Stress is an essential component of our lives. It helps to us to keep alert, stay motivated, and adapt to new and challenging situations. However, it is also a leading cause of poor mental wellbeing. Investigating psychological stress is essential to improving both the physical and mental health of the general population. Current methods often rely on self-report and physically invasive (contact) measures which can lack objectivity and ecological validity. Thermal imaging is emerging as a powerful objective, continuous, and physically non-invasive (non-contact) tool to investigate psychological stress through changes in nasal skin temperature. Yet there remain gaps in our understanding of thermal ranges, thermal recovery, and thermal associations with perceived stress in the healthy population. We present a new protocol, employing continuous thermal video to measure nasal temperature fluctuations during stress induction in healthy adults. Results indicate that induced psychological stress significantly decreases nasal temperature compared with a white noise baseline, and a social stress task elicited a significantly stronger nasal temperature decrease from baseline compared with a cognitive stress task. Although perceived stress was not associated with nasal thermal fluctuations, perceived somatic anxiety symptoms did significantly relate with nasal temperature change. These findings reveal new insight into the psychological and physiological human stress experience. The continuous, non-contact and objective benefits of thermal imaging makes it uniquely placed to contribute to real-world health applications, including translation to clinical and nonverbal populations across the lifespan.

The COVID-19 pandemic was initially characterized by a rapid succession of viral variants that emerged independently of each other, with each of these variants outcompeting the previous one. A major evolutionary shift occurred in late 2021, with the emergence of the highly divergent Omicron BA.1 variant. Since then, all the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants have been derived from Omicron, for reasons that remain incompletely understood. Here, we compared the replication of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a human nasal epithelium model grown at 37°C and also at 33°C, a temperature that approximates that found in the nasal cavity. In this primary epithelial model, Omicron showed an early replicative advantage that was more marked at 33°C. However, Omicron triggered only a minimal antiviral interferon response at this temperature. Omicron could thus propagate rapidly while partly escaping the innate response at physiological nasal temperature, which helps account for the efficient dissemination of this variant worldwide.

Detecting deceptive information in job interviews is a major challenge for improving personnel selection validity. Traditional interviewer-based methods for detecting applicant faking are limited in accuracy, highlighting the need for reliable techniques to enhance detection and minimize suboptimal hiring decisions. This study aimed to (a) investigate functional infrared thermal imaging (fITI), a non-invasive method for measuring facial temperature, to determine whether cognitive load and arousal during direct deception induce facial thermal changes indicative of faking; and to (b) develop an automated framework for processing infrared recordings, accounting for head movements and physiognomic differences. A within-person experimental design was conducted with 27 participants in simulated job interviews under five conditions: baseline, rehearsed truth, rehearsed lie, spontaneous truth, and spontaneous lie. A high-sensitivity infrared camera recorded thermal changes on the nose, forehead, and cheeks. Our dynamic feature extraction approach enabled robust temporal analysis despite naturalistic head movements. Linear mixed-effects models revealed no significant overall effect of faking; however, rehearsal and interaction effects were significant. Nasal temperature was higher in rehearsed than spontaneous responses and in spontaneous lies than spontaneous truths, while forehead and cheeks temperatures remained stable. Findings suggest that cognitive load from rehearsed and spontaneous questioning influences nasal thermal changes during faking.

Infrared thermography is an emerging non-invasive tool for monitoring physiological responses to stimuli, yet its application in wild settings has been limited. This study quantified variation in nasal temperatures via thermal imaging of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in Namibia. We aimed to determine whether social and solitary activities exhibit distinct physiological responses and explore the potential of thermal imaging in wildlife behavioural studies. We collected 1626 thermal images of 105 individuals during the baboons’ natural behaviours. Using linear mixed-effects models, we show that, compared with foraging and resting, nasal temperatures were elevated in baboons during grooming, which may indicate relaxation. Additionally, we find that the presence of more neighbours and higher ranking neighbours is associated with cooler nasal temperatures, suggesting an audience effect. These findings further demonstrate that infrared thermography can quantitatively link differences in observed behaviours to associated physiological states through fine thermal cues in unrestrained primates. Thermal biomarkers have the potential to inform social processes, welfare states, emotions and stress responses in wildlife behaviour studies.

Fatigue among vessel traffic service operators (VTSOs) poses critical risks to maritime safety, requiring objective, real-time monitoring solutions. This study integrates thermographic imaging and subjective self-reports to assess fatigue and mental workload in operational environments. A total of 23 VTSOs from two Spanish Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCCs), with an average of 7.74 years of experience, were observed for 200 h. Using facial thermography, specifically nasal temperature variations, and validated psychological assessments, we analyzed the physiological and cognitive effects of shift work. Results show that night shifts significantly increase fatigue, with a 15% increase in perceived exertion and a 2 °C decrease in nasal temperature. Automated face recognition via YOLO5Face facilitated real-time thermographic analysis, improving the accuracy of fatigue monitoring. Thermographic imaging successfully correlated nasal temperature changes with cognitive workload, demonstrating its potential as a non-invasive tool for fatigue assessment. In addition, pre-task rest was inversely related to fatigue, highlighting the importance of rest management in mitigating operator fatigue. By bridging cognitive systems engineering and socio-technical perspectives, this study provides a novel framework for fatigue assessment in safety–critical environments. The results support the integration of thermographic methods into maritime traffic management, contributing to human-centered safety technologies. Future research will explore broader applications of automated thermal analysis and additional physiological fatigue markers in high-risk industries.

ABSTRACTOstracism (feeling ignored and excluded) triggers psychophysiological responses associated with distress. We investigated different coping responses after ostracism and explored whether these were preceded by unique facial thermal signatures, reflecting autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Using thermal infrared imaging, we recorded facial cutaneous temperature variations in female participants (N = 95) experiencing inclusion and ostracism using hypothetical Cyberball games. Coping after ostracism was assessed during a hypothetical Allocation Game, where participants could do nothing (withdrawal), reduce (antisocial), or increase (prosocial) the hypothetical earnings of their ostracizer. Contrary to expectations, most participants chose to withdraw (52%), with fewer opting for antisocial responses (30%) or prosocial responses (18%) after ostracism. Results from linear mixed‐effects modeling revealed that substantial temperature variability occurred only in the nose region of the face. Both ostracism and inclusion showed a decrease in nasal temperature relative to baseline, but the average drop was greater during inclusion, suggesting stronger ANS activation during inclusion rather than ostracism. Crucially, exploratory findings showed that only participants who responded antisocially after ostracism exhibited steeper decreases in nasal temperature during ostracism compared to inclusion. This pattern suggests greater physiological reactivity among antisocial responders, particularly in contrast to those who chose to withdraw. Future research should integrate thermal imaging with other physiological measures and strengthen ostracism manipulations to understand the relationship between thermal responses and different coping behaviors.

Don't Forget to Breathe Liška K, Pant A, Jefferys JGR. Diaphragm relaxation causes seizure-related apnoeas in chronic and acute seizure models in rats. Neurobiol Dis . 2024;203:106735. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024 .106735 Background: Ictal central apnoea is a feature of focal temporal seizures. It is implicated as a risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Here we study seizure-related apnoeas in two different models of experimental seizures, one chronic and one acute, in adult genetically-unmodified rats, to determine mechanisms of seizure-related apnoeas. Under general anaesthesia rats receive sensors for nasal temperature, hippocampal and/or neocortical potentials, and ECG or EMG for subsequent tethered video-telemetry. Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), injected into hippocampus during surgery, induces a chronic epileptic focus. Other implanted rats receive intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) to evoke acute seizures. In chronically epileptic rats, convulsive seizures cause apnoeas (9.9 ± 5.3 s; 331 of 730 convulsive seizures in 15 rats), associated with bradyarrhythmias. Absence of EEG and ECG biomarkers exclude obstructive apnoeas. All eight TeNT-rats with diaphragm EMG have apnoeas with no evidence of obstruction, and have apnoea EMGs significantly closer to expiratory relaxation than inspiratory contraction during pre-apnoeic respiration, which we term “atonic diaphragm”. Consistent with atonic diaphragm is that the pre-apnoeic nasal airflow is expiration, as it is in human ictal central apnoea. Two cases of rat sudden death occur. One, with telemetry to the end, reveals a lethal apnoea, the other only has video during the final days, which reveals cessation of breathing shortly after the last clonic epileptic movement. Telemetry following acute systemic PTZ reveals repeated seizures and seizure-related apnoeas, culminating in lethal apnoeas; ictal apnoeas are central - in 8 of 35 cases diaphragms initially contract tonically for 8.5 ± 15.0 s before relaxing, in the 27 remaining cases diaphragms are atonic throughout apnoeas. All terminal apnoeas are atonic. Differences in types of apnoea due to systemic PTZ in rats (mainly atonic) and mice (tonic) are likely species-specific. Certain genetic mouse models have apnoeas caused by tonic contraction, potentially due to expression of epileptogenic mutations throughout the brain, including in respiratory centres, in contrast with acquired focal epilepsies. We conclude that ictal apnoeas in the rat TeNT model result from atonic diaphragms. Relaxed diaphragms could be particularly helpful for therapeutic stimulation of the diaphragm to help restore respiration.

"Hot stuff": Behavioural and affective thermal responses to digital and non-digital disruptions during early mother-infant interaction.

Background: The FDA has approved the medication nimodipine (NMD) to treat vasospasm brought on by subarachnoid hemorrhage. The most popular way to administer NMD is intravenously, which can result in several adverse effects, including bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias, and inflammation at the administration site. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nose-to-brain (NTB) delivery of NMD as spanlastic nanovesicles (SNV) in situ gel into the brain and compare it with IV infusion. Methods: The nanovesicle formulation by the ethanol injection method used Span 60 as a non-ionic surfactant and Tween 60 as an edge activator for enhanced permeability. The nanovesicle formulation is within the accepted range for nose-to-brain mixing with poloxamer 407 to in situ gel formulation by the cold method. Results: The result was observed in the optimized formula with a particle size of 73.18 nm, a PDI of 0.1646, and higher drug entrapment within the vesicles. The in situ gel with the optimized formula shows gelation temperature with nasal fluid temperature. The in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of NTB in the optimized formula in blood and brain was contrasted with commercial NMD. In contrast to intravenous administration of the NMD, the results indicate that NTB of NMD in situ gel was able to deliver the same amount of NMD to brain tissue with lower drug levels in blood. Conclusions: The nose-to-brain approach for NMD-SNV may be able to deliver NMD systemically to the brain with less frequent dosing and fewer cardiac adverse effects.

Contagious crying in infants has been considered an early marker of their sensitivity to others' emotions, a form of emotional contagion, and an early basis for empathy. However, it remains unclear whether infant distress in response to peer distress is due to the emotional content of crying or acoustically aversive properties of crying. Additionally, research remains severely biased towards samples from Europe and North America. In this study, we address both aspects by employing the novel and non-invasive method of infrared thermal imaging, in combination with behavioural markers of emotional contagion, to measure emotional arousal during a contagious crying paradigm in a cross-cultural sample of 10- to 11-month-old infants from rural and urban Uganda and the United Kingdom (N = 313). Infants heard social stimuli of positive, negative, and neutral emotional valence (infant laughing, crying, and babbling, respectively) and a non-social, acoustically matched artificial aversive sound. Results revealed that overall changes (as opposed to positive or negative) in infant nasal temperature were larger in response to crying and laughing compared to the artificial aversive sound and larger for crying than for babbling. Infants showed stronger behavioural responses for crying than for the artificial stimulus, as well as for crying than for laughing. Overall, our results support the view that infants within the first year of life experience emotional contagion in response to peer distress, an effect that is not just explained by the aversive nature of the stimuli. Sensitivity to others' emotional signals in the first year of life may provide the core building blocks for empathy.

Oral administration of ethinyl estradiol and the brain-selective estrogen prodrug DHED in a female common marmoset model of menopause: Effects on cognition, thermoregulation, and sleep.

Cognitive impairment and dementia have become a global burden, distressing millions of elderly and accounting for the progressive loss of neurons in the brain, affecting multiple cortical centers. The renin-angiotensin system and its receptors, widely distributed within the brain, can serve as potential targets in treating dementia by diminishing oxidative radical generation and neuronal inflammation and increasing the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. The present study delves into the formulation and optimization of a thermoresponsive azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M)-loaded in situ nanoemulgel for targeted nose-to-brain delivery, addressing the challenge of restricted entry of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to the brain due to their low BBB permeability. The formulation components and mixing time for the AZL-M nanoemulsion were optimized using a Box-Behnken design approach, followed by optimization of various characterization parameters. Among the optimized gels, formulation F20 demonstrated superior characteristics for intranasal delivery, exhibiting gelation at 33.4 °C (nasal temperature), a pH of 6.21 ± 0.35, a droplet size of 160 ± 3.72 nm, a PDI of 0.21 ± 0.001, and a zeta potential of -11.2 ± 0.85 mV, with suitable viscosity at 15 °C and 35 °C. Moreover, F20 achieved 60.4% ± 5.69% cumulative drug release after 8 h, together with the highest cumulative permeation (505 ± 55.15 μg cm-2), indicating its greater efficacy in permeating nasal mucosal cells. Safety studies confirmed the biocompatibility of F20 and reduction in ROS generation with enhanced SH-SY5Y cell viability. In vivo studies displayed improved cognitive functions together with increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH, and catalase), reduced malondialdehyde levels, and enhanced neuronal count in brain histopathological studies. Furthermore, the levels of brain inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL1-β) decreased, together with the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, suggesting marked neuroprotection. Thus, the intranasally delivered AZL-M nanoemulgel emerges as safe and effective for treating dementia and related disorders.

Alzheimer's disease (ALZ) is a neurodegenerative disease that damages neuronal cells and causes decline in cognitive abilities. Administration of cholinesterase inhibitor compounds is the primary choice in the treatment of ALZ, one of which is rivastigmine (RVT). Several routes of administration of RVT are available, such as oral and transdermal. However, in the oral route, RVT has low bioavailability, undergoes first-pass metabolism, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reduces the therapeutic concentration of RVT. The transdermal route is nonselective target in the brain. This study aims to combine thermosensitive mucoadhesive gel (TG) and lipid microspheres (LM) as a drug delivery system to improve the efficacy of RVT. Combining these will prevent systemic side effects of RVT and increase drug concentration in the brain. LM was formulated with varying concentrations of Compritol polymer. The results of LM evaluation showed the values of particle size, PDI, and %EE and %DL were 8.519 μm, 0.018 ± 0.004, 72.54%, and 76.43%, respectively. The TG formulation can provide a liquid form at room temperature (25 °C) and a gel at nasal temperature (35 °C). Hemolytic and HET-CAM tests confirmed TG RVT LM's safety for use. Ex vivo studies showed controlled and sustained release of TG RVT LM, and in vivo studies showed TG RVT LM a higher pharmacokinetic profile in the brain than oral formulations and injections. The Cmax was found to be 7.05 ± 0.55 μg/cm3, Tmax was 24 h, and AUC0-24, which is related to the effectiveness of brain targeting, was 225.73 μg/cm3. In conclusion, this study shows the successful development of TG RVT LM, as evidenced by improved drug delivery to the brain, which is characterized by higher concentrations of RVT in the brain compared with oral and injectable RVT, this delivery system shows potential as a future treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

Diaphragm relaxation causes seizure-related apnoeas in chronic and acute seizure models in rats

Abstract Routine practices such as teeth clipping (TEE), tail docking (TAI) and ear tagging (TAG) can be considered controversial due to the potential pain or stress they might cause. This study sought to evaluate how nasal surface temperature changes before, during and after each of these procedures (TEE, TAI, TAG) as performed routinely on a commercial farm. A total of 116 crossbred piglets (Landrace x Large white x Duroc Danish) from multiparous sows were used. As litters were processed, thermographic images were taken using a high-resolution handheld infrared camera FLIR T650sc (640 x 480 pixels; FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, OR) at a uniform distance of 1 m on the left side of the face. All thermal images were collected between 0900 and 1600 h. To assess procedures separately, a recovery period (12 ± 2.5 min) was allowed between procedures. Due to order differences in which procedures were implemented, the following study groups were created (procedures in brackets indicate the procedures performed prior to the procedure being assessed): TEE, (TEE+) TAI, (TEE+TAI+) TAG, TAI, (TAI+) TEE, (TAI+TEE+) TAG, TAG, (TAG+) TEE, (TAG+TEE+) TAI. Temperature values were recorded from images using FLIR Tools software 6.0 (FLIR Systems). GraphPad Prism 10.0.2 (San Diego, CA) statistical software was used to analyze the obtained data. All data were analyzed via a linear mixed model for repeated measures and Multiple comparisons were calculated using a post-hoc Tukey test (GraphPad Prism 10.0.2). There were no significant differences in Nasal surface temperature among groups at any time points (Table 1, P > 0.05). However, there was a significant reduction in temperature from before the procedure(s) to during and after the procedures in the TAG (P = 0.006) and the (TEE+) TAG (P < 0.001) groups. Changes in the surface temperature of piglets can be related to the sympathetic activity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation during the perception of a stressor, which causes a sympathetically mediated acute vasomotor response that shifts cutaneous capillary blood flow due to transient peripheral vasoconstriction. Infrared thermography recognizes such blood flow changes as a reduction in the amount of heat radiated from the skin. Indeed, the nasal surface temperature was reduced in TAG and (TEE+) TAG piglets during and after the procedure(s) which suggests these procedure groups caused a greater degree of thermal change to the piglets. Furthermore, the results suggest that infrared thermography could be a useful tool to assess the impact of routine husbandry practices on piglet welfare. Nonetheless, further research should assess infrared thermography alongside behavioral and physiological assessments to establish the relationship between surface temperature and stress during husbandry procedures.

Nasal administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier and directly deliver drugs to the brain, providing a non-invasive route for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Inspired by the appearance that a gate can block the outside world and the characteristics of the sol-gel transition can form a "gate" in the nasal cavity, a Drop to Gate nasal drop (DGND) is designed to set a gate in nose, which achieves protecting role from the influence of nasal environment. The DGND demonstrates the efficiency and application prospect of delivering drugs to the brain through the N-to-B. The effective concentration of single administration is increased through the hydrophobic interaction between C8-GelMA and SRT1720 (SA), and then cross-linked under UV to form nanogel, which can respond to MMP in the inflammatory microenvironment of sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction. Finally, the SA/nanogel is compounded into the thermogel, which can respond to the nasal cavity temperature to form DGND in situ, increasing the residence time and delivery efficiency of drugs in the nasal cavity. In vitro, the DGND alleviates lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-induced BV2 inflammation. In vivo, DGND effectively targets the nasal mucosa and deliver drugs to the brain, which activate Sirt1 to alleviate inflammation mediated by microglia and improve cognitive dysfunction in sepsis mice.

All respiratory viruses establish primary infections in the nasal epithelium, where efficient innate immune induction may prevent dissemination to the lower airway and thus minimize pathogenesis. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause a range of pathologies, but the host and viral determinants of disease during common cold versus lethal HCoV infections are poorly understood. We model the initial site of infection using primary nasal epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and human rhinovirus-16 are common cold-associated viruses that exhibit unique features in this model: early induction of antiviral interferon (IFN) signaling, IFN-mediated viral clearance, and preferential replication at nasal airway temperature (33 °C) which confers muted host IFN responses. In contrast, lethal SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV encode antagonist proteins that prevent IFN-mediated clearance in nasal cultures. Our study identifies features shared among common cold-associated viruses, highlighting nasal innate immune responses as predictive of infection outcomes and nasally directed IFNs as potential therapeutics.

Simple SummaryGreyhound welfare science, with a particular emphasis on the heat stress associated with greyhound racing, which often takes place during the summer, is an area of growing interest. Hyperthermia in sporting and working dogs is one of the greatest threats to their health due to physical exercise, often in suboptimal environmental conditions. Monitoring the health of these dogs must be a priority, and for this purpose, it is worth using non-invasive methods that reduce additional stress. One such tool is infrared thermography (IRT).The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of IRT measurements of selected regions of interest (ROI), i.e., the eyeball and the nose of whippet dogs, before and after coursing competitions taking place in various environmental conditions, thereby enabling the assessment of well-being and the level of heat stress. The research was carried out over two different periods with different thermal humidity indexes (THIs). In the first period, the THI was 59.27 (Run 1), while in the second period, the THI was 63.77 (Run 2). The experimental subjects comprised 111 sighthound-type dogs—whippets—that were photographed with a thermal imaging camera to determine their eye temperature (ET) and nose temperature (NT). The average minimum and maximum eye temperatures were statistically lower after running in both measurements. Increased minimum and maximum nose temperatures were also demonstrated after both runs. The nasal temperature values were statistically higher for Run 2, for which the THI was higher, compared to Run 1. Eyeball temperature may be a marker of thermoregulation ability, regardless of the ambient temperature. The value of ETmax decreased on average by 2.23 °C and 0.4 °C, while NTmax increased uniformly by 2 °C after both runs. A correlation was found between the IRT measurements and physiological indicators.

Though the finger is generally recommended for pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring site, its reliability may be compromised in conditions of poor peripheral perfusion. Therefore, we compared the performance of nasal septum SpO2 monitoring with finger SpO2 monitoring relative to simultaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) monitoring in generally anesthetized patients. In 23 adult patients, comparisons of SpO2 measured at the nasal septum and finger with simultaneous SaO2 were made at four time points during the 90min study period. A pulse oximetry monitoring failure was defined as a > 10s continuous failure of in an adequate SpO2 data acquisition. Core temperature as well as finger-tip and nasal septum temperatures were simultaneously measured at 10min intervals. A total of 92 sets of SpO2 and SaO2 measurements were obtained in 23 patients. The bias and precision for SpO2measured at the nasal septum were - 0.8 ± 1.3 (95% confidence interval: - 1.1 to - 0.6), which was similar to those for SpO2measured at the finger (- 0.6 ± 1.4; 95% confidence interval: - 0.9 to - 0.4) (p = 0.154). Finger-tip temperatures were consistently lower than other two temperatures at all time points (p < 0.05), reaching 33.5 ± 2.3°C at 90min after induction of anesthesia. While pulse oximetry monitoring failure did not occur for nasal septum probe, two cases of failure occurred for finger probe. Considering the higher stability to hypothermia with a similar accuracy, nasal septum pulse oximetry may be an attractive alternative to finger pulse oximetry. Trail registration This study was registered with Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS: https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/ ; ref: KCT0008352).

To compare various ocular thermography parameters in posterior scleritis (PS), choroiditis (choroidal granuloma [CG], Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada [VKH] syndrome), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), and healthy controls. This retrospective, observational, comparative study evaluated cases undergoing ocular thermography between April 2017 and October 2023. The study groups included cases of PS, CG, and VKH, while the control group comprised CSCR cases and healthy individuals. Various thermography parameters were assessed, which were as follows: Ocular surface temperature (OST), central corneal temperature (CCT), average scleral temperature (ST), nasal scleral temperature (nST), temperature difference between both the eyes (∆t), and difference between scleral and corneal temperatures (ST - CCT, nST - CCT). It was found that ∆t was significantly higher in the PS group compared to the CG ( P = 0.005), CSCR ( P = 0.0001), and control groups (dilated control: P =0.006, undilated control: P = 0.0001). ST - CCT and nST - CCT were significantly higher in the undilated control and CSCR groups and significantly lower in the PS group. ST - CCT and nST - CCT showed less difference in the affected eyes compared to contralateral healthy eyes of PS and CG cases. OST, CCT, ST, and nST displayed statistically insignificant differences across all groups. It is advisable to focus on temperature differences between the affected and healthy eyes, or the difference between the central corneal and scleral temperature of the affected eye, utilizing parameters such as ∆t, ST - CCT, and nST - CCT. These composite parameters offer a more effective approach than individual measurements like OST, CCT, ST, and nST. Thermography can serve as a screening tool to suspect and differentiate PS.