University, and the University of London are all leading institutions in this field of study and have more than 100 links. The co-occurrence of keywords revealed “automation”, “employment”, “growth”, and “jobs” as the most discussed terms. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and proposing possibilities for future studies.

Service opening and wages of manufacturing firms: Evidence from China

Based on the ‘Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment’ and the input-output table issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, this paper constructs the service opening index from 1998 to 2013. With this indicator, we empirically study the impact of the service industry opening-up on firm wage. Our research yields a few findings. First, the service industry opening-up can significantly improve the level of firm wage. This result is still significantly valid after various robustness test and endogenous treatment. Moreover, after segmenting upstream service sources into details, the opening-up of the finance, telecommunication, and sales service sectors can promote the growth of firm wage. Second, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the service industry opening-up exerts a greater impact on firms' wage for firms in the central and western regions rather than eastern region, and for firms in the “post rich” regions rather than “pre-rich” regions, as well as firms in more severe market segmentation rather than regions with less market segmentation. Finally, according to the analysis of the impact mechanism, the opening-up of the service industry mainly promote firm wage through three channels: improving labor productivity, operating income, and human capital. Furthermore, the analysis of technical differences in service input displays that the service industry opening-up exerts a greater impact on firms' wage for firms in high-tech service industry. The analysis of labor income distribution shows that the opening-up of the service industry can also significantly increase the share of labor income of firm, especially in the opening-up of finance, telecommunication, and sales service industry.

Communication Strategies and Terrorism Risk Preparedness among the Residents of Nairobi City County

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to establish the association of communication strategies and terrorism risk preparedness among the residents of Nairobi City County. Materials and Methods: This study followed a mixed-methods design mainly of a questionnaire survey complemented by observation, key informant interviews and document analysis, The design employed the Concurrent Convergent (Triangulation) Parallel strategy. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi City County has a resident population of 4,397,073. A further estimated 2.5 million non-residents troupe to the city-county daily for business and employment or as tourists and travelers in transit to other counties. Therefore, the target population for this study was approximately 6.5 million. The study population was drawn using stratified purposive random sampling technique where the list of all the sampling locations was categorized into four strata. The sample size was 640 respondents who were proportionately drawn randomly drawn from four different strata. Findings: Regression of coefficients showed that research and alerts in communication and terrorism risk preparedness were positively and significantly related (β=0.293, p=0.000). In addition, results showed that emergency action and public education and terrorism risk preparedness were positively and significantly related (β=0.109, p=0.004). Governments that fail to warn their citizens when aware of imminent or possible terror threats will be accused of failing in their duty. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concludes that the use effective communication strategies is critical for terrorism risk preparedness, as they enhance message reception and thus motivate preparedness planning and action taking. This in turn can help in detecting and thwarting attacks before they happen, mitigate the impact of attacks, promote public safety during attacks, and build community resilience. Therefore, the study recommends that organizations, be they government agencies, first responders and corporates should incorporate effective Communication strategies into the overall crisis preparedness plans, in order to enhance their ability to communicate and respond effectively during terrorism attacks.

Effect of Bank Credit to the Private Sector on the Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of bank credit to the private sector on the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria, from 1981 – 2021. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of bank credit to the private sector (CPS) on the manufacturing output in Nigeria. To carry out the study, data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics for various years. The dependent variable for the study was manufacturing output while the proxies for exploratory variable include; credit to the private sector (CPS); interest and exchange rates. For analysis and estimation, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was adopted. Augmented Dicker Fuller (ADF) tests for stationarity showed that the variables were integrated at first level while ARDL Bound tests established a cointegration relationship of the variables. The result of the study revealed that credit to the private sector (CPS), interest rate; and exchange rate (independent variables) on the aggregate accounted for 93.9% of the total variations on manufacturing output (dependent variable) in Nigeria during the study period while 6.1% was due to stochastic error. The result further found out exchange rate had a positive coefficient value and a significant impact on manufacturing output in Nigeria during the period of study while other explanatory variables that include credit to the private sector and interest rate were statistically insignificant on manufacturing GDP during the study period. On the basis of the findings, the researcher recommends that Central bank of Nigeria as an apex bank should apart from using both direct and indirect controls should strengthen the use of moral suasion to encourage banks not to relent in granting the sector as the government endeavours to diversify the revenue sources of the economy. Secondly, government and Central Bank of Nigeria (the apex regulatory body of banks) should take bold steps and use all necessary economic and financial policies and regulations to make lending a single digit interest rate in Nigeria especially in a critical sector like agriculture.

Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from 12 SADC Countries

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in 12 SADC countries for the period 2008-2020. Materials and Methods: The study utilized panel data from 12 SADC member states for the period 2008-2020. This dataset was compiled from the World Bank database, Penn tables, and National Bureau of Statistics websites for the member states. The study employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to estimate the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth. Findings: The empirical results show that there is bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth in the SADC region. The findings also suggest that while financial development positively correlates with economic growth in the long run, the short-run effects may vary, with factors such as physical capital accumulation and government expenditure playing significant roles. Trade openness, life expectancy and population growth were also found to have implications for economic growth in the SADC region, highlighting the complex nature of development dynamics. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The presence of bidirectional causality between financial development and economic growth calls for coordinated economic and financial policies as both variables mutually influence each other's dynamics.

Consumption Expenditure Patterns and Food Security Dynamics in Nigeria

Food insecurity remains a critical issue globally, as highlighted by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2). In 2023, nearly 25 million Nigerians faced food insecurity due to factors like insurgency affecting agricultural activities. This, therefore, worsens the food insecurity in the country. Thus, this study investigates the dynamics between household consumption expenditure patterns and food security in Nigeria over a decade (2010-2019). This was done by analysing four waves of secondary panel data of 4,000 nationally representative households of the Nigeria General Household Survey GHS - Panel collected by the National Bureau of Statistics in four waves over ten years from 2010 to 2019. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistics and the Food Security Index. The results of the consumption patterns of the respondents showed that the majority of the respondents were in the lowest band of per capita total expenditure and sectoral expenditures. The ratio of food secure to food insecure averages around 30% to 70% with a food security (surplus) index of 1.26 and food insecurity (shortfall) index of 0.53. Nigeria was food insecure during the period. The analysis concludes that boosting agricultural productivity, improving infrastructure, and addressing corruption are essential to enhance food security in Nigeria. The government is recommended to prioritize long-term strategies for food production, support vulnerable households, and leverage technological advancements to increase agricultural productivity. This study underscores the need for comprehensive policies to address the multifaceted challenges of food insecurity in Nigeria.

Study on healthcare level and its relationship with medical radiation in China

ObjectiveTo evaluate the health-care level (HCL), one of the most extensively used indicators to assess the level of medical exposure, and its influencing factors in China. MethodsBased on the data from the China Statistical Yearbook of the National Bureau of Statistics and other public documents, HCL was calculated in terms of the number of physicians per head of population throughout the country. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association of HCL with main socioeconomic factors, including population size, area, number of administrative divisions and gross domestic product (GDP). ResultsSince 2015, there has been at least one physician for every 1,000 people in China on average. However, by 2019, there has yet been one physician for more than 1,000 people in each of two provinces. By 2020, there was at least one physician for every 1,000 people across all 31 provincial-level administrative districts (provinces). The population size and GDP were the influencing factors on HCL, with correlation coefficients of 0.416 and −0.583, respectively. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was found between HCL and the frequency of medical exposure (FME) to ionizing radiation (r ​= ​−0.620, P ​= ​0.028). ConclusionThere has been at least one physician for every 1,000 people since 2015, but there are great differences between various provinces. HCL as an indicator to evaluate level of medical exposure is warranted further research in China.

High Quality Development and Innovation of Current Financial Mechanism

The high quality finance innovation will be able to be proceeded according to the latest study in China by president with central political bureau this year of 2024. The main topic has indicated the risky and security for financial mechanism of enterprises where it is going to be discussed many times. For ensuring that it proceeded in these institutions the detailed methods enable to be narrated here for guaranteeing this one to do smoothly. The bank will be responsible for the entity one who is going to invest their loan for enlarging enterprise with macro controlling the policies and strategy support where they can instruct for better utilization and less risky for continuing the their investment. Tax national bureau should regulate some money to bank with privileged intelligence policy. Meanwhile, they monitor the money flow route and give to advise to them in terms of legislating procedure. For the sake of utilizing bilateral strategy policy commonly mutual beneficial one mechanism is going to be made. At the same time the stock market will enable financial innovation reformation to become high quality developing through stabilizing and creating the new stock exchange behaviour. It will be able to control and monitor the financial healthy developing under new innovation mechanism.

ASSESSMENT OF THE APPROACH TO MEASURING MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TRANSITION TO A SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODEL OF BUSINESS REPORTING: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

The article studies and evaluates the trend of measurement of mineral resources adopted in the Republic of Moldova for its compliance with the imperative of transition to the socio-economic model of reporting. The trend analysis has shown that in the national economy there is a tendency of dominance of the contribution of processing enterprises of non-metallic raw materials and construction industry in the formation of macroeconomic indicators, which contradicts the essence of the activity of these enterprises - their secondary character in relation to the enterprises of extractive industry. The paper utilizes quantitative and qualitative analysis using the contribution coefficient and the coefficient of contribution of one notional percent of the identified economic activity to the selected macroeconomic indicators. The aggregate data on indicators of the identified enterprises of the real sector of the economy used in the calculations were obtained from the official database of the National Bureau of Statistics. The obtained results allowed to reveal an asymmetric approach in structuring the contribution to macroeconomic indicators of the identified branches of the real sector of the economy of the Republic of Moldova. The reason for this phenomenon is the adopted model of valuation based on the cost of mineral resources, which ignores their value under constrained conditions.

The Impact of the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS) on the Agricultural Economy of Nigeria and its Total Output (2015-2019)

This study analyzed the impact of the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS) on the agricultural economy of Nigeria and its total output from 2015 to 2019, using quarterly data. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Annual Reports, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA & RD), and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The study applied the Ordinary Least Square Multiple Regression Model for statistical analysis and used the National Gross Domestic Product (NGDP) and Agricultural Output (AGO) as dependent variables, while Commercial Agriculture Credit Facility Loan to Agriculture (CAL), Money Supply (M2), Unemployment rate (U) and Government Expenditure (G) were used as independent variables. Empirical findings show that there is no statistically significant relationship between CAL, M2, unemployment rate, government expenditure, and NGDP. Similarly, we did not establish a statistically significant relationship between CAL, M2, unemployment rate, government expenditure, and AGO. Overall, the evidence indicates that the desired impact of the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme in Nigeria is not being achieved. Arising from the above, we recommend that policymakers and the monetary authorities should investigate why there is a disconnect between the laudable CACS scheme and the ineffective outcome observed. In addition, structural challenges hindering productivity in the agricultural sector such as insecurity, poor road networks, and inadequate power supply should be addressed.

Apartment Affordability among the Middle-Income Group in Urban China

In the past few years, as the Chinese economy has surged and income levels have risen, there has been a notable uptick in the proportion of middle-income groups. According to the National Bureau of Statistics and other research reports, the proportion of China's middle-income group in the national population is increasing year by year, indicating that China is experiencing an expansion of the middle class. According to a report released by Renmin University of China, China's middle-income group will account for about 40 percent of the total population, or about 560 million people, by 2022. In this study, I will analyse the affordability of apartments for middle-income people in China from macro and micro perspectives. In most Chinese cities, the affordability of apartments for middle-income people has remained relatively stable. However, there are still some cities with serious affordability problems, such as Beijing, Xiamen, Shanghai and so on. The challenge of apartment affordability causes increased commute durations because of the divide between residences and employment areas, and it compels residents to utilize less space in their homes. Therefore, it is very valuable to explore the affordability of apartments for middle-income people.

Two-Stage Least Squares and Three-Stage Least Squares in Modelling Nigerian Economic Growth

Every Country strives to attain economic stability. In a bid to achieve this, several economic indices are explored to make this a reality. This study focused on analysis of two stage and three stage least squares (2SLS and 3SLS) in modeling Nigerian economic growth. Considering the limitations of ordinary least squares (OLS) in dealing with simultaneous equations, we explored the use of two stage and three stage least squares which are more robust methods for this purpose. A secondary data was obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria bullion and the National Bureau of Statistics bulletin to investigate the relationship among economic growth, capital inflow and external debt servicing. Models for GDP, external debt servicing and capital inflow were obtained using R and Microsoft excel statistical packages. The study shows with coefficients of 3.9159 and -6.1878, that foreign debt- servicing has negative impact on GDP in the 2SLS and 3SLS models respectively: which is not significant in the 2SLS but significant in the 3SLS model. Also, GDP has negative, though significant effect on capital inflow with coefficient of -0.010495 and -0.0139109 in the 2SLS and 3SLS models respectively: a pointer to the effects of insecurity in Nigerian economic growth. The study recommends that Government should deplete existing external debt stock, increase utilization of capital stock and labour force, reduce borrowing rate, resort to alternative ways of enhancing both current and recurrent expenditures and deal with insecurity.

Characterization of the geographical conditions of the Botna river basin in relation to global changes

According to the working methodology in geography, the work was developed in several stages, combined along the way, respecting the following order: the documentary stage, the field stage and the laboratory stage. In the research of the given theme, reports, atlases, as well as statistical data from the database of the State Hydrometeorological Service, the National Bureau of Statistics and others were used. The Botna river basin, as a tributary of the Dniester, is entirely within the territory of the Republic of Moldova and is characterized by a high degree of capitalization. Respectively, this basin presents an increased degree of vulnerability in the context of the interaction of global, regional and local processes.

Liberalization vis-à-vis non-liberalization trade policy: Exploring the impact of price volatility on producer share price and cocoa supply response in Nigeria and Ghana

Cocoa producers respond differently to volatile price shocks, but the nature of these responses remains unknown, especially in the liberalized and non-liberalized markets in Nigeria and Ghana, respectively. Therefore, we assess the extent to which price volatility affects the supply of cocoa while also analyzing the effect of price volatility on Nigeria's cocoa producer price share vis-à-vis Ghana's cocoa producer price share. We further analyze how producers react given the asymmetric nature of price volatility in Nigeria and Ghana. Annual secondary data were obtained from the World Development Index, National Bureau of Statistics, International Cocoa Organization, Central Bank of Ghana, Nigeria, and so on, from 1970 to 2019. We used the Ordinary Least Squares method, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) model, extensions, and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for this study's analysis. Our results show the presence of volatility in price series and that volatility is asymmetric in nature. The results of the supply response show that price volatility has no significant relationship with cocoa supply in Ghana. In contrast, price volatility has a significantly positive relationship with the supply of cocoa in Nigeria at the 1 % level. The results of the VECM show that, in the long run, the cocoa producer price in Ghana will be negatively affected by both international price volatility and inflation rates at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. We suggest that cocoa farmers should have licensing to sell commodities to the international market directly without interference from the marketing board.

Innovative airspace reflective tool for different building applications, part I: tool development

The current methods such as ISO-6946 provide thermal resistances for horizontal and vertical enclosed airspaces. Additionally, hot-box results from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) were used to provide the thermal resistances in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (HOF) for horizontal, vertical and 45-degree angle airspaces. The thermal resistances in the HOF are available for three temperature differences and four values for mean temperatures. Thus, thermal resistances in the HOF include a limited number of climatic conditions and construction techniques that exist around the globe. The effect of the aspect ratio on airspace thermal resistances is not included in ISO-6946 or the ASHRAE HOF. Many studies including this one have shown that the aspect ratio of enclosed airspace has a significant impact on thermal resistance. This has motivated the development of a tool for accurately determining thermal resistances of enclosed airspaces for a wide variety of conditions. In this paper, a validated numerical model has been used to obtain the necessary thermal resistances values (about one million) of various enclosed airspaces, subjected to different operating conditions. Thereafter, the calculated thermal resistances were used to develop a tool, called “Airspace Reflective Tool, ART”. The capabilities of this tool for evaluation, optimization and design are explored in this paper.

Research on the Economic Effects of Compulsory Education in China

This paper aims to investigate the factors driving the rapid development of the Chinese economy. Utilizing univariate linear regression, we examine the impact of compulsory education in China on its economic growth, utilizing data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China spanning the years 1983 to 2006. Additionally, we conduct robustness tests and heterogeneity analyses using variables such as the number of middle school students, Chinese GDP, and the time span from 1983 to 2022. Our analysis also delves into industry-specific variations and expenditure-based approaches. Our findings are summarized as follows: 1. Compulsory education in China exhibits a positive influence on its economic growth. 2. According to the robustness test, the baseline conclusion of this paper is robust. 3. Compulsory education plays a pivotal role in the tertiary industry and net exports but exerts fewer effects on the second industry and investment and contributes a little to the first industry and consumption.

Measuring the Effect of Regime Change on Petroleum Price in Nigeria Using Moving Index

The ongoing volatility of crude oil prices on the international market has harmed every sector of the Nigerian economy. Every Nigerian government regime experiences fluctuations in the price of petroleum. Thus, this research studied the effect of change in government regime on change in petroleum prices using a moving index with a constant and moving base year. Data on government regime and prices of petroleum were collected (1960 to 2021) from the Office of the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), spanning 62 years, and the changes in these prices over all the regime were observed via the time plot. The results of the analysis showed that regime change in Nigeria has significantly impacted the price of petroleum. The trend of change in petroleum prices using 1960 as a constant base year showed that regime change has a significant effect on change in petroleum price, while the moving index with varying base years showed no significant effect on the change in the petroleum price. Therefore, it can be concluded that variations in the price of petroleum in Nigeria are caused by both changes in time and regime. The estimated trend of change in the prices of petroleum with the period under study showed an upward trend. The movement showed that the price of petroleum is not likely to reduce shortly but rather will increase if nothing is done to stabilize it.

Monetary policy transmission tools and private sector performance – the Nigerian experience

Credit to private sector is considered vital for the stimulation of domestic investment, job creation, economic growth, and general improvement in the standard of living of the people. This is because the economic activity in the private sector significantly complements governments’ efforts in attaining macroeconomic objectives, globally. However, as laudable as the benefits of credit to private sector has been in catalyzing private sector performance in developed economies, the situation in most transitioning economies, particularly, Nigeria has been far from satisfying. Several studies in academic literature have identified political instability, poor institutional framework, absence of fiscal transparency, macroeconomic factors and frequent policy changes as having significant constraining influences on credit availability in Nigeria with plausible recommendations to private sector performance. However, the absence of noticeable improvement over the years, and its accompanying growth-retarding multiplier effects on domestic investment and productivity in Nigeria has instigated more concentrated studies on the direct impact of monetary policy framework in the determination of the performance of private sector through credit availability. Therefore, this study empirically evaluates the impact of key monetary policy toolkits on the availability of private sector credits and performance in Nigeria. To this end, annual time series secondary data from 1993 to 2023 were sourced from National Bureau of Statistics and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins for various years within the study period. The study adopts Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique after carrying out pre-diagnostic tests such as ADF unit root test and Bound Cointegration test. Our result reveals that money aggregates (MAG) is positive and significant in explaining variations in private sector credit and performance. Further results reveal that monetary policy rate (MPR), open market operations (OMO) and inflation rate (INR) impacted negatively on the performance of private sector in Nigeria within the study period. Therefore, the study concludes that the performance of the private sector in Nigeria will improve with increased credit availability, which is positively influenced by systematic increase in money aggregates and efficiently expanded monetary policy framework. The study recommends adoption of a harmonious blend of a more relaxed monetary policy framework with purposeful compliant-based regulation that will free up liquidity for increased private sector credits and performance. Keywords: Credit to Private Sector, Monetary Policy Rate, Open Market Operations and Money Aggregates.

How Does Foreign Capital Impact Urban Green Development? Evidence from Central China

Background: Foreign capital, a significant component of the contemporary export-oriented economy, helps to solve ecological and environmental issues and encourages the green transformation of urban development techniques. This study develops an assessment framework for urban green development using panel data from 80 cities in Central China between 2007 and 2022. Simultaneously, the impact of foreign capital on urban green development was tested through the mechanism of green technological innovation using the panel mediating effect model, and the impact of economic development level on the impact of foreign capital on the same was tested using the threshold effect model. The primary research findings are as follows: (1) Foreign capital has greatly enhanced urban green development in Central China; (2) Green technology innovation acts as a major mediating variable in the process by which foreign capital influences urban green development; (3) Economic development has a single threshold effect on foreign capital influencing urban green development. This article suggests that the government focus more on the prudent use of foreign capital in light of the findings above. The study's findings offer an empirical foundation for more effectively encouraging urban green development as well as some theoretical direction for the long-term growth of human society in underdeveloped nations or areas. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the key factors affecting urban green development in Central China, including the direct impact of foreign capital, the mediating effect of green technology innovation and the threshold effect of economic development, with the aim of improving urban green development in Central China. Theoretical Framework: This study mainly refers to Sustainable Development Theory and Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. Because urban green development belongs to the category of sustainable development, and the mediating analysis in this article is consistent with Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. Method: The entropy method is used to measure the degree of urban green development. Baseline regression is used to analyze the direct impact of foreign capital on urban green development. The mediating model is used to analyze the mediating role of green technology innovation in the impact of foreign capital on urban green development. The threshold model is used to analyze the threshold effect of economic development on foreign capital in affecting urban green development. Results and Discussion: The results confirmed the hypothesis. First, foreign capital has a positive impact on urban green development. Second, green technology innovation plays a mediating role in the process of foreign capital affecting urban green development. Third, economic development plays a single threshold effect in the process of green technology innovation affecting urban green development.However, this study still has certain limitations. Because there are certain differences between official statistics and reality, and the indicators selected in this article are limited, they cannot fully reflect the actual results. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing new ideas for urban green development in Central China from the perspective of foreign capital. And the role of green technology innovation and economic development cannot be ignored. This is not only in line with the world theme of green and sustainable development, but also conducive to accelerating the internationalization process of Central China. And this research also provides theoretical support for green development in developing countries or regions. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by being based on official data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China and using a series of recognized empirical methods to study Central China's urban green development and key influencing factors. The value of this article is that it not only enriches the research on urban green development in Central China. It also provides a reference for green development and international development in other developing regions in China and other developing countries or regions around the world.

FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGES: AN IMPEDIMENT TO ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs 2) IN NIGERIA

SDGs-2 is about the shared responsibility to ensure that every one has access to nutrition and affordable food. The heightened interest in food security is the result of a recognition that a number of important factors constitute a setback to the success of SDGs-2 in Nigeria. The main objective of the study is to identify the challenges to achieving Sustainable Development Goals on food security in Nigeria. The theoretical framework of the paper is Political Economy Theory by Karl Marx (1883-1883). Methodologically, the paper used secondary data, the study primarily drew evaluation and statistical information from Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, National Bureau of Statistics, Nigerian Living Standard Survey, and SDGs Base line Reports. While the results have shown that the Nigerian government has embraced the idea of rolling out plans and programs to address the gaps in food security at one time or the other, little has been achieved in curbing insecurity in food. The findings from the study show that Nigeria has about 85 million hectares of land where almost everything can grow, currently produced 110,798 metric tons of seeds in 2022, which is a summation of some major seeds that are established in the formal seeds sector, has the manpower favorable for the advancement of Agriculture and to boost livestock as well as food security. The paper concludes that it is important government removes barriers that increases vulnerability to poverty and hunger by providing an integrated security strategy to address issues of security threats in the agricultural sector. The paper recommends that government should partner with key private agencies to increase investments in the agricultural sector by empowering small and medium scale farmers in particular with access to credits and modern tools.