National Basic Health Research Research Articles

Average DMF-T Index and Performed Treatment Index (PTI) Achievement of Class X High School Students in Tangerang City

The escalating prevalence of dental caries and other oral diseases in Indonesia underscores the urgency of targeted health promotion, particularly among school students who represent a critical demographic for such interventions. Recent findings from the National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) highlight a concerning rise in dental caries, signaling a need for comprehensive strategies to curb this trend and improve oral health outcomes. This research aimed to measure the average DMF-T Index and achievement of the Performed Treatment Index (PTI) in class X high school students in Tangerang City. The research design used is to research a situation objectively to solve or answer the problems being faced in the current situation. The population in this study was class The data collection method is by examining the teeth that have these components using instruments, recording forms, and other equipment. The data analysis used in this research is an analysis of two variables. The results of this study found that the average permanent dental caries experience index (DMF-T) of respondents in this study was 2.32. This means that on average there are 2 to 3 teeth per person with tooth decay, while the indicators for achieving healthy teeth determined by WHO for the age category over 12 years include DMF-T ≤ 3. This shows that the average DMF-T index of respondents includes good criteria. The Performed Treatment Index (PTI) or a person's effort to maintain permanent teeth for class X students at Tangerang State High School was 11.11%; referring to the indicators and targets for achieving healthy teeth determined by WHO, including Good PTI if ≥ 50% and this shows that the respondent's PTI achievement rate includes poor criteria.

Mental Health Among Hypertensive People and its Associated Factors: Findings From RISKESDAS 2018 Data

This study aims to investigate the complex relationship between general mental health issues, specifically depression, and hypertension, and to identify associated factors among individuals affected by these conditions in Indonesia. Using data from the Indonesia National Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) in 2018, the study included a large sample of 88,590 individuals aged 30−59 with hypertension from various provinces and districts across Indonesia. The findings show that 11.5% of hypertensive individuals in the 30−59 age range in Indonesia experience general mental health problems, including common mental disorders, while 7.0% exhibit symptoms of depression. Importantly, individuals with multiple coexisting health conditions are more susceptible to mental health issues. Furthermore, factors such as female gender, lower educational attainment, unmarried status, unemployment, physician-diagnosed hypertension, and the presence of other concurrent health conditions are identified as contributors to an increased likelihood of experiencing general mental health problems and depression. Finally, this study emphasizes the importance of addressing mental health concerns among individuals dealing with hypertension and other non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, with a particular focus on those with lower educational levels, unmarried status, and unemployment.

HUBUNGAN FREKUENSI KONSUMSI MAKANAN INSTAN DENGAN KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI PADA PENDUDUK BERUSIA ≥ 18 TAHUN DI INDONESIA (ANALISIS DATA RISKESDAS 2018)

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition when a person's blood pressure exceeds normal limits. According to The Basic Health Research in 2018, the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia reached 34.1%. This figure increased from the previous year, which was 25.8%. Consumption patterns of risky foods such as excess sodium consumption are one of the risk factors for hypertension. One source of sodium comes from instant food. This study aims to determine the relationship between the frequency of instant food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in people aged ≥ 18 years in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design. The data source used is the 2018 National Basic Health Research secondary data. The research respondents were residents in Indonesia aged ≥18 years. There were 384,556 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the results of the analysis, the prevalence of hypertension was 29.8%. and the proportion of frequency of instant food consumption is 22.1%. There is a significant relationship between the frequency of instant food consumption and hypertension. The group that has a frequent frequency of consuming instant food is 0.78 times (PR=0.785; 95%CI=0.773—0.797) more likely to experience hypertension than the group that has a rare frequency. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the frequency of instant food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in people aged ≥ 18 years in Indonesia.

Determinant of Hypertension among Adults in West Java, Indonesia: Analysis of National Basic Health Research Data 2018

Background: Hypertension is a serious health problem worldwide. Many studies on the determinants of hypertension have been done, however studies in West Java are still very minimal. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for hypertension among adults in West Java, Indonesia.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method with a quantitative approach using secondary data from the National Basic Health Research 2018. The final number of individuals sampled was 46,186 people. Data analysis was performed using simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression methods.Results: The mean age of the sample was 42.97 years (SD=15.37), and females were the predominant (52.95%). The majority of samples consumed sweet beverages (31.06%) and salty foods more than once a day (29.22%), did not smoke (59.17%), had a normal body mass index (BMI) (53.78 %), and had experienced gum disease and dental problems in the last year (56.75 %). Physical activity in metabolic equivalent task (MET) was 5,917.79 minute. There was a significant positive association between age and hypertension, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.06 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.05-1.06. Furthermore, the analysis found a significant negative correlation between physical activity and hypertension, with an OR of 0.999 and a 95% CI of 0.9999874-0.9999962.Conclusion: Hypertension is significantly associated with age, whereas physical exercise is negatively associated. Priority should be given to elderly individuals and people with a high BMI for interventions such as routine blood pressure monitoring and education.

Province clustering based on the percentage of communicable disease using the BCBimax biclustering algorithm.

Indonesia needs to lower its high infectious disease rate. This requires reliable data and following their temporal changes across provinces. We investigated the benefits of surveying the epidemiological situation with the imax biclustering algorithm using secondary data from a recent national scale survey of main infectious diseases from the National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) covering 34 provinces in Indonesia. Hierarchical and k-means clustering can only handle one data source, but BCBimax biclustering can cluster rows and columns in a data matrix. Several experiments determined the best row and column threshold values, which is crucial for a useful result. The percentages of Indonesia's seven most common infectious diseases (ARI, pneumonia, diarrhoea, tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis, malaria, and filariasis) were ordered by province to form groups without considering proximity because clusters are usually far apart. ARI, pneumonia, and diarrhoea were divided into toddler and adult infections, making 10 target diseases instead of seven. The set of biclusters formed based on the presence and level of these diseases included 7 diseases with moderate to high disease levels, 5 diseases (formed by 2 clusters), 3 diseases, 2 diseases, and a final order that only included adult diarrhoea. In 6 of 8 clusters, diarrhea was the most prevalent infectious disease in Indonesia, making its eradication a priority. Direct person-to-person infections like ARI, pneumonia, TB, and diarrhoea were found in 4-6 of 8 clusters. These diseases are more common and spread faster than vector-borne diseases like malaria and filariasis, making them more important.

Dental story sticker media as an effort to increase dental and oral health knowledge of elementary school students

Introduction: The results of the National Basic Health Research 2018, as many as 57.6% of Indonesia's population has oral dental problems and only 10.2% do Get the services of a dentist. The health education given to the community, including for children, is usually implemented using various preventive and promotional measures. Giving Education can be one way to increase knowledge prevent dental and oral health problems. Media Dental Story Sticker is a tool that can be used for education dental health. Dental Story Sticker is a media for dental and oral health in its presentation using stickers that can be removed and installed back and apply the storytelling method as an extension method where the instructor talks about the counseling material related to dental and oral health. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of dental health education using dental media story stickers on dental health knowledge of second grade elementary school students. Methods: Using the analytic research method with a pre-experimental research design with a one group pretest-posttest design. Samples were taken using total sampling with a total of 34 people. Research analysis used the Wilcoxon Results test: The results showed that children's knowledge of maintaining oral hygiene before Dental Health Education was carried out using dental story sticker media, namely 22 children (64.7%), while after Dental Health Education was carried out using dental story sticker media, all respondents (100%) have knowledge in a good category with a p value = 0.000 (p <0.05). This means that there is a dental influence health education using dental story sticker media. Conclusion: It can be concluded that dental story sticker media as a dental health education media has an influence on the level of dental and oral health knowledge.

Determinants of fruit consumption in adult women in Indonesia

Background: Fruit consumption in Indonesia is low, while diet related diseases are climbing, including among adult women where obesity prevalence is the highest. This study aimed to analyze determinants of fruit consumption among adult women aged 19–49 years in the country. Methods: Analysis was done to secondary data on food consumption obtained from a cross sectional survey of the national Basic Health Research 2010. The potential determinants analyzed were nutritional status (body mass index, BMI), age, formal education, marital status, economic status (quintile), and region. The logistic regression model was applied. Results: The results showed that adult women in Indonesia had higher odds of consuming more fruits if they were with higher BMI (OR BMI > 25=1.093, CI:1.026–1.165), in the older age group (OR middle-aged adult=1.079, CI:1.013–1.150), had higher educational status (OR completed elementary School or higher=2.070, CI:1.909–2.244), from higher economic status (OR high=2.258, CI:2.112–2.413), and resided in urban regions (OR urban area=1.305, CI:1.230–1.385). Meanwhile, being married appeared to hinder fruit consumption (OR=0.915, CI:0.849–0.986). Conclusions: Fruit consumption among adult women in Indonesia showed disparities between socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics. Thus intervention to improve fruit consumption should involve improving nutritional knowledge, especially among those with lower level of consumption (e.g married women), as well as improving access and availability of fruit for women from lower socioeconomic status and rural areas. This could include the use of locally available fruits that is less expensive and more accessible.

HUBUNGAN FAKTOR IBU, POLA PEMBERIAN MAKANAN DAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA 12-59 BULAN DI KELURAHAN BATARAGURU

National Basic Health Research in Indonesia showed stunting increased from 36.8% to 37.2%. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between maternal factors, exclusive feeding and breastfeeding patterns with stunting events in toddlers aged 12-59 months in the working area of the Bataraguru Village Health Center. The type of research used is quantitative research with a case control approach. The population in this study was 621 toddlers. The subjects in the study were all selected cases and controls with a case ratio and 1:1 control. Data processing is carried out using the SPSS . The data analysis in this study is univariate and bivariate, using the Chi-Square Test statistical test by reviewing the p-value test if < alpha (a=0.05) is said to be related. Stastistic test results found that variables unrelated to stunting events were maternal factor (p = 0.032 < 0.05), feeding patterns (p = 0.361 > 0.05), Exclusive breast milk (p = 0.309 > 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between maternal factors and the incidence of stunting in toddlers 12-59 months in Bataraguru Village. There is no relationship between the pattern of exclusive feeding and breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in toddlers 12-59 months in Bataraguru Village. The advice from researchers is that it is hoped that mothers of toddlers can prepare themselves during pregnancy by increasing knowledge so as to reduce the risk of stunting in toddlers.

The effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in toddlers based on the five-year period national basic health research (Riskesdas 2007, 2013 and 2018) in Indonesia.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that has a high prevalence in Indonesia. The Ministry of Health of Indonesia has conducted a national vaccination program for hepatitis B. In order to evaluate the success of the hepatitis B vaccination in Indonesia, a community study based on basic health research (Riskesdas) was performed nationwide since 2007 for five year period in 2007, 2013, and 2018. Further statistical analysis was performed specifically for the children under 59 months old (toddlers) immunized in both urban and rural areas in 2007, 2013, and 2018 based on certain characteristics by examining antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), IgG antibodies against the core antigen (HBcAb), surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The data obtained from the data management laboratory of Ministry of Health, Indonesia, was analyzed with Bivariate analysis with continuity correction chi-square or Pearson chi-square using Stata software version 16. This study showed an increase in hepatitis B coverage of complete immunization (30% in 2007, 60.3% in 2013, and 57% in 2018), which was also influenced by mothers' level of education (Pearson chi-square , p ¡ 0.05) and access to health service points within 30 minutes (OR = 1.3-2.8, p ¡ 0.05). The trend of the percentage of immune status (anti-HBs) was increased (41.8% in 2007; 56.1% in 2013; and 79.1% in 2018). The higher anti-HBs was found in complete hepatitis B immunization status (OR = 1.5-2, p ¡ 0.05) and in good nutritional status (p ¡ 0.05). However, the anti-HBs was found decreased with increasing age (p ¡ 0.05). The trend of positive HBcAb (exposure to HBV infection) showed a decrease gradually of almost ten times from 2007 (8.6%-13.5%) compared to 2013 (2.6%-11.1%) and 2018 (1.1%-2%). Urban areas were at higher risk of hepatitis B exposure (OR = 1.4-2.2) than rural areas (OR = 0.37-0.80). The HBsAg data were only available in 2013 and 2018. Riskesdas data analysis showed the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBsAg) was lower in complete immunization status than that in incomplete one (p ¡ 0.05), but with an increase from 3.9% (2013) to 9.3% (2018), possibly due to inappropriate implementation of birth dose immunization or a vaccine-escape mutant from the HBV variants. The effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine obtained from the three Riskesdas periods in Indonesia showed an improvement, with an increase in immune status, reduced exposure to HBV and a lower prevalence of hepatitis B in children with complete vaccination. However, there is still an increase in hepatitis B infection, especially in urban areas. Therefore, a long-term evaluation of immunization coverage especially ensuring that the initial dose of immunization was given within the first 24 h of birth, HBsAg and HBcAb, nutritional status, genomic surveillance of HBV, and other aspects of program quality evaluation are needed to ensure that elimination efforts have been implemented properly.

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTHCARE FACTORS AS DETERMINANTS OF CHILDHOOD BASIC IMMUNIZATION INCOMPLETION IN PAPUA

Background: The morbidity and mortality rate for children under five in Indonesia is high in eastern Indonesia. Incomplete coverage of basic immunization for children under five can increase the risk of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD). As a province in eastern Indonesia, the coverage of complete basic immunization in Papua is low. Purpose: This study aimed to identify sociodemographic and healthcare factors among children who default to complete basic immunizations in Papua. Methods: This study utilized data from the 2018 Indonesian National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas). The sample was children aged 12-35 months who live in the Census Blocks (BS) of Riskesdas 2018 in Papua Province and selected to be the sample of Riskesdas 2018. Totally 453 children were included. Bivariate analysis of the data was using Chi-Square test and multivariate with logistic regression. Results: The result showed that the prevalence rate for defaulting basic immunization was 71.74%. Sociodemographic factors that increased incomplete basic immunization were poor economic families (OR=1.97; 95% CI=1.10-3.56) and low maternal education (OR=2.00; 95%CI=1.09-3.65). Meanwhile, healthcare factors like no immunization card (OR=6.82; 95%CI=2.65-17.56) and not being born in a healthcare facility (OR=6.05; 95%CI=3.14-11.66) become the strongest factors that increase the risk of incomplete basic immunization. Conclusion: This study indicates that sociodemographic and healthcare factors could increase the risk of incomplete basic immunization in Papua. It is important to actively improve healthcare services and educate people about the importance of immunization to reduce the risk of incomplete basic immunization for children in Papua.

Risk Factors Associated with Disability among Elderly with Stroke in Indonesia: A Secondary Data Analysis of 2018 National Basic Health Research

Introduction: According to the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas), the highest prevalence of stroke occurs among the elderly group. On the other hand, the proportion of disability among the elderly with stroke was highest compared to the elderly with another disease. Disabled elderly resulted in a high burden of care. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with disability among the elderly with stroke in Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study uses secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. The sample was all elderly aged ≥60 years in Indonesia that participated in the Riskesdas 2018 who diagnosed with stroke by a doctor and met the inclusion criteria (2439 samples). This study employed chi-square and logistic regression.Results: The risk factors associated with disability among the elderly with stroke were older age, having a low education level, living in a rural area, not being obese, having a mental emotional disorder, having no smoking history, and less physical activity. Multivariate analysis showed that less physical activity (PR=18.097; 95%CI=7.306-44.825), low level of education (PR=3.555; 95%CI=1.616-7.823), mental emotional disorders (PR=1.942; 95%CI=1.262-2.988) were the risk factors of disability among elderly with stroke. Being obese (PR= 0.578; 95%CI=0.345-0.970), having a joint disease (PR=0.546; 95%CI=0.311-0.958), and having a smoking history (PR=0.461; 95%CI=0.280-0.759) were the protective factors of disability among elderly with stroke.Conclusion: Physical rehabilitation and mental-emotional disorder treatment have important roles in preventing disability among the elderly with stroke

Determinants of Detectable Anti-hepatitis B in Fertile Age Women from Indonesia

Hepatitis B (HBV) is still a major health problem worldwide, as evidenced by the large number of people infected with hepatitis. There are around two billion people infected with HBV, and an estimated 350 million are in chronic conditions. Hepatitis B is a ninth-order disease that causes death in mothers and their babies. The HBV infection in pregnant women is critical because of vertical or perinatal transmission. This study's purpose was to analyze data of the HBsAg and anti-HBs rertile age women, pregnant women, and postpartum mothers from National Basic Health Research Data 2007. The method is a retrospective study using secondary data from the Basic Health Research in 2007. The number of samples in the form of data on respondents of fertile age women are women aged 15 to 49 years. Data screened and matched with that examined pregnancy/have had a postpartum examination/never checked neonates/had examined their toddlers. One thousand three hundred two (1,302) respondents were eligible to be sampled in this analysis. The variables analyzed were age and anti-HB titers in women of childbearing age 15 to 49 years who were not protected against hepatitis B, as much as 74.65% of the total 1,302 people. Three hundred thirty (330) respondents had anti-HBs titers. This study concludes respondents who are not married age 15–20 years showed relationship with negative anti-Hbs antibodies.

Edukasi Hidup Sehat Membiasakan Cuci Tangan Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Infeksi Di Era Pandemi Covid

Rawa Buaya Village is one of the villages in the West Jakarta. This village is a densely populated village with a limited number of health facilities. Based on the 2018 DKI National Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) data, the proportion of the population aged over 10 years in West Jakarta who behaved properly in washing their hands was only 49.11%. Hand washing is the most important basic technique in the prevention and control of infection transmission because it mechanically removes dirt and dust from the skin surface and reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms. Because knowledge of clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) by washing hands with soap is a determining factor in the transmission of infectious diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory infections including Covid-19, education is needed to increase this knowledge. Education by counseling and training activities are carried out online through the Zoom teleconference on April 23, 2022, followed by 45 village residents. Participants' knowledge was assessed by pre-test and post-test using Google Form. From the post-test’s results, there is an increase in the participants’s knowledge by 22.9% with an increase in the percentage of correct answers from the pre and post test ranging from 6.6% - 35.6%, which is also expected to change in habits or behavior.

Association between percentage of smokers and prevalence of smoking attributable morbidity in Indonesia: one decade after implementation of smoke-free area regulation

BackgroundFor more than ten years, Indonesia has health law, one of which states that local governments are mandated to establish Smoke Free Area (SFA). The results of 2018 National Basic Health Research shows tobacco consumption is still quite high and increasing compared to the results of 2007 and 2013 National Basic Health Research. The burden of disease in Indonesia is increasing every year. MethodsThis study aims to describe SFA regulation and analyze the relationship between the percentage of smokers and the prevalence of smoking attributable morbidity. Data from the 2018 Basic Health Research in Indonesia with the number of units of analysis were 514 districts and cities level. The design of the study was cross-sectional study. The variables analyzed were the percentage of smokers, the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), pneumonia, lung tuberculosis, asthma, and mental emotional disorders. Geographical mapping of the distribution of District/City with Smoking-Free Areas was made using QGIS 3·16. ResultsAround 72% of districts/cities in Indonesia already had local regulations of SFA after more than ten years implementation of the regulation of the health law. There was a significant relationship between the high percentage of smokers and the high prevalence of diabetes (p value: 0·000, PR: 1·342, 95%CI 1·135 to 1·587), hypertension (p value: 0·000, PR 1·631, 95%CI 1·252 to 2·124), and lung tuberculosis (p value: 0·008, PR 1·219, 95%CI 1·049 to 1·417) at the District/City level. However, there was no significant association between URTI, pneumonia, asthma, and mental emotional disorders.ConclusionThe percentage of smokers in an area was associated with diabetes, hypertension, and lung tuberculosis. The implementation of Smoke Free Area should be evaluated.

Spatial Analysis of Seven Islands in Indonesia to Determine Stunting Hotspots

Indonesia is a vast country struggling to reduce its stunting prevalence. Hence, identifying priority areas is urgent. In determining areas to prioritize, one needs to consider geographical issues, particularly correlations among areas. This study aimed to discover whether stunting prevalence in Indonesia occurs randomly or in clusters; and, if it occurs in clusters, which areas are the hotspots. This ecological study used aggregate data from the 2018 National Basic Health Research and Poverty Data and Information Report from the Statistics Indonesia. This study analyzed 514 districts/cities across 34 provinces on seven main islands in Indonesia. The method used was the Euclidean distance to define the spatial weight. Moran's index test was used to identify autocorrelation, while a Moran scatter plot was applied to identify stunting hotspots. Autocorrelation was found among districts/cities in Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Bali East Nusa Tenggara West Nusa Tenggara Islands, resulting in 133 districts/cities identified as stunting hotspots on four major islands. Autocorrelation proves that stunting in Indonesia does not occur randomly.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Pencegahan Stunting Melalui Sosialisasi, Pemberian Makanan Tambahan dan Peningkatan Kapasitas Kader Posyandu

Based on WHO’s data in 2013, there are 24.5% of children under five in the world experiencing stunting. Around 80% of stunted children in the world live in 14 countries. Furthermore, based on the results of the 2018 National Basic Health Research, the stunting rate in children in Indonesia reached 30.8%. With West Nusa Tenggara being the area with the 5th highest stunting rate in Indonesia, which is 30.9%. Besides, Ketangga Jeraeng Village is one of the villages that also has the potential for stunting children. The Ketangga Jeraeng village consists of 8 hamlets and 9 Posyandu places. Based on data from the Posyandu in the Ketangan Jeraeng village, there were 1 child identified as stunted and 3 children identified as weight below the red line (WBR). 1 child was identified as stunted from Wates Hamlet. Meanwhile, the 3 WBG children came from the Ketangga Kemalik and Timuk Lauk hamlets. This activity lasts for 45 days starting from June 20 to August 3, 2022, which were conducted by the students of University of Mataram in Community Service Program (CSP). During those 45 days, CSP students in Ketangga Jeraeng Village empowered the community through socialization, Supplementary Food Provision, and capacity building for posyandu cadres. The result of this activity is an increase in knowledge related to how to prevent stunting and how important it is to provide nutritious food for children. In addition, the end result of this activity is also implemented by making nutritious Moringa pudding to prevent stunting. CSP students chose Moringa as the main ingredient in addition to having high nutrition, Moringa is also easy to find in this village so that it will make it easier for mothers to make the product.

A Stunting Prevention Risk Factors Pathway Model for Indonesian Districts/Cities with a Stunting Prevalence of ≥30%

The prevalence of stunting in Indonesian children aged 0-23 months is a public health problem caused by direct and indirect factors. This study aimed to discover the path of the relationship between various risk factors and the stunting prevalence of ≥30% in 165 districts/cities in Indonesia. Data were obtained from the 2018 National Basic Health Research, National Socioeconomic Survey, and the Statistics Indonesia with a cross-sectional approach. The secondary data on stunting and risk factors were aggregated at the district/city level from individual data; children aged 0-23 months. The path analysis used to determine a stunting prevention model showed that antenatal care at the district/city level decreased stunting rates by at least 2.56% (b = -0.16; p-value = 0.04). A contraceptive user at the district/city level decreased stunting rates by 2.25% (b = -0.15; p-value = 0.05), and handwashing with soap at the district/city level by5.76%, (b = -0.24; p-value = 0.003). Antenatal care, contraceptive use, and handwashing with soap contributed to the reduction of stunting prevalence by18.18%. The study results suggested that districts/cities can play an important role in reducing stunting.

Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research

BackgroundsThe majority of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are modifiable. Continuous monitoring and control of these factors could significantly reduce the risk of CVDs-related morbidity and mortality. This study estimated the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in Indonesia and its co-occurence of multiple risk factors stratified by prior CVDs diagnosis status and sex.MethodsAdult participants (> 15 years, N = 36,329, 57% women) with median age of 40 years were selected from a nationwide Indonesian cross-sectional study called Basic Health Research or Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) conducted in 2018. Thirteen risk factors were identified from the study, including smoking, a high-risk diet, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high waist circumference (WC), a high waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, a high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios stratified by CVDs status and sex were calculated using Poisson regression with the robust covariance estimator.ResultsCVDs were found in 3% of the study population. Risk factor prevalence in the overall population ranged from 5.7 to 96.5% for diabetes and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption respectively. Smoking, a high-risk food diet, and a low HDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in men, whereas a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high WC, a high WtHR, hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, and a high LDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in women. Approximately 22% of men and 18% of women had at least 4 risk factors, and these proportions were higher in participants with prior CVDs diagnosis.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors in the Indonesian adult population. Sex, age, and the presence of CVD are major determinants of the variations in risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors, which are often inter-related, requires a comprehensive approach through health promotion, lifestyle modification and patient education.

Impact of maloclusion on quality of life in adolescent: a literature review

National Basic Health Research of the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia in 2018 stated that 57.6% of the Indonesian population suffered from dental and oral health problems and only 10.2% of the population receives care and treatment from dental health personnel. One of the dental and oral health problems that are often encountered in the community is malocclu-sion. Malocclusion has a great impact on both individuals and society in terms of quality of life, anxiety, functional limits, and emotional conditions. Adolescence is an important stage in human life where appearance is an important and influential factor in social interaction. It is concluded that malocclusion has an impact on the quality of life in adolescent. The decrease in quality of life was more pronounced starting in malocclusion with severe criteria until more severe criteria
 Key words: adolescents, malocclusion, occlusion, oral health, quality of life

Validity and reliability of the GHI-SN as an alternative indicator to describe health inequities among children under five in Indonesia's sub-national level

The subnational global hunger index (GHI-SN) is derived from the global hunger index as a simple indicator to compare hunger status at each subnational level and monitor health program achievement concerning the global target. The purpose of this objective study is to ensure the validity and reliability of the subnational global hunger index; to assess health inequality in children under the age of five in Indonesia. Method: We use secondary data analysis to determine malnutrition and child mortality prevalence using aggregate data from national basic health research survey reports (2007, 2010, 2013, 2018) and demographic survey reports from 2002, 2012, and 2017. The subnational hunger index was calculated using previously standardized undernutrition, stunting, wasting, and child mortality rates. Factor analysis and Pearson correlation with Alpha Cronbach coefficient were used to assess the validity and reliability. Further analysis using longitudinal panel data analysis with random effect models in STATA. Results: The total percentage of variance (56.32%) demonstrates indicator construct validity. Cronbach Alpha Coefisien > 0.90, according to reliability analysis. Pearson correlation between GHI-SN and Public Health Development Index (IPKM) for all and IPKM for children under five (IPKM) 2013 and 2018 and IKPS (Special Index Stunting Management) index is strong, with r: -0.8: -0.67, respectively. Conclusion: The study found the Subnational Global Hunger Index (GHI-SN) to be valid and reliable. It can be used as an alternative measurement tool in Indonesia to assess health inequality and hunger in children under five. Keyword: Children under five, GHI, Subnational hunger index