Nanoscale Structures Research Articles

In-situ grown a zeolitic imidazolate framework for boosting sensitivity of breathable wearable electronics

Wearable electronics have emerged as versatile platforms for various biomedical applications. However, developing sensors that are both air-permeable and highly sensitive for long-term, subtle physiological signal monitoring remains a challenge. To overcome this, an innovative in-situ growth method was employed to decorate electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with a zeolitic imidazolate framework (known as ZIF-8). This approach has led to a remarkable 300% increase in sensitivity (5.94 kPa−1) compared to sensors prepared using pure PVDF nanofiber (1.42 kPa−1). This in-situ growth method effectively prevented ZIF-8 agglomeration, contributing to the desired improvement in permittivity (∼1.6), unlike blended ZIF-8/PVDF nanofiber. Furthermore, atomic force microscope and simulations were utilized to demonstrated that the nano-scale structures formed by the uniform growth of ZIF-8 significantly contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of the sensor. In addition to satisfactory air-permeability (10 mm/s) and high sensitivity, the as-prepared sensor exhibits excellent flexibility, enabling it to conform to irregular organ surfaces for real-time monitoring of pulse, respiration, and swallowing. This approach holds great promise for the development of highly sensitive and skin-friendly wearable electronics, offering significant benefits for healthcare advancement.

Vibration and Buckling Analysis of Nano-Scale Beams via Nonlocal Elasticity and Timoshenko Beam Theory : A Differential Quadrature Approach

A single-elastic beam model is being developed based on Eringens nonlocal elasticity and Timoshenko beam theory. Nonlocal parameter takes into account the small scale effects in the analysis of nano-size structures. Derived herein is a decoupled sixth-order nonlocal governing differential equations for the frequency and stability analysis of nano-scale short beams. The effect of shear deformation is thereby included in the small scale analysis. A Differential Quadrature (DQ) approach is being applied and its elaborate method of solution is illustrated. The higher order DQ approach is found to be a good numerical technique for the convenient and rapid solution of the aforementioned nonlocal problems. Frequency and buckling results for various scale-based nonlocal parameters are shown. Effect of number of interpolation points on the accuracy of the results is also investigated. It is seen that there is a significant effect of aspect ratio and nonlocal parameter on the nonlocal frequency and buckling loads of nano-scale beams. Also, the present study could open up a new approach of solution technique for the analysis of nano-scale structures based on nonlocal Timoshenko theory.

Metal-organic Zn-zoledronic acid and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid nanostick-mediated zinc phosphate hybrid coating on biodegradable Zn for osteoporotic fracture healing implants.

Zn and its alloys are increasingly under consideration for biodegradable bone fracture fixation implants owing to their attractive biodegradability and mechanical properties. However, their clinical application is a challenge for osteoporotic bone fracture healing, due to their uneven degradation mode, burst release of zinc ions, and insufficient osteo-promotion and osteo-resorption regulating properties. In this study, a type of Zn2+ coordinated zoledronic acid (ZA) and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) metal-organic hybrid nanostick was synthesized, which was further mixed into zinc phosphate (ZnP) solution to mediate the deposition and growth of ZnP to form a well-integrated micro-patterned metal-organic/inorganic hybrid coating on Zn. The coating protected noticeably the Zn substrate from corrosion, in particular reducing its localized occurrence as well as suppressing its Zn2+ release. Moreover, the modified Zn was osteo-compatible and osteo-promotive and, more important, performed osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo of well-balanced pro-osteoblast and anti-osteoclast responses. Such favorable functionalities are related to the nature of its bioactive components, especially the bio-functional ZA and the Zn ions it contains, as well as its unique micro- and nano-scale structure. This strategy provides not only a new avenue for surface modification of biodegradable metals but also sheds light on advanced biomaterials for osteoporotic fracture and other applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Developing appropriate biodegradable metallic materials is of clinical relevance for osteoporosis fracture healing, whereas current strategies are short of good balance between the bone formation and resorption. Here, we designed a micropatterned metal-organic nanostickmediated zinc phosphate hybrid coating modified Zn biodegradable metal to fulfill such a balanced osteogenicity. The in vitro assays verified the coated Zn demonstrated outstanding pro-osteoblasts and anti-osteoclasts properties and the coated intramedullary nail promoted fracture healing well in an osteoporotic femur fracture rat model. Our strategy may offer not only a new avenue for surface modification of biodegradable metals but also shed light on better understanding of new advanced biomaterials for orthopedic application among others.

Doped Graphene Quantum Dots as Biocompatible Radical Scavenging Agents.

Oxidative stress is proven to be a leading factor in a multitude of adverse conditions, from Alzheimer's disease to cancer. Thus, developing effective radical scavenging agents to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) driving many oxidative processes has become critical. In addition to conventional antioxidants, nanoscale structures and metal-organic complexes have recently shown promising potential for radical scavenging. To design an optimal nanoscale ROS scavenging agent, we have synthesized ten types of biocompatible graphene quantum dots (GQDs) augmented with various metal dopants. The radical scavenging abilities of these novel metal-doped GQD structures were, for the first time, assessed via the DPPH, KMnO4, and RHB (Rhodamine B protectant) assays. While all metal-doped GQDs consistently demonstrate antioxidant properties higher than the undoped cores, aluminum-doped GQDs exhibit 60-95% radical scavenging ability of ascorbic acid positive control. Tm-doped GQDs match the radical scavenging properties of ascorbic acid in the KMnO4 assay. All doped GQD structures possess fluorescence imaging capabilities that enable their tracking in vitro, ensuring their successful cellular internalization. Given such multifunctionality, biocompatible doped GQD antioxidants can become prospective candidates for multimodal therapeutics, including the reduction of ROS with concomitant imaging and therapeutic delivery to cancer tumors.

Sirolimus-loaded exosomes as a promising vascular delivery system for the prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis.

Restenosis remains the main reason for treatment failure of arterial disease. Sirolimus (SIR) as a potent anti-proliferative agent is believed to prevent the phenomenon. The application of exosomes provides an extended-release delivery platform for SIR intramural administration. Herein, SIR was loaded into fibroblast-derived exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation. Different parameters affecting drug loading were optimized, and exosome samples were characterized regarding physicochemical, pharmaceutical, and biological properties. Cytotoxicity, scratch wound assays, and quantitative real-time PCR for inflammation- and migration-associated genes were performed. Restenosis was induced by carotid injury in a rat carotid model and then exosomes were locally administered. After 14days, animals were investigated by computed tomography (CT) angiography, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Western blotting confirmed the presence of specific protein markers in exosomes. Characterization of empty and SIR-loaded exosomes verified round and nanoscale structure of vesicles. Among prepared formulations, desired entrapment efficiency (EE) of 76% was achieved by protein:drug proportion of 2:1 and simple incubation for 30min at 37°C. Also, the optimal formulation released about 30% of the drug content during the first 24h, followed by a prolonged release for several days. In vitro studies revealed the uptake and functional efficacy of the optimized formulation. In vivo studies revealed that %restenosis was in the following order: saline > empty exosomes > SIR-loaded exosomes. Furthermore, Ki67, alphasmooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) markers were less expressed in the SIR-exosomes-treated arteries. These findings confirmed that exosomal SIR could be a hopeful strategy for the prevention of restenosis.

Towards scanning nanostructure X-ray microscopy.

This article demonstrates spatial mapping of the local and nanoscale structure of thin film objects using spatially resolved pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. This is exemplified in a lab-on-chip combinatorial array of sample spots containing catalytically interesting nanoparticles deposited from liquid precursors using an ink-jet liquid-handling system. A software implementation is presented of the whole protocol, including an approach for automated data acquisition and analysis using the atomic PDF method. The protocol software can handle semi-automated data reduction, normalization and modeling, with user-defined recipes generating a comprehensive collection of metadata and analysis results. By slicing the collection using included functions, it is possible to build images of different contrast features chosen by the user, giving insights into different aspects of the local structure.

Defect and Interface Engineered Tungsten Bronze Superstructure Anode toward Advanced Sodium Storage

AbstractDefect and interface engineering, which can facilitate exceptional electrochemical stability and activity, are some of the most important strategies in devising electrode materials. However, the complex nanoscale chemistry and structure characteristics make the origin of electrochemical mechanism extremely difficult to understand. To eliminate this issue, the delicately designed 1D tungsten bronze superstructure anode, guided by defect and interface engineering, is successfully prepared for sodium storage to gain insight into the endogenous structure‐property relationships. It can realize the intensely enhanced Na+‐storage performance with a safe operating potential of ≈0.5 V, a high specific capacity of 228 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and superior rate performance, which is attributed to the rapid electron and ion transfer process induced by abundant heterointerfaces. More importantly, it can convey an ultra‐stable long‐term cycling performance, with the capacity retention close to 90% after 4500 cycles at 5 C and 10000 cycles at 10 C, which can be explained by the inherently zero‐strain characteristic of a novel vacancy‐ordered superstructure in tungsten bronze Ba3.4Nb10O28.4 (BNO). This study reveals the structural origins of defect and interface engineering responsible for electrochemical mechanism, providing critical insight into the design of superior electrode materials.

Unexpected super anti-compressive styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer/polyurea nanocomposite foam with excellent solvent resistance, re-processability and shape memory performance

High-performance, recycling and environmental protection are the goal of the development of polymer materials in the future. The introduction of crosslinking and composite are two main ways to improve the comprehensive properties of materials, however, which leads to the non-recyclability of materials or brings difficulties to the recovery process. Here, we report a polymer nanocomposite foam with superior compression properties to most existing commercial foams, just originating from common commercial styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and polyurea (PUA), and develop a green and energy-efficient method to fabricate high-performance rigid foam by reactive plasticizing and reaction induced phase-separation combining with supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) foaming. Reaction induced phase-separation results in the in-situ formation of nanoscale structure in the cell walls of the resultant foams, in which the crosslinked PUA is the dispersed phase with the size of 10–40 nm in the matrix of SAN. Optimizing crosslinking network structure of PUA dramatically improve the comprehensive performance of SAN/PUA nanocomposite foams. The resultant SAN/PUA nanocomposite foam shows some performance characteristic of thermosetting polymers, such as excellent heat resistance and solvent resistance than the SAN matrix, meanwhile the performance characteristic of thermoplastic polymers, such as re-processability. More interestingly, the SAN/PUA nanocomposite foam presents excellent shape memory performance. With the above exceptional performances, this polymer nanocomposite foam will be a perfect substitute for the existing commercial rigid foams.

On The Multiscale Structure and Morphology of PVDF‐HFP@MOF Membranes in The Scope of Water Remediation Applications

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) is a highly versatile polymer used for water remediation due to its chemical robustness and processability. By incorporating metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) into PVDF‐HFP membranes, the material can gain metal‐adsorption properties. It is well known that the effectiveness of these composites removing heavy metals depends on the MOF's chemical encoding and the extent of encapsulation within the polymer. In this study, it is examined how the micro to nanoscale structure of PVDF‐HFP@MOF membranes influences their adsorption performance for CrVI. To this end, the micro‐ and nanostructure of PVDF‐HFP@MOF membranes are thoroughly studied by a set of complementary techniques. In particular, small‐angle X‐ray and neutron scattering allow to precisely describe the nanostructure of the polymer‐MOF complex systems, while scanning microscopy and mercury porosimetry give a clear insight into the macro and mesoporosity of the system. By correlating nanoscale structural features with the adsorption capacity of the MOF nanoparticles, different degrees of full encapsulation‐based on the PVDF‐HFP processing and structuration from the macro to nanometer scale are observed. Additionally, the in situ functionalization of MOF nanoparticles with cysteine is investigated to enhance their adsorption toward HgII. This functionalization enhanced the adsorption capacity of the MOFs from 8 to 30 mg·g−1.

Nano- to microscale structural and compositional heterogeneity of artificial pinning centers in pulsed-laser-deposited YBa2Cu3O7−y thin films

The structure, composition, and spatial distribution heterogeneity of artificial pinning centers affect the critical current density of REBa2Cu3O7−y (RE: rare earth) coated conductors. Nanoscale structures and compositions have been analyzed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). However, microscale heterogeneity has been difficult to characterize. Here, YBa2Cu3O7−y thin films doped with double-perovskite Ba2YbNbO6 were prepared via pulsed-laser deposition and characterized with TEM, STEM, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cross-sectional and plan-view TEM/STEM imaging revealed hybrid pinning structures consisting of nanorods, nanoparticles, and planar defects that were formed spontaneously. Nanorods were imaged with high spatial resolution via field-emission SEM of thin-foil specimens. Focused-ion-beam (FIB) micro-sectioning enables SEM imaging of microscale heterogeneity in nanorod spatial distributions. By using TEM/STEM in conjunction with FIB-SEM, the coated conductor inhomogeneity was directly evaluated from the nano- to micrometer scales.

Reforming the Uniformity of Solid Electrolyte Interphase by Nanoscale Structure Regulation for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries.

The stability of high-energy-density lithium metal batteries depends on the uniformity of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal anodes. Rationally improving SEI uniformity is hindered by poorly understanding the effect of structure and components of SEI on its uniformity. Herein, a bilayer structure of SEI formed by isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) additives in localized high-concentration electrolytes was demonstrated to improve SEI uniformity. In the bilayer SEI, LiNx Oy generated by ISDN occupies top layer and LiF dominates bottom layer next to anode. The uniformity of lithium deposition is remarkably improved with the bilayer SEI, mitigating the consumption rate of active lithium and electrolytes. The cycle life of lithium metal batteries with bilayer SEI is three times as that with common anion-derived SEI under practical conditions. A prototype lithium metal pouch cell of 430 Wh kg-1 undergoes 173 cycles. This work demonstrates the effect of a reasonable structure of SEI on reforming SEI uniformity.

Reforming the Uniformity of Solid Electrolyte Interphase by Nanoscale Structure Regulation for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractThe stability of high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries depends on the uniformity of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal anodes. Rationally improving SEI uniformity is hindered by poorly understanding the effect of structure and components of SEI on its uniformity. Herein, a bilayer structure of SEI formed by isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) additives in localized high‐concentration electrolytes was demonstrated to improve SEI uniformity. In the bilayer SEI, LiNxOy generated by ISDN occupies top layer and LiF dominates bottom layer next to anode. The uniformity of lithium deposition is remarkably improved with the bilayer SEI, mitigating the consumption rate of active lithium and electrolytes. The cycle life of lithium metal batteries with bilayer SEI is three times as that with common anion‐derived SEI under practical conditions. A prototype lithium metal pouch cell of 430 Wh kg−1 undergoes 173 cycles. This work demonstrates the effect of a reasonable structure of SEI on reforming SEI uniformity.

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at the Advanced Light Source

Over 50 years of development, synchrotron based X-ray microscopy has become a routine and powerful tool for the analysis of nanoscale structure and chemistry in many areas of science. Scanning X-ray microscopy is particularly well suited to the study of chemical and magnetic states of matter and has become available at most synchrotron light sources using a variety of optical schemes, detectors and sample environments. The Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has an extensive program of soft X-ray scanning microscopy which supports a broad range of scientific research using a suite of advanced tools for high spatio-temporal resolution and control of active materials. Instruments operating within an energy range between 200–2500 eV with spatial resolution down to 7 nm and sub 20 picosecond time resolution are available. These capabilities can be routinely used in combination with a variety of sample stimuli, including gas or fluid flow, temperature control from 100 to 1200 K, DC bias and pulsed or continuous microwave excitation. We present here a complete survey of our instruments, their most advanced capabilities and a perspective on how they complement each other to solve complex problems in energy, materials and environmental science.

Biopolymer-Polysiloxane Double Network Aerogels.

A new series of transparent aerogels of biopolymer-polysiloxane double networks is reported. Biopolymer aerogels have attracted much attention from green and sustainable aspects but suffered from strong hydrophilicity and difficulty to make homogeneous structures in nanoscale; these drawbacks are overcome by compositing with a polysiloxane network. Alginate-polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel has high optical transparency, water repellency, comparable superinsulation property and improved bending flexibility compared to pure polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel. The nanoscale homogeneity is realized by separating the crosslinking steps for two networks in a sequential protocol: condensation of siloxane bonds and metal-crosslinking of biopolymer. The crosslinking order, biopolymer-first or siloxane-first, and universality/limitation of biopolymer-crosslinker pairs are discussed to construct fundamental chemistry of double network systems for their further application potentials.

Biopolymer‐Polysiloxane Double Network Aerogels

AbstractA new series of transparent aerogels of biopolymer‐polysiloxane double networks is reported. Biopolymer aerogels have attracted much attention from green and sustainable aspects but suffered from strong hydrophilicity and difficulty to make homogeneous structures in nanoscale; these drawbacks are overcome by compositing with a polysiloxane network. Alginate‐polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel has high optical transparency, water repellency, comparable superinsulation property and improved bending flexibility compared to pure polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel. The nanoscale homogeneity is realized by separating the crosslinking steps for two networks in a sequential protocol: condensation of siloxane bonds and metal‐crosslinking of biopolymer. The crosslinking order, biopolymer‐first or siloxane‐first, and universality/limitation of biopolymer‐crosslinker pairs are discussed to construct fundamental chemistry of double network systems for their further application potentials.

Understanding Ion-Beam Damage to Air-Sensitive Lithium Metal With Cryogenic Electron and Ion Microscopy.

It is essential to understand the nanoscale structure and chemistry of energy storage materials due to their profound impact on battery performance. However, it is often challenging to characterize them at high resolution, as they are often fundamentally altered by sample preparation methods. Here, we use the cryogenic lift-out technique in a plasma-focused ion beam (PFIB)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) to prepare air-sensitive lithium metal to understand ion-beam damage during sample preparation. Through the use of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we find that lithium was not damaged by ion-beam milling although lithium oxide shells form in the PFIB/SEM chamber, as evidenced by diffraction information from cryogenic lift-out lithium lamellae prepared at two different thicknesses (130 and 225 nm). Cryogenic energy loss spectroscopy further confirms that lithium was oxidized during the process of sample preparation. The Ellingham diagram suggests that lithium can react with trace oxygen gas in the FIB/SEM chamber at cryogenic temperatures, and we show that liquid oxygen does not contribute to the oxidation of lithium process. Our results suggest the importance of understanding how cryogenic lift-out sample preparation has an impact on the high-resolution characterization of reactive battery materials.

Insights into the Structure of Comirnaty Covid-19 Vaccine: A Theory on Soft, Partially Bilayer-Covered Nanoparticles with Hydrogen Bond-Stabilized mRNA-Lipid Complexes.

Despite the worldwide success of mRNA-LNP Covid-19 vaccines, the nanoscale structures of these formulations are still poorly understood. To fill this gap, we used a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and the determination of the intra-LNP pH gradient to analyze the nanoparticles (NPs) in BNT162b2 (Comirnaty), comparing it with the well-characterized PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil). Comirnaty NPs had similar size and envelope lipid composition to Doxil; however, unlike Doxil liposomes, wherein the stable ammonium and pH gradient enables accumulation of 14C-methylamine in the intraliposomal aqueous phase, Comirnaty LNPs lack such pH gradient in spite of the fact that the pH 4, at which LNPs are prepared, is raised to pH 7.2 after loading of the mRNA. Mechanical manipulation of Comirnaty NPs with AFM revealed soft, compliant structures. The sawtooth-like force transitions seen during cantilever retraction imply that molecular strands, corresponding to mRNA, can be pulled out of NPs, and the process is accompanied by stepwise rupture of mRNA-lipid bonds. Unlike Doxil, cryo-TEM of Comirnaty NPs revealed a granular, solid core enclosed by mono- and bilipid layers. Negative staining TEM shows 2-5 nm electron-dense spots in the LNP's interior that are aligned into strings, semicircles, or labyrinth-like networks, which may imply cross-link-stabilized RNA fragments. The neutral intra-LNP core questions the dominance of ionic interactions holding together this scaffold, raising the possibility of hydrogen bonding between mRNA and the lipids. Such interaction, described previously for another mRNA/lipid complex, is consistent with the steric structure of the ionizable lipid in Comirnaty, ALC-0315, displaying free ═O and -OH groups. It is hypothesized that the latter groups can get into steric positions that enable hydrogen bonding with the nitrogenous bases in the mRNA. These structural features of mRNA-LNP may be important for the vaccine's activities in vivo.

Optical Characteristics of Stretchable Chiral Liquid Crystal Elastomer under Multiaxial Stretching

AbstractChiral liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) are soft photonic materials that exhibit both the photonic characteristics of nanoscale periodic helical structures and mechanical properties of rubber. Owing to its elasticity, the structural color of CLCEs can be tuned through mechanical deformations known as mechanochromism. Thus far, there is significant research attention to exploring the mechanochromism of CLCEs. However, most studies have only discussed the color shifting of CLCEs under uniaxial deformation. Therefore, the optical and chiral structural deformation behaviors of CLCEs under multiaxial stress are not well understood. This study investigates multiaxial (uniaxial, biaxial, and out‐of‐plane) stretching‐induced helical structure change and the resulting optical properties of CLCEs. The results confirm that uniaxial stretching leads to a loss of intrinsic circular polarization selectivity in CLCEs due to helix unwinding deformations, while biaxial and out‐of‐plane stretching maintain circular polarization.

Nanoscale multi-beam lithography of photonic crystals with ultrafast laser

Photonic crystals are utilized in many noteworthy applications like optical communications, light flow control, and quantum optics. Photonic crystal with nanoscale structure is important for the manipulation of light propagation in visible and near-infrared range. Herein, we propose a novel multi beam lithography method to fabricate photonic crystal with nanoscale structure without cracking. Using multi-beam ultrafast laser processing and etching, parallel channels with subwavelength gap are obtained in yttrium aluminum garnet crystal. Combining optical simulation based on Debye diffraction, we experimentally show the gap width of parallel channels can be controlled at nanoscale by changing phase holograms. With the superimposed phase hologram designing, functional structures of complicated channel arrays distribution can be created in crystal. Optical gratings of different periods are fabricated, which can diffract incident light in particular ways. This approach can efficiently manufacture nanostructures with controllable gap, and offer an alternative to the fabrication of complex photonic crystal for integrated photonics applications.

Low frequency noise in β -Ga2O3 based nanoelectronic devices

In this work, low frequency noise in β-Ga2O3 nanowire-based (NW) electronic devices is analyzed, which exhibits different behaviors as the device size scales down. The noise spectrum for the narrower NW (∼80 nm) is closer to 1/f characteristics, whereas it starts to show evident 1/f2 components as the NW size gets thicker (∼200 nm), giving clear signs of distinctive features for the bunch of traps at the NW interface or in the bulk. Our results show that 1/f noise in these NW electronic devices seems predominantly originated from an aggregated effect of the intricate trap states close to the β-Ga2O3 NW surface or interface with a wide range distribution, while finite groups of active deep traps play a critical role in contributing 1/f2components via generation-recombination or random telegraph signal processes. Notably, as the bias voltage increases, the 1/f2 components in the noise spectra get more overwhelming and would shift toward lower frequencies, suggesting that electric ionization effects would screen the shallow traps close to the surface or interface based on the Poole–Frenkel model. The Hooge's constants extracted from the 1/f noise component for these β-Ga2O3 NW-based devices fall in the range of 0.008–0.019, which are comparable to those of the best reported devices based on other wide bandgap semiconductor with nanoscale structures, including GaN, ZnO, and SnO2. This work may give hints of revealing the sophisticated dynamic behaviors of traps in the surface/volume β-Ga2O3 materials and electronic devices in the nanoscale by low frequency noises.